OPERATIONAL

PROCEDURES

Flight time
"Flight time" The total time from the moment an aeroplane first moves for the
purpose of taking off until the moment it finally comes to rest at the end of the
flight.

A pilot’s legal obligations for flight planning and preparation include:

1. Route and Fuel Planning: Ensure the flight path is safe and sufficient fuel is
available, including reserves for delays or diversions.
2.Weather Evaluation: Assess current and forecasted weather to ensure safe
conditions.
3. Weight and Balance: Verify the aircraft's weight and balance are within legal
limits.
4. Aircraft Condition: Confirm that the aircraft is airworthy and check all
required maintenance and inspections are up to date.
5. Regulatory Compliance: Ensure all flight documents, including flight plans
and permits, are completed according to aviation laws.
These steps ensure safety and regulatory adherence.

Noise abatement
Noise abatement involves avoiding flights over towns to reduce safety risks and
minimize noise pollution. Regulations require aircraft to maintain specific
altitudes over residential areas to limit disruption. Pilots reduce noise by
climbing steeply after take-off, using continuous descents on approach, and
minimizing low-altitude flight. Efficient throttle management and delaying flap
or gear deployment also help reduce noise near airports. These do not apply in
the event of an emergency.

Runway Excursion Awareness

A runway excursion happens when an aircraft unintentionally leaves the runway
during take-off or landing. To avoid this:

- Runway Lights & Markings:

- Distance signs show the remaining runway in thousands of feet.
- Yellow edge lights and red centreline lights indicate short remaining runway
distances.

- Factors Leading to Excursion:

- High approach speed, incorrect braking, contaminated runways, high
approach altitudes, or misidentifying the airport.

- Markings & Signals:

- Stop bars and holding points require ATC clearance.
- Runway entry lights warn of active runway crossings.

Runway Incursion Hotspot

Hotspots are high-risk areas for runway incursions, marked on airport charts
with red circles or labels, where extra caution is needed.

Fire or smoke
Carburettor fire
A carburettor fire may be caused by over cranking engine

What to do in case of carburettor fire

1. Crank engine
2.Cut mixture
3. Fuel pump OFF
4.Fuel selector OFF
 Engine fire signs
1. Smoke: Visible smoke from the engine or inside the cockpit.
2.Burning Smell: A strong smell of burning fuel or oil.
3. Engine Performance Issues: Sudden loss of power, rough running, or
unusual engine noise.
4.Fire Warning Light: Activation of a fire warning system, if equipped.
5.High Engine Temperature: Rapid rise in engine temperature on the
gauges.

Engine Fire general actions

• FUEL selector -OFF
• Throttle -Closed
• Mixture -ICO
• Electrical fuel pump -OFF
• Heater - OFF
• Defroster -OFF

Engine fire on ground

Applying full throttle increases airflow through the engine, which helps clear
flames or smoke. Closing the fuel shutoff valve cuts off the fuel supply, starving
the fire of fuel. This combination can help control the fire until further action is
taken.

Fire classifications
A- ordinary combustibles
B- Flammable liquids
V- Live electrical equipment
D- Combustible metal
K- Commercial cooking equipment
Smoke in cockpit
The main issue when experiencing smoke in cockpit is carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide symptom

1. Headache
2.Nausea
3. Dizziness
4.Confusion

Smoke removal checklist

Source of fire -CHECK
Master switch -OFF
Vents -OPEN
Cabin heat -OFF
Locate fire extinguisher
Land ASAP

Portable fire extinguisher

Portable fire extinguisher is to be found in the cockpit and in the cabin

WIND SHEAR AND MICROBURST

Air speed
Speed of aircraft relative to the air around it
Ground speed
Speed of aircraft relative to the ground

Wind shear
Wind shear is defined as a wind direction and/or speed change over a vertical or
horizontal distance
Microbursts

1 3

Stage 1 - airspeed groundspeed rate of climb

Stage 2 - airspeed groundspeed rate of climb
Stage 3- airspeed groundspeed rate of climb

Procedures in case of microbursts

1. Full power
2.Pitch up until positive rate of climb
3. Maintain current config

Wake Turbulence
Wake turbulence which is caused by a plane ahead. It is very severe turbulence.
Wake turbulence exists from rotation to nose wheel touchdown.

Wake turbulence notes

• Wake turbulence vortex sink and spread sideways.
• Wake turbulence is stronger when the aircraft is heavy, slow and clean

Aircraft wake categories

HEAVY -136,000kg or more
MEDIUM -between 7,000kg and up to 136,000kg
LIGHT -7,000kg or less
Separation of aircraft

Avoid wake turbulence

Engine failure at take off

Immediate actions like reducing AOA, monitoring airspeed, and choosing
straight-ahead landings are critical for safety and control during engine failure
in take-off.

A steep turn back can lead to excessive altitude loss due to increased AOA and
load factor so we are limited to 70 degrees from the front of nose. Using the full
runway length through backtracking enhances safety by allowing for better
speed management and providing a greater safety margin in case of engine
failure.
Precautionary Landing:
A precautionary landing is made when a pilot decides to land due to potential
issues that could compromise safety, but there is no immediate danger. For
example, this might be due to unusual engine behavior or indications of a fuel
leak. The intention is to land at a suitable airfield to assess the situation.

Emergency Landing
An emergency landing occurs when a pilot must land the aircraft due to a
critical situation that poses an immediate threat to safety, such as engine
failure, severe turbulence, or loss of cabin pressure. The focus is on landing as
quickly and safely as possible, often at the nearest suitable location.

Examples of Situations for Emergency Landing

1. Engine Failure - An aircraft loses engine power and must land immediately.
2.Severe Weather Conditions - Encountering sudden severe turbulence or
storms that make flight unsafe.
3. Cabin Pressure Loss - A rapid decompression that requires immediate
descent and landing.
4. Fire or Smoke in the Cabin - Any signs of fire or smoke necessitate an
urgent landing.
5. Medical Emergencies - A passenger or crew member suffers a medical
emergency that requires immediate landing.

Importance of Following AFM/POH Notes/Advice

- Pilots must adhere to the recommendations in the Aircraft Flight Manual
(AFM) or Pilot Operating Handbook (POH) regarding emergency procedures.
This includes directives like:
- Land as soon as possible: Prioritize landing if a critical issue arises.
-Land at the nearest suitable airfield: Ensure the aircraft is on the ground
safely and quickly.

Requirements for Life Vests on Board

- Life vests must be carried on board for every passenger when flying over water
where a ditching might occur, particularly in the following scenarios:
- Flights where the distance over water exceeds a certain threshold (e.g., 50
nautical miles).
 - Operations in areas known for over-water routes or when flying over large
bodies of water.

Actions for Conducting an Off-Field Landing

1. Preparation - Assess the situation, communicate intentions, and brief
passengers.
2. Area Selection - Identify a suitable landing area.
3. Approach - Establish a controlled descent and configure the aircraft.
4. Final Approach - Maintain a stable approach, checking for obstacles.
5. Landing - Touch down at minimum speed for better control.

Selecting a Suitable Emergency Landing Area

1.Visibility - Look for open fields or clearings.
2. Orientation - Preferably into the wind for reduced ground speed.
3. Clear Approach - Ensure a free path to the landing area.
4. Surface Condition - Choose firm ground to avoid damage.
5. Escape Routes - Consider exit options post-landing.

Flaring at the Upper Visible Surface of Vegetation

Reason- To reduce impact forces and maintain control during landing.

Closing the Fuel Shut-Off Valve

Reason- Prevents fuel flow to the engine, reducing fire risk during a forced
landing.
Touchdown at Minimum Speed
Reason- Ensures better control and reduces impact force, minimizing damage.

Rules to ditch
• Land as slow as possible
• High nose attitude
• Land parallel to the swell
Contaminated runway
A contaminated runway is when 25% or more of the runway is covered.

Water- more than 3mm

Slush- more than 3mm
Ice- more than 3mm
Snow- more than 3mm

Damp runway
surface not dry but there is moisture however moisture doesn’t give it a shiny
appearance
Wet runway
Sufficient water on surface to give it a shiny appearance (not more than 3mm)
Dry runway
Not wet nor contaminated

What can happen due to a contaminated runway

• Reduce braking action
• Reduce ground control ability
• Reduce traffic flow rates
• Reduce crosswind limits
• Reduce operating speeds

Friction and friction coefficient

Runway surface conditions

• Poor
• Medium to poor
• Medium
• Medium to good
• Good
 Maintain VMC
when conditions drop below VMC minima, pilots must prioritize aircraft
control, communicate with ATC, utilize IFR procedures, and be prepared to
make informed decisions regarding returning or diverting to safer areas.
Relying on instruments and maintaining situational awareness are critical for
safe navigation in such scenarios.

Ballistic Recovery system

General Overview of Ballistic Recovery Systems (BRS)

Purpose and Function
The BRS is designed to provide an emergency parachute system for aircraft,
allowing for a controlled descent and landing in the event of in-flight
emergencies, such as engine failure, loss of control, severe weather, or pilot
incapacitation.
Situations Leading to Use
BRS activation may be necessary during engine failure, loss of control
situations, severe weather encounters, or if the pilot becomes unable to
manage the aircraft.

Design Overview
Major Components
Key components of a BRS include the parachute canopy, deployment bag,
rocket motor, and control lines.
Slider Purpose and Operation
The slider controls the parachute's deployment speed, ensuring a smooth
inflation and reducing the risk of structural failure.
Safety Features
BRS systems incorporate automatic activation at critical altitudes, backup
systems for redundancy, and visibility markings on deployment handles for ease
of use.

Operation and Limitations

Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Actions
 Before flight, remove the safety pin from the deployment handle; after flight,
reinstall the safety pin to secure the system.
Activation Process
To activate the BRS, pull the deployment handle or press the activation switch.
Altitude and Speed Limitations
BRS effectiveness diminishes at higher speeds and altitudes, affecting
deployment forces and inflation time.

Precautions
Passenger Briefing
Brief passengers on the BRS operation and activation procedures to ensure
they remain calm during emergencies.
Ground Handling Precautions
Keep the safety pin installed during ground operations and avoid activating
the BRS after an accident until it’s safe to do so. Always follow the
manufacturer's guidelines for handling and storage.