l Ex.

18 Normal Approach and Landing

Objective:
o To learn how to organize the approach
o To learn how to perform a normal landing under various condition
o To learn how to choose an aim point for approach and landing
o To learn the consideration the pilot has to make related to the landing (bad tanding
recovery)

Motivation:
o Approach and landing part of every flight
o Most accidents happened during this phase of flight. lt is important to learn the
proper technique to minimize the chance of incident or accident due to poor planning
for the approach and landing.

TKT:
What is the procedures to descent? (PAT)
How would you control the airspeed in the descent (Using pitch)
How to level off from the descent? (PAT)
How do you choose the aim point?
a How the flaps affect the descent?

Background knowledge:
o Procedures from POH (recommend technique) - (POH 4-19)
o Based on the several scenarios and conditions, you might need to do specialty landing
other than normal landing techniques such as crosswind, soft field runway, short field,
or obstacle. (POH will explain)

Considerrations: can be asked

o Wind - Headwind vs Tailwind.
o LandinB distance - POH recommended distance.
o Weight - Heavy weight will require a higher approach speed, which means landing will
be longer.
o Temp€rature - Cold and Hot (Hot temperature will decrease, and landing distance will
be longer.
o Air density - High density (less performance, longer landing distance).
o Slope - Downslope will increase landing distance.
o Runway conditions - Dry, wet, slush, mud, ice, etc.
o Flaps - Produces lift (aircraft can fly slower), greater drag (steep descent angle - help
with approach visibility towards the runway) and reduced the landing roll.
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Procedures:
o Steps:
o Base Leg
o Final Approach - Aim point
o Flare - look far down the runway
o Touch down - main wheel
o Landing roll

a On the base Ieg:

o Pick the an aim point and the touch down point (pick it)
o Conduct Pre-Landing check - to make sure the aircraft is ready for the landing
o when reaching 45o from the runway (appx. the runway is at 10 o,clock
position)
o Reduce the power to 1700 RpM and maintain S+L
o When the airspeed reaches white arc, Iower the flaps to 20o (Caution: Flaps
down, nose down at the same time)
o Maintain 70 kts attitude
 a On Final:
o When the runway is located at approximately 9 o'clock, check traffic and start
the turn towards fina! leg
o Maintain 65 kts - can be ask from 70 to 65
o Find the aim point and maintain it approximately 4 fingers on top of the
dashboard or horizon at cruise attitude

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a On flare:
o After crossing the threshold and over the aim point (-15 - 30 feet over the
runway)
o Smoothly reduce the power to idle
o Eyes transition to the end of the runway
o Bring the aircraft to cruise attitude and maintain it by smoothly pitching up
o Once the aircraft starts sinking, pitch the nose up until the cowling of the
engine touched the horizon
o Hold the attitude until the rnain wheels are touching down (FTM pg. 105)

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15 lo 30 teet allitude lhree feet altitude #titude by aftgle speed is bsl
(5 to I meires) {1 metre) as speed is lost

a After touch down

o Hold the control column until the nose drop by itself
o Maintain the centerline (directional control by rudder)
o Untilthe aircraft starts decelerate
o Apply the brakes smoothly to slowing down the aircraft - if required
 o Turn to exit the runway (Turn the nearest next exit) )

How to control on the approach:

o lf you are high - The nose of the aircraft relative to the aim point moves closer to the
aim point - reduce the power in 100RPM increment until the aim point is returned to
the original position (Approximately 4 fingers above dashboard)
o lf you are low - W - add power in 100 RPM increment
o Make sure to trim the aircraft to maintain the same airspeed - can be asked how

Safety considerations:
o Check traffic before making the turns
o DO NOT FORCED THE NOSE DOWN!!!
o FEET HAS TO BE ON THE FLOOR - DO NOT TOUCH THE BRAKES
o DO NOT FORCE THE AIRCRAFT TO EXIT AND BREAKES HEAVILY
o Several types bad landings when the flare is not according to plan - using plane
o Ballooning - Excessive pitch up is applied in the flare - to fix it, maintain the
back pressure untilthe main wheeltouch down
o Wheelbarrowing - Excessive weight on the nose wheel and excessive speed -
touch down with the nose wheel
o Bounce - When the aircraft contact the ground with sharp impact and bounce -)
back to the air due to improper attitude
o Go Around procedure:
o Apply full power
o Carb heat off
o Set to climb attitude
o Retract the flaps on stages
o Maintain Vy
Review questions:
o Give me 1 example of the consideration for approach and landing?
o How would you start the approach?
o What is the airspeed on the final?
o How would you adiust the approach if you are too high? - give scenario aim point
move up or down
o How to flare?
o ln case you have bad landing, what would you do?

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 Ex. 2L Precautionary
Review:
o What are the legs in circuit pattern?
o What is the standard altitude for circuit?
o When you are flying to an uncontrolled aerodrome, how would you join the circuit
pattern?
o How can you determine the wind direction for landing direction in forced approach?

Objective:
o The procedure to be followed in the preparation for a landing at an unknown
aerodrome where the surface condition is unknown, an unfamiliar aerodrome (in case
of emergency).

Motivation:
o Let's say you are flying to Prince George and while en-route, the weather is
deteriorating and you need to land as soon as possible. ln this lesson, we will learn the
procedures how to conduct a precautionary approach at an unknown aerodrome and
how to gather some information about the aerodrome before you are decided to land.
TKT:
o How can you determine the landing area when conducting precautionary approach?
o How would you determine if the area is suitable to land?

Background knowledge:
o Precautionary landing: approach and landing into unknown airport.
Cause of Precautionary Approach:
,o Fuel starvation
o Unfamiliar aerodrome (unprepared flight)

o Sickness
o Mechanical problem (low oil pressure and high temperature)

How to choose a landing area:

o C: Civilization - to make sure we can get help if needed
o O: Obstacle - avoid power lines, trees, cable span, fertilization line, etc on the threshold
o W: Wind - determine the wintl direction for landing direction - trees, drift of the plane,
smoke, grass, water ripple, ground speed, or windsock
o L: Length - sufficient length to land and take-off - @ookts GS, L sec = 100,
o s: sdrface - smooth, as level as possible, not muddy, no standing water
lnspection:
o High PdsS = High inspection at 1000' AGL - reduce power to 2L00 RPM (slow enough
airspeed to obtain information) / circuit power - located above the slow flight
o Low Poss = Low inspection for more details at 500' AGL (for training) or as low as
possible - at POH is recommending (60 kts w/ 2Oo flaps) prevent from stalling
o After Low pass:
o Overshoot-can be asked
o Climb to normal circuit altitude (1000'AGL)
o P: Pan-Pan call (if required)
o P: Pax briefing
o P: Pre-Landing check
o Join like a normal circuit

High pass inspection

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Low pass inspection

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High pass inspection

 i Safety:
o Make radio calls
o Cautions with obstacles (Mountains)

Review:
a How would you conduct a field inspection?
o How would you conduct a high pass? At what altitude?
o ln which condition that will lead you to conduct a precautionary approach?

-1

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 Ex.22 Forced APProach

Objectives:
o To learn the procedure needs to follow in the event of engine failure
o To safelY tand the aircraft
whv:
by knowing and following the procedures
a can save a life in the event of an emergency

TKT:
of descent when flaps are
o What would happen with the rate of descent or angle
extended in the constant descent?
do you estimate the gliding
a What is the clue of the aim point when we glide? Or how
distance?
engine cowling
a lf during descent, the aim point is moving down (getting closer to the
or dashboard) what does it mean?
Cause:
o Carburetor icing
o Fuel starvation
o Low oil
o Mechanicalfailure
o Primer unlock
o Fuel selector off

Selecting landing areas:

o C: Civilization
o O: Obstacles (power line, trees, hay roll)
o W: Wind (smoke, trees or grass, water ripples, or G/S in the GPS)
o L: Length
o S: Surface (smooth, no water pooled, not muddy, no tall grass, etc)
Key points:
ln Cessna L72, when the aircraft is power idle and the airspeed is set to gliding speed
(65kts), the rate of descent will be around 600 fpm
Keep the rate 1 turn
o High key
o t4OO'AGL above the threshold into the direction of landing
o With the strong wind, plan at a higher altitude
o Low key
o 800'AGL abeam the threshold (downwind)
o Remember, with the high wind, aircraft will grounding with higher speed
l (tailwind)
)

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 o Noted the wind sPeed
barn' or island)
o Choose a ground reference (house, road'
o Consider the altitude and flaPs

W,*,
2&re
a F na! key
o 5OO'AGL on the base-fina! leg
o Check the aim Point
o Put more flaPs if needed
o Payattention to the wind speed - can be asked
o Caution with the illusion and skidding
How:
O A: Airspeed (65 kts), full nose-up trimmed, carb heat on
o B: Best Field (COWLS)
o C: Cause Check (downwind check + engine restart) - this will be the first engine
warm
o Remember need to do engine warm every 500'
o On the realty cold day, do not bring the power to idle and more engine warm
to prevent the carb ice
a D: Distress call (Mayday call L2L.5 &7700 Squawk)
a E: Emergenry briefing (Passenger briefing) - (Move the seat to the aft position,
remove the sharp object, fasten the seatbelt, review the door and seatbelt operation,
and the meetup point after landing)
-f a F: Final shut down (Checklist - at low key)

Need to remember:
o Engine warm every 500'
o Fly directly towards the field l
I
o Note: ask the passengers to help you to find field
o Search around for a good field, do not to focus on the front only, a good fietd
might be located behind or the right side
o Keep the rate 1 turn to the left if you are sitting on the left (Easy to keep the
field insight)
\
o On final: t
. Too high
o Forward slip
o Adding more flaps
, Too low
. Fly directly towards the fietd or threshold
o DelaY to extend the flaps as it will cause in higher descent angle
O DO NOT TRY TO STRECH THE GLTDE BY PITCHING MORE
UP, !T
CAN CAUSE STALL AT LOWER ALTITUDE
Some trick:
*Add the increment
of 1200' on top of the key points if the engine failure occurs at higher
altitude*
.l
 I
Safety:
o Ensure when practice, do not go below 500'AGL
o Look for low level traffic
o Engine warm every 500'

Review:
o How would you conduct a forced approach?
o What airspeed do you need to maintain?
o How would you determine the direction of landing?
. Why do you need to do engine warm?

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