Basic Electrical Technology

LECTURE 24
THREE PHASE AC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

ELE 1071 ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING, MIT MANIPAL 1

Power & Energy Measurement
Wattmeter?
Current Coil

Pressure Coil

The torque applied to the moving system and the pointer is proportional to the instantaneous product of
the currents flowing in the two coils.

Energy Meter?

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Measurement of 3-Phase Active Power
Balanced Load
W
IR IR R
R

Z VRO
Z
VRY
Z
O IBR
Z Z IY IRY
IY
B Z B
Y Y IYB
VYB
IB IB

Wattmeter Reading, Wattmeter Reading,

W = V I cos V & I W = V I cos V &I
= V I cos θ = V I cos θ

Total active power consumed = 𝟑 × 𝐖 = 𝟑 𝑽𝒑𝒉 𝑰𝑷𝒉 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝛉 = 𝟑 𝐕𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝛉

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Measurement of 3-Phase Active Power
Minimum number of Wattmeter required to measure N-phase active power = N-1
Two Wattmeter Readings,
W = v i = (v − v )i
W =v i = (v −v )i

Total Active Power = 𝐖𝟏 +𝐖𝟐

= (v −v ) i + (v −v )i
=v i −v (i +i )+ v i
=v i +v i + v i

For Balanced Load,

W = V I cos(30° + θ) Total active power, P = W + W = 3 × V I cos θ
W = V I cos(30° − θ)

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Measurement of 3-Phase Active Power
For a 3-phase balanced load,

Summation of two wattmeters, 𝟏 𝟐 𝐋 𝐋

Difference in the reading of two wattmeters, 𝟐 𝟏 𝐋 𝐋

𝟐 𝟏
Hence,
𝟐 𝟏

Power factor of the Balanced Load,

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝟐 𝟏

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Measurement of 3-Phase Active Power
Wattmeter connection for a 3-phase delta load
W1
IR R

VRY ZBR
ZRY
IRY
IBR
IY Two Wattmeter Readings,
B
Y IYB
VBY ZYB
IB

W2

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Measurement of 3-Phase Active Power
Wattmeter connection for a 3-phase, 4-wire unbalanced star load
W1
IR
R R

VRN
ZR
N
Wattmeter Readings,
VYN O
VBN
IY
Y ZY ZB
B
Y

IB
B

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Illustration 1
• Two wattmeters are connected to measure the power input to a 3-phase balanced circuit,
indicating 2.5 kW and 0.5 kW, respectively. Find the power factor of the circuit when,
a) Both readings are positive
b) Readings obtained after reversing the connection to the potential coil of one instrument.

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫:
a) pf = 49.107°
b) pf = 68.948°
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Illustration 2
Three identical impedances of (8+j6)  are connected in delta across a symmetrical 3-
phase, 3-wire 400 V RYB system. Calculate the power factor using wattmeter readings.
Assume the Current coils of the wattmeter are connected to R and B lines.

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓:
𝑰𝑹𝒀 = 𝟒𝟎∠ − 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔° 𝑨 𝑰𝑹 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟕∠ − 𝟔𝟔. 𝟖𝟔° 𝑨

𝑰𝒀𝑩 = 𝟒𝟎∠ − 𝟏𝟓𝟔. 𝟖𝟔° 𝑨 𝑰𝑩 = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟐𝟕∠𝟓𝟑. 𝟏𝟑° 𝑨

𝑰𝑩𝑹 = 𝟒𝟎∠𝟖𝟑. 𝟏𝟑° 𝑨

𝑾𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟔𝟔 𝑾

𝑾𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟓 𝑾
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝟔. 𝟖𝟔° = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝒍𝒂𝒈

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Illustration 3
A 3-phase, 500 V motor load has a power factor of 0.4. Two Wattmeters connected
to measure the power show the input to be 30 kW. Find the reading on each
instrument.

𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓:

𝑾𝟏 = −𝟒. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑾, 𝑾𝟐 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑾

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Summary
• In a 3-phase, balanced load,


• 3-phase 3-wire power measurement can be done using two watt-meters.

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