Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures

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Experimental and simulation of a tension-like nonlinear

piezoelectric energy harvester

Qingling Zhao, Lianjian Luo, Guotai Wang, Chongqiu Yang, Huaqiang Zhang,
Hui Shen & Rujun Song

To cite this article: Qingling Zhao, Lianjian Luo, Guotai Wang, Chongqiu Yang, Huaqiang
Zhang, Hui Shen & Rujun Song (2025) Experimental and simulation of a tension-like nonlinear
piezoelectric energy harvester, Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 32:5, 934-943,
DOI: 10.1080/15376494.2024.2357265

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2024.2357265

Published online: 23 May 2024.

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MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES
2025, VOL. 32, NO. 5, 934–943
https://doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2024.2357265

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Experimental and simulation of a tension-like nonlinear piezoelectric

energy harvester
Qingling Zhaoa,b , Lianjian Luoa, Guotai Wanga, Chongqiu Yanga, Huaqiang Zhanga, Hui Shenc, and
Rujun Songa
a
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, People’s Republic of China; bWeichai Power Company Limited,
Weifang, People’s Republic of China; cSchool of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of
China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

This article proposes a low-frequency and efficient tension-like nonlinear piezoelectric energy har­ Received 24 November 2023
vester, which increases the harvesting performance of the harvester by swinging the support Accepted 15 May 2024
frame. Firstly, design the structure of the harvester and draw a physical model. Secondly, finite
KEYWORDS
element models are used to simulate and analyze the structure’s dynamic characteristics. Finally,
Tensioning type;
make an experimental prototype of the harvester and explore the power generation characteristics piezoelectricity; finite
of the device through experiments. The results indicate that the harvester has two natural fre­ element analysis; vibrational
quencies under low-frequency conditions. The energy harvester has the optimal external resistance energy; high output
to achieve peak output power. The greater the excitation acceleration, the greater the total output
power value of the energy harvester. When the mass of the mass block is 3.7 g and the excitation
acceleration is 0.4 g, the total output power value of the energy harvester is 3.88 mW, and the har­
vesting frequency band is wide, indicating excellent output performance of the harvester. The
experimental results of the energy harvester device are consistent with the simulation results, fully
verifying the correctness of the experiment and simulation. This piezoelectric energy harvester can
efficiently harvest vibration energy at low frequencies, providing a good prospect for supplying
power to microelectronic devices.

1. Introduction devices [18, 19]. Vibration energy harvest generally has three
basic forms, namely piezoelectric [20, 21], electromagnetic
In recent years, wireless sensing technology and micromotor
[22], and electrostatic [23, 24]. Piezoelectric devices have
systems have undergone rapid development. Due to their
attracted widespread attention due to their simple structure,
strong system reconfiguration, large-scale use, and reliability,
high power density, and strong adaptability [25]. In order to
they have been widely applied in the field of wearable elec­
harvest the vibration energy caused by the external environ­
tronic devices[1, 2]. These wearable electronic devices
mainly rely on traditional chemical batteries for power sup­ ment, piezoelectric energy harvesters have been widely
ply, with limited battery life and the need for regular battery studied.
replacement or recharging [3, 4]. Meanwhile, chemical bat­ High-frequency vibration from the external environ­
teries have drawbacks such as limited energy, short lifespan, ment is an ideal source of energy, but it can only work
and environmental pollution [5, 6]. effectively at resonant frequencies. The vibration energy in
Therefore, continuous and reliable power supply for the environment (such as human body vibration) has char­
microelectronic devices has become a hot research topic, acteristics such as low frequency, broadband, and strong
and scholars use the energy of the surrounding environment randomness. Traditional energy harvesting devices cannot
to achieve power supply [7, 8]. Common environmental effectively harvest environmental energy. In order to better
energy includes solar energy [9], tidal energy [10], geother­ harvest vibration energy and solve the problem of vibration
mal energy [11], and vibration energy [12, 13]. Among energy harvest, researchers have proposed some new struc­
them, vibration energy is the most common in daily life, tures. Brusa et al. [26] proposed a dual crystal piezoelectric
and vibration energy with different intensities and frequen­ energy harvesting structure supported by a circular frame.
cies has better application prospects [14, 15]. Environmental Using the method of electromechanical coupling for model
vibration is one of the sources of vibration energy [16, 17], analysis, design the size parameters of the energy harvest­
which is widely and easily obtainable. Therefore, researchers ing structure, and estimate the maximum power of the
have conducted extensive and in-depth research on obtain­ device. Perform numerical analysis in multiple physical
ing energy from environmental vibration to power electronic fields of COMSOL to verify the accuracy and correctness

CONTACT Rujun Song songrujun@sdut.edu.cn School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People’s Republic of China.
� 2024 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 935

of the analytical model. Abdelkefi et al. [27] proposed an experimental platform and the experimental conditions; In
enhanced broadband low-frequency piezoelectric magne­ the fifth section, the experimental results and simulation
toelastic energy harvester. Based on Galerkin discretization results are compared and analyzed to verify the efficient
and Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, a nonlinear distributed output performance of the energy harvester, and the
parameter model of the energy harvester is established. impact of key parameters on output performance is ana­
Experiments have shown that changing the distance lyzed, such as excitation acceleration, mass ratio, and
between the magnets at both ends can optimize the output external resistance value.
performance of the energy harvester. Fan et al. [28] pro­
posed a bidirectional hybrid energy harvester, which con­
sists of a suspended magnet, a set of coils, and two 2. Structural design and working principle of
piezoelectric cantilever beams. Theoretical analysis and energy harvester
experimental analysis were conducted on the energy har­ Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of a piezoelectric
vester. The analysis and experimental results showed that energy harvester with a tension-like structure. The bond­
under the handshake excitation experiment, the energy ing position and charge changes during the bending of
harvester had a good charging effect, demonstrating its the piezoelectric sheet are shown in Figure 1(a). Use a
application prospects for supplying power to electronic thin conductive adhesive to stick the piezoelectric sheet
devices. In addition to introducing magnetic nonlinearity, onto the cantilever beam, forming a piezoelectric beam.
scholars have also conducted some research on geometric The influence of the conductive adhesive on the experi­
nonlinearity. Inspired by the origami structure, Hou et al. ment is negligible. When the energy harvester is excited,
[29] proposed a nonlinear human energy harvester that the piezoelectric beam vibrates in the excitation direction,
combines the origami structure with bistability. and the piezoelectric sheet located on the piezoelectric
Mathematical modeling of the energy harvester using the beam will polarize and generate potential due to the
Lagrange equation, and analysis of the dynamic response deformation of the piezoelectric beam. Figure 1(b) shows
of the energy harvester using theoretical and experimental a schematic diagram of the components of the energy
methods. The experiment has proven that the energy har­ harvester and their excitation direction. The energy har­
vester has good output performance and great potential for vester consists of a fixed base, a support frame, an alumi­
supplying power to small electrical equipment. Han et al. num beam, piezoelectric plates, and four sets of nuts.
[30], inspired by the flying mechanism of flying insects, Using 3D printing technology to obtain a fixed base and
proposed a new type of adaptive multi-directional piezo­ support frame, with components made of polylactic acid
electric energy harvester that can harvest vibration energy (PLA) material. PZT-5H is selected as the piezoelectric
in multiple directions. An adaptive rotating mechanism chip. The cantilever beam material is aluminum. The
was introduced to verify the energy harvesting effect of the piezoelectric beam is located above the fixed base and is
energy harvester. The experimental results show that the connected to the support frame below. The connection is
maximum output voltage generated by the energy harvester fixed with nuts. The energy harvester is installed perpen­
is 13 V at a frequency of 46.2 Hz. According to the above dicular to the excitation source in order to effectively
article, both magnetic nonlinearity and geometric nonli­ harvest environmental vibration energy. When the energy
nearity can broaden the frequency band of energy harvest­ harvester is excited by vibration, the support frame will
ers. Combining geometric nonlinearity with piezoelectric swing in the direction shown in the figure, and the iner­
theory has also become a focus of many researchers, such tia force on the support frame will increase its swing
as combining origami structures with piezoelectric theory. amplitude, thereby improving the output performance of
However, there have been few studies combining tensile the energy harvester. The components of the tension-type
structures with piezoelectric materials, and the energy har­ piezoelectric energy harvester are simple and easy to
vesters do not have good output power. In view of this, install. The materials and specific parameters of the har­
this article proposes a highly efficient tension-like nonlin­ vester components are shown in Table 1.
ear piezoelectric energy harvester. Inspired by typical ten­
sioning structures, this energy harvester deforms the
tensioning structure and combines it with piezoelectric 3. Finite element analysis
theory to achieve good output performance under ultra-
3.1. Finite element modeling
low frequency conditions. Meanwhile, the energy harvester
replaces traditional magnetic nonlinearity with geometric Modeling and analysis of a tension-like piezoelectric energy
nonlinearity, which can eliminate the interference of mag­ harvester using the finite element method. The specific
netic force on the experimental prototype during the parameters of the structure of the energy harvester are shown
experimental process. In the second section, the physical in Table 1. The energy harvesting system is a coupled field of
model and working principle of the energy harvester were mechanics and piezoelectric. In order to analyze the impact
proposed; In the third section, finite element modeling of various experimental parameters on output performance,
analysis was conducted on the energy harvester to obtain the finite element modeling method is used to analyze it.
the modal deformation of the energy harvester; In the Figure 2 shows the finite element model and fixed constraint
fourth section, describes the construction of the positions of the energy harvester. Fixed constraints are
936 Q. ZHAO ET AL.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a tension-type piezoelectric energy harvester. (a) Piezoelectric sheet bonding method and its working principle, (b) the components
and excitation direction of the energy harvester.

Table 1. Structure and structural parameters of energy harvester.

Physical parameters Unit Value
Piezoelectric sheet length, width, height mm 30, 20, 0.2
Piezoelectric sheet density kg/m3 7386
Piezoelectric sheet Young’s Modulus GPa 63
Aluminum beam length, width, height mm 100, 25, 0.4
Bracket length, width, height, thickness mm 160, 55, 10, 10
Bracket Poisson’s Ratio – 0.45
Fixed base length, width, height, thickness mm 130, 100, 65, 10
Fixed base Poisson’s Ratio – 0.45
2 3
Permittivity tensor (es/e0) – 804 0 0
4 0 804 0 5
2 0 0 660 3
Piezoelectric stress constant matrix (e) C/m2 132 73 71 0 0 0
6 73 115 73 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 71 73 132 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 0 0 26 0 0 7
6 7
4 0 0 0 0 26 0 5
2 0 0 0 0 0 30 3
Stiffness tensor (cE) GPa 0 0 0 0 10:5 0
4 0 0 0 10:5 0 05
−4:1 −4:1 14:1 0 0 0

3.2. Modal analysis

Use the finite element model shown in Figure 2 to conduct
modal analysis on the energy harvester and obtain the res­
onance characteristics of the energy harvesting system. The
device mode is shown in Figure 3. The unit of finite element
geometric modeling is m, which is the result of normaliza­
tion in the simulation system. Figure 3(a) shows the first-
order mode and vibration of the energy harvester. Through
modal analysis, it can be seen that the first-order natural
frequency of the energy harvester is 4.828 Hz. At this time,
the support frame vibrates in the z-direction. The vibration
displacement above the support frame reaches its maximum
due to excitation and its own inertia force, and the displace­
ment of the piezoelectric beam increases with the increase of
the support frame vibration displacement. The vibration dis­
placement below the support frame is significantly smaller
Figure 2. Finite element model and constraints of a tensioning piezoelectric than the vibration displacement above. Figure 3(b) shows
energy harvester.
the second-order modal deformation of the energy harvest­
ing system, with a second-order natural frequency of
applied to the right side of the base, and the grid division is 9.271 Hz. From the figure, it can be seen that the azimuth
controlled by the “physical model.” The coordinate system for displacement on the support frame is relatively small, and
the analysis process is shown in the figure. the main vibration displacement occurs below the support
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 937

Figure 3. Modal analysis of the energy harvester. (a) First mode, (b) second mode.

Figure 4. Building an experimental prototype and platform for energy harvester.

frame, which drives the piezoelectric beam to swing connected to the computer. The voltage generated by the
significantly. energy harvester is displayed in real-time on the computer,
which can be collected through the NI acquisition card and
saved in the computer.
4. Establishment of an experimental platform
The experimental prototype and platform of a tension-type
piezoelectric energy harvester are shown in Figure 4. The 5. Analysis of simulation and experimental results
production of the fixed base and support frame of the 5.1. The optimal external resistance of the energy
energy harvester prototype adopts 3D printing technology harvester
and uses polylactic acid material. The length of the piezo­
electric film is 30 mm, the width is 20 mm, and the thickness Use the experimental prototype and platform shown in Figure
is 0.2 mm. The length of the aluminum beam is 100 mm, the 4 to measure the optimal external resistance value of the
width is 25 mm, and the thickness is 0.4 mm. The experi­ energy harvester. Measure the optimal external resistance
mental platform includes an exciter, accelerometer, com­ value of the energy harvester at 6, 8, and 10 Hz under the
puter, adjustable resistor, NI data acquisition card, vibration excitation acceleration of 0.2 g. Figure 5(a) shows the variation
controller, and power amplifier. The computer is connected of the output voltage of the energy harvester with the external
to the vibration controller, which receives instructions from resistance value at different frequencies. As shown in the fig­
the computer, sends signals to the power amplifier, amplifies ure, the output voltage of the energy harvester at frequencies
the signal through the power amplifier, and drives the of 6, 8, and 10 Hz increases first and then tends to flatten out
exciter to work. The accelerometer monitors the working with the increase of the external resistance value, and the
status of the exciter in real time and transmits feedback trend of change is the same. Figure 5(b) shows the variation
information to the vibration controller. The adjustable resis­ of the output power of the energy harvester with the external
tor is connected to the NI data acquisition card, which is resistance value at different frequencies. At frequencies of 6,
938 Q. ZHAO ET AL.

Figure 5. Changes in the output voltage and power of the energy harvester with increasing external resistance.

Figure 6. Output characteristics of a tension-like energy harvester under different excitation accelerations. (a) Instantaneous output voltage diagram at a ¼ 0.2 g,
(b) Experimental output voltage bar graph, (c) experimental output power diagram, (d) simulate output power diagram.

8, and 10 Hz, the variation trend of the output power of the value. When the external resistance is 200 kX, the output
energy harvester is the same, all of which increase first and power value of the energy harvester reaches its peak, so the
then decrease with the increase of the external resistance optimal resistance value of the energy harvester is 200 kX.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 939

5.2. The influence of excitation acceleration results. When there is no mass block, the resonance frequency
points of the energy harvester are approximately 5 Hz and
Under the condition of an external resistance value of 200 kX,
9 Hz. The output power value of the energy harvester at two
experimental and simulation investigations were conducted on
resonance frequencies is greater than the output value at other
a tension-like energy harvester under different excitation accel­
frequencies, with the highest power value at 9 Hz. Device U1
erations. Figure 6 shows the output characteristics of the energy
has three resonance frequencies of approximately 4.2, 8.8, and
harvester under different excitation accelerations. Figure 6(a)
9.7 Hz. The introduction of the upper mass block changes the
shows the instantaneous voltage diagram of the prototype of
centroid of the support frame, thereby changing the natural
the energy harvester at an acceleration of 0.2 g. Figure 6(b)
frequency point of the energy harvester. The increase in mass
shows the experimental output voltage values of the prototype
under different accelerations. It can be seen from the figure blocks causes the resonance frequency of the energy harvester
that as the excitation acceleration increases, the output voltage to shift to the left and right, respectively, and a small reson­
value of the energy harvester increases, and the frequency band ance peak appears at 8.8 Hz. The output power value at 4.2 Hz
of the energy harvesting is significantly expanded. At an accel­ is 0.72 mW, and the output power value above 8.8 Hz is
eration of 0.4 g, the output voltage values of the energy har­ 0.50 mW. The resonance frequency points of device U1D1 are
vester at 5 Hz and 8.9 Hz are 13.4 and 21.4 V, respectively. The 4 Hz, 8.3, and 9.2 Hz. Introducing the same mass block above
output power values are 0.9 mW and 2.23 mW respectively, and below the support frame can shift the resonance fre­
with a total output power value of 3.13 mW and good output quency of the energy harvester to the left. The output power
performance. Figure 6(c) and (d) show the experimental and value of U1D1 is 1.43 mW at 4 Hz and 0.28 mW at 8.3 Hz. The
simulation values of the output power of the energy harvester addition of mass blocks can reduce the overall shift of the res­
under different accelerations, respectively. By comparing and onance frequency of the energy harvester to the left, and the
analyzing the experimental and simulation results, it can be total output power value after adding mass blocks is greater
seen that as the acceleration increases, the experimental and than that without mass blocks. The energy harvesting fre­
simulation results of the output power of the energy harvester quency band is also expanded, making the energy harvester
also increase, and the agreement between the two is good. The have better output performance. From Figure 7, it can be seen
difference between the experimental and simulation results is that the experimental results of the output power of the
due to the existence of bias in the experiment, which falls energy harvester are in good agreement with the simulation
within the allowable error range. results, and the simulation data is generally larger than the
experimental results. This is because there are inevitable fac­
tors in the experiment, such as environmental damping.
5.3. The influence of mass block position The total output power of the massless energy harvester
Place a mass block with a mass of 3.7 g above the support shown in Figure 7 is 1.65 mW, the total output power of
frame of the energy harvester, and do not place it below. At device U1 is 2.13 mW, and the total output power of device
this time, the device is marked as U1. Place mass blocks on U1D1 is 2.46 mW. The introduction of mass blocks increases
the support frame both up and down, with the device labeled the output power value of the energy harvester. From Figure
U1D1. Under the condition of acceleration of 0.2 g and an 7, it can be clearly seen that the output power value of device
external resistance of 200 kX, investigate the output perform­ U1 at the first resonant frequency is greater than that of the
ance of the energy harvester after placing mass blocks at dif­ other two devices, and the energy harvesting frequency band
ferent positions. Figure 7 shows the experimental and is also wider. Therefore, the excitation acceleration of device
simulation results of the output power of the mass block of U1 is explored. Figure 8 shows the variation of output charac­
the energy harvester at different positions. From the figure, it teristics of device U1 under different excitation accelerations.
can be seen that the energy harvester has two resonance fre­ Figure 8(a) shows the instantaneous output voltage variation
quencies, which is consistent with the modal simulation dia­ of the device at an acceleration of 0.2 g. The trend of the vari­
gram in Figure 3, verifying the correctness of the simulation ation is the same as that of Figure 8(b) at 0.2 g. Figure 8(b)

Figure 7. Experimental and simulation results of output power at different mass block positions of the energy harvester. (a) Experimental result graph, (b) simula­
tion result diagram.
940 Q. ZHAO ET AL.

The output voltage value of the device under different excita­ Figure 9 shows the variation of the output voltage and out­
tion accelerations. As the acceleration increases, the output put power of the energy harvester under different masses.
voltage value of the device increases at the same frequency. From Figure 9(a), it can be seen that as the mass above the
The increase in acceleration also broadens the energy harvest­ support frame increases, the resonance frequency points of
ing frequency band of the device, causing the second reson­ the device shift to the left, reducing the resonance frequency.
ance frequency point to shift to the left from 9 Hz to 8.7 Hz; The output voltage value of the device at the first and
The third resonance frequency point shifts to the right, chang­ second resonance frequencies decreases with the increase of
ing from 9.5 Hz to 9.7 Hz, and the energy harvesting range mass, while the output voltage value at the third resonance
between the two resonance points is significantly widened. frequency increases with the increase of mass, and the
The experimental output power values and simulation output decrease in output voltage is greater than the increase. As
power values of the device are shown in Figure 8(a) and (b), shown in Figure 9(b), at a mass of 3.7 g, the total output
respectively. By comparing the two figures, it can be found power value of the three resonant frequencies of the energy
that the experimental results are consistent with the simulation harvester is 2.125 mW. At a mass of 6 g, the total output
results, further verifying the correctness of the simulation. The power value of the energy harvester is 2.262 mW. When the
greater the excitation acceleration, the greater the output mass is 8.3 g, the total output power value of the energy har­
power value of the device at the same frequency, and the vester is 1.909 mW. The total output power value at 6 g is
wider the energy harvesting frequency band. When the accel­ 0.137 mW higher than the total output power of the energy
eration is 0.1 g, the total output power value of the energy harvester at 3.7 g, and the difference between the two is not
harvester is 0.75 mW. When the acceleration is 0.4 g, the total significant, both of which are greater than the total output
output power value of the energy harvester is 3.88 mW, which power at 8.3 g. The harvesting frequency band at 3.7 g mass
is optimized by 23.96% on the basis of a mass-free device, sur­ is significantly wider than that at other masses, with the
passing many published related studies. highest output power value at ultra-low frequencies (4.2 Hz).
Explore the output changes of device U1 under different
accelerations at 8, 9, and 10 Hz. Figure 10 shows the vari­
5.4. The impact of different qualities
ation of output voltage values of device U1 under different
Under the condition of an external optimal resistance of 200 accelerations and masses. From the figure, it can be seen
kX and an excitation acceleration of 0.2 g, the output per­ that under the same mass and excitation frequency, as the
formance of the energy harvester under different masses excitation acceleration increases, the output voltage value of
above the support frame was investigated using device U1. the energy harvester shows an increasing trend. At the same

Figure 8. Output characteristics of device U1 under different excitation accelerations. (a) Instantaneous output voltage diagram at a ¼ 0.2 g, (b) experimental output
voltage bar graph, (c) experimental output power diagram, (d) simulate output power diagram.
 MECHANICS OF ADVANCED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 941

Figure 9. Output values of energy harvesters under different mass blocks. (a) Output voltage diagram, (b) output power diagram.

Figure 10. Output voltage variation diagram under different accelerations. (a) a ¼ 0.1 g, (b) a ¼ 0.2 g, (c) a ¼ 0.3 g.

Table 2. Comparison of output performance between this work and other studies.
Reference Piezoelectric material Dimension of piezoelectric material (mm3) Resonant frequency Maximum Power (mW)
Zhang et al. [24] PZT 30 � 10 � 0.4 – 0.39
Sreekumari et al. [2] PZT 56 � 28 � 0.3 6 Hz 0.028
Eugenio et al. [26] PZT 20 � 10 � 0.3 6.4 Hz 1.08
This work PZT 30 � 20 � 0.2 4.2 Hz, 9.7 Hz 3.88

time, the increase in excitation acceleration widens the out­ low-frequency environments. This energy harvester can be
put voltage range of the energy harvester. The output volt­ optimized in terms of cantilever beam structure, component
age range at an excitation acceleration of 0.3 g is materials, etc., further improving the harvesting performance
significantly wider than the range at an acceleration of 0.1 g. of the energy harvester.
The increase in acceleration has a significant impact on the
output voltage value of the device.
5.5. Application of energy harvester
Table 2 shows the comparison of the output characteristics
of the energy harvester in this paper with other research The energy harvester can harvest the vibration energy in the
works. Reducing the resonant frequency of the energy har­ environment, convert the vibration energy into electrical
vester and improving its output performance is a concern for energy, and provide energy for micro electronic devices.
researchers. From the published studies listed in Table 2, it Figure 11 shows the application of the energy harvester in a
can be seen that the energy harvester proposed in reference specific scenario. In harsh outdoor environments, people
[2] and [24] has a low output power, resulting in a poor can use GPS locators, signal receivers, and other devices.
energy harvesting effect. The output performance of this These devices can be powered by shaking the energy har­
energy harvester is poor, making it difficult to meet practical vester in hand or by tying feet, so that people can send sig­
needs. Therefore, this article proposes a tension-like energy nals to relevant departments. This energy harvester can be
harvester, mainly to solve the problems of high natural fre­ applied in many aspects.
quency and poor output performance of the energy harvester.
Through comparison, it can be seen that the energy harvester
6. Conclusions
in this article better harvests vibration energy in low-frequency
environments by reducing its natural frequency, providing a This work proposes a tension-like non-linear piezoelectric
good application prospect for harvesting vibration energy in energy harvester that can efficiently harvest low-frequency
942 Q. ZHAO ET AL.

Innovation Team Development Program of Shandong Provincial

Higher Education Institutions (2022KJ234), National Natural Science
Foundation of China (51975303).

ORCID
Qingling Zhao http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7700-5083

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