Developed by: Mr.

Halifax
Boldsteps International School Nyanya Abuja

WOODWORK HAND TOOLS

Wood is any fibrous material obtain from tree.
Work is the effort or activity directed toward producing or accomplishing a task, goal, or result. It involve physical or
mental effort, or both.
A tool is any device, instrument, or object used to perform a specific task, make work easier, or achieve a goal.
Tools are classified into two:
Hand tools; these are tools we operate manually with our hands without electricity e.g. screw drivers, hammers,
wrenches, and chisels etc.
Power tools; these are tools that needs electricity or battery to operate them e.g. Drills, saws, and sanders etc.
TYPES OF TOOLS:
1. Hand Tools – Used manually, such as hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, and chisels.
2. Power Tools – Operate with electricity or batteries, like drills, saws, and sanders.
3. Measuring Tools – Help with accuracy, including rulers, tape measures, and calipers.
4. Cutting Tools – Used to cut materials, like scissors, knives, and saws.
5. Gardening Tools – For planting and landscaping, such as shovels, rakes, and pruners.
6. Medical Tools – Used by doctors and nurses, such as thermometers, stethoscopes, and syringes.
TOOLS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO;
A woodwork hand tool is a simple tool that is used to by hand (without electricity) to cut, shape, smooth, or join wood.
These tools help in making wooden objects and learning basic wood working skills.
There are six classes of wood work hand tools.
1. Measuring tools
2. Marking out/ setting out tools
3. Work holding tools
4. Boring tools
5. Cutting and paring tools
6. Driving tools.
MEASURING TOOLS
Measurement is the first operation in woodwork. It is an activity that involves taking, checking and recording of
distance between two points (or dimension) of object.
Measuring tools are instruments used to determine the size, length, volume, weight, or other physical properties of
objects with accuracy. These tools help in various fields such as construction, science, engineering, and everyday
activities.
Measuring tools are divided into two;
Linear measurement: A linear measurement is the process of measuring the length, width, or height of an object in a
straight line. It is used to determine the distance between two points and is commonly measured in units such as
millimetres (mm), centimetre (cm) meters (m) or inches (in)
Angular measurement; is the process of determining the size of an object when there is bending in a size.
Examples of measuring tools are:
1. Metric rule/ruler: Measures short lengths in inches or centimeters. Is the simplest measuring tool in a woodwork
workshop. It is made of metal, wooden, plastic or coiled tape rule.
2. Inside callipers: used for measuring the diameter of the inner parts of a circular object.
3. Outside callipers: used to measure the diameter of a cylindrical bar
4. Protractor: Measures angles in degrees (0° to 180° or 0° to 360°).
5. Thermometer: Measures heat levels in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
6. Stop watch: Measures time intervals precisely.
7. Spring balance:
8. Weighing scale: Measures the weight of objects or people.
9. Odometer: Measures the distance traveled by a vehicle.
10. Pairs of dividers etc.
Metal or wood has to be measured into the required lengths relevant to the expected construction before cutting and
construction can be done.
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Callipers are measuring instruments that are used to measure the diameters of circular shapes.
There are three types of callipers.
1. Inside calliper is used for measuring the diameter of the inner parts of a circular object.
2. Outside calliper is used to measure the diameter of a cylindrical bar.
3. Odd-leg calliper is used to measure the centre lines of round bars.
This calliper is also called Jenny’s Calliper.
4. Divider is similar to the actual place where it is needed.

SETTING AND MARKING TOOLS

Setting and Marking out tools: are instruments used to measure, mark, and layout lines , points, or angles on materials
before cutting, shaping, or assembling. These tools help to ensure precision in woodworking, tailoring, metal working,
and construction.
The next operation after measurements in woodwork or metalwork is marking out of the beginning and end of such
measured lengths.
Examples of setting and marking tools are
1. Pencil/chalk: Marks lines on wood, metal, or fabric.
2. Try-square: It is used to mark lines that form a right angle. It is used to test the squareness of an edge.
3. Sliding bevel: It is used for duplicating angles and for setting out bevels.
4. Mitre rule: The mitre square is also used to mark angles, particularly angle 450 0
5. Compass/ divider: It is used to mark the arcs of a circle
6. Scriber: Used to scratch fine lines on metal surfaces.
7. Marking gauge: Marks parallel lines on wood for cutting or shaping.
8. Bevel Gauge – Measures and sets different angles.
9. Caliper – Measures the thickness or internal/external diameters.
10. Spirit Level – Ensures surfaces are level or plumb. etc.
DRIVING TOOLS
Driving tools are used to fix nails and screws into wooden and metal materials. Driving tools are hand or power tools
used to insert, push, or drive objects such as nails, screws, bolts, or other fasteners into materials like wood, metal, or
concrete. They help in construction, woodworking, and mechanical work by ensuring secure fittings.
Examples of Driving Tools
1. Hammer – Drives nails into wood or other materials.
2. Screwdriver – Tightens or loosens screws (flathead, Phillips, etc.).
3. Mallet – A wooden or rubber hammer used for softer striking.
4. Wrench (Spanner) – Tightens or loosens nuts and bolts.
5. Pliers – Helps grip and drive small nails, staples, or wires.
6. Hand Drill/Power Drill – Drives screws or makes holes.
There are five types of hammers named according to the shape of the head.
1. Ball peen hammer: used for general purposes.
2. Straight peen hammer: used for riveting while other end is used for shaping sheet metals
3. Cross peen hammer: used for drawing down and riveting.
4. Planishing hammer: used by panel beaters for finishing.
5. Blocking head hammer: used for shaping sheet metal.
Types of screw drivers
(a) Flat screwdriver used for screw having only one line slot on the head.
(b) Star screwdriver is used for screws having a star opening on the head
(c) Offset screwdriver is used whenever a straight screwdriver cannot be used.
(d) Allen screwdriver is used for driving in or removing screws which have a hexagonal or square slot in their head.
BORING TOOLS
Boring is the act of making narrow holes in a material such as in wood or metal. A boring tool is a tool used to enlarge
or refine holes in a material, such as wood, metal, or plastic. It is commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, and
construction to create precise and smooth holes.
Examples of Boring Tools
1. Drill Bit – A cutting tool used with a drill to make holes.
2. Hand Drill – A manual tool used for boring small holes.
3. Brace and Bit – A hand-operated tool for drilling larger holes in wood.
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4. Auger Bit – Used for deep and wide holes in wood.
5. Countersink Bit – Creates a conical hole to allow screw heads to sit flush.
6. Reamer – Enlarges and smoothens existing holes in metal or plastic.
7. Hole Saw – Cuts large circular holes in materials like wood or drywall.
8. Gimlet: this is the tool used for boring holes in wood before inserting small nails and screws.
9. Bradawl: this tool can be used to replace gimlets, could be used as screw-driver to insert small screws, and could
also be used for forming small holes before using screws or nails in the woodwork.
10. The ratchet brace: this is the tool used to hold bits of various sizes in the chucks. Some of the bits include:
a) Centre bit: for boring shallow holes in wood.
b) Dowel bit : used where two components are to be held together by the dowel pin
c) Countersink bit: used to enlarge the existing holes in wood.
d) Double twist drill: used for boring deep hole in wood.
HOLDING DEVICES
Woodworking holding devices are the tools used to hold work piece on the workbench. Woodwork holding devices are
tools or equipment used to secure a piece of wood in place while it is being cut, shaped, or assembled. These devices
ensure that the wood remains stable and properly aligned, providing safety and precision during woodworking tasks.
Examples of Woodwork Holding Devices
1. Workbench – A sturdy table with a flat surface for working on wood projects.
2. Woodworking Vise – A clamp attached to a workbench to hold wood securely while cutting, sanding, or shaping.
3. Clamps – Adjustable tools used to hold wood pieces together or in place while working.
a. G-Clamp – This is a metal clamp used for clamping small jobs together. It is called a G-Clamp because of its shape
which is in the form of letter ‘G’. The clamp is ideal for holding small pieces of wood together.
b. F-Clamp – This is used like the G-Clamp. The clamp is in the form of letter ‘F’.
c. Sash-Clamp – it is a larger clamp used for holding and drawing woods tightly together when assembling or gluing
work.
C-Clamps – Small clamps used to hold wood firmly during tasks.
Bar Clamps – Used to hold larger wood pieces or to apply pressure during gluing.
4. Woodpecker – A tool used to hold wood at precise angles during assembly or cutting.
5. Miter Box – A guide that holds wood at a precise angle, commonly used for making accurate crosscuts or miter cuts.
6. Vice Grip Pliers – A locking tool that holds wood tightly in place for hands-free work.
Types of vice
Bench vice: also called fitter’s vice. It is used to clamp or to hold jobs when the following operations are to be carried
out on the bench, filling, bending, tapping, cutting, assembling parts etc.
Other types of vice are: Hand vice: used for holding work when performing operations such as drilling, riveting etc
Machine vice: It is fixed to the table of any machine tool.
The Care of the Vice
a. Always keep the vice clean.
b. The thread or the screw inside the vice should be oiled regularly.
c. Do not use the vice as an anvil for hammering a job
d. Always use hand force only to tighten the vice for holding the work piece.
2. Bench Stop – There are many types of bench stops. Some are made of wood while some are made of metals. It is a
small strip of wood fixed on top of the bench. It is used to prevent wood from slipping off the bench top during
planning.
3. Bench Hook – This is used for holding jobs during cutting and chiseling on the bench. At the same time, it protects
the bench top.
CUTTING AND PARING TOOLS
Cutting and paring tools are hand tools used in woodworking, metalworking, and other crafts to cut, trim, or shape
materials. Cutting tools are designed to remove material through shearing, while paring tools are used for fine,
controlled shaving or trimming.
Examples of Cutting Tools
1. Saw – Used to cut through wood, metal, or plastic.
There are two main groups of saws: bench saw and curve cutting saws
Curve cutting saws are:
1. Coping Saw – This is used for cutting curve marked lines of wood. The blades can be adjusted to cut in any
direction.
2. 2. Fret Saw – This is used to cut curves in thin wood of 8mm thick or less. It is used to cut plywood.
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3. 3. Bow Saw – is used to cut along curve marked lines but the wood has to be 50mm thick.
4. Compass Saw – It is used for cutting large interior curves.
5. Keyhole – It is used mainly for internal curves where the bow saw cannot be used.
6. Rip Saw – Is used for cutting along the grain of the wood.
7. Tenon saw – Is used for cutting shoulders to tenon and recesses in board
8. Dovetail saw – Is also similar to tenon saw but it is much shorter. It is used for cutting fine joints and also light
sawing.
9. Panel Saw – Is used for sawing thin timber across the wood.
10. Cross-cut saw – Is used for cutting across the grain.
Others includes:
Hand Saw – A traditional saw for cutting wood.
Jigsaw – A power tool for making curved cuts in wood or other materials.
2. Chisel – A sharp-edged tool used to carve or cut wood, stone, or metal.
3. Knife – A cutting tool with a sharp blade, often used for detailed work.
Utility Knife – Used for cutting through lighter materials, like cardboard or plastic.
Examples of Paring Tools
1. Paring Chisel – A thin, flat tool used for fine shaving and shaping wood.
2. Plane – A tool used to smooth or trim the surface of wood by shaving off thin layers.
3. Razor Blade – Used for fine cutting or trimming in precise tasks.
4. Scraper – A tool used to remove material from a surface, often used for smoothing or cleaning up after other
processes.
TYPES AND USES OF PLANES
Bench planes are used to obtain a good, smooth surface and to get the correct size required. Bench planes are:
1. Jack Plane – It is used to smoothen or remove marks from timber. It is used to dress the surface and edges.
2. Trying plane – It is used to produce flat surface and perfectly straight edges.
3. Smoothing plane – It is used for clearing the surfaces and edges of timbers ready for assembling.
4. Block plane – It is used for planning small work that is not easily accessible.
5. Spoke shave – This is an example of a curve cutting plane used to produce smooth curve surfaces and edges.
METAL WORK HAND TOOLS
Metal work tools are tools used in shaping, cutting, joining, and finishing metal materials during fabrication or repair
work. These tools help metalworkers perform tasks like measuring, marking, cutting, bending, drilling, welding, and
assembling metal components.
They are generally grouped into different categories, such as:
1. Measuring tools – e.g., steel ruler, calipers, micrometer.
2. Marking tools – e.g., scriber, center punch, surface gauge.
3. Cutting tools – e.g., hacksaw, chisel, snips, angle grinder.
4. Striking tools – e.g., hammer, mallet.
5. Holding tools – e.g., bench vise, clamps, pliers.
6. Finishing tools – e.g., file, sandpaper, grinder.
7. Driving tools – e.g., screwdrivers, spanners, wrenches.
8. Joining tools – e.g., welding machine, rivet gun.
CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF METAL WORK TOOLS.
A. Care on files.
1. A file cuts the metal during the forward stroke; therefore pressure on the file should be released during the
return stroke.
2. A new file should be used for soft metals such as brass, zinc, or copper. It should not be used for filing welded
joints or surface of casting.
3. A file must not be used without a handle because it is dangerous. Make sure the handle is firmly secured.
4. The file should be cleaned regularly with a wire brush or file card to remove iron filing embedded in the teeth of
the file and enable the file to cut better.
B. Care on hacksaw.
1. Ensure the jobs are rigidly clamped to the vice.
2. The blade should be fixed so that the teeth are pointing away from the handle.
3. Tension the blade by the tensioning wing-nut making sure that the tension is right. Incorrect tension will lead to
breakage of the blade.

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 4. For solid copper or brass, use coarse blade about 14 to 18 teeth per 25mm for sheet metal and thin strip use teeth
per 25mm.
5. Use moderate speed in cutting, about 40 to 60 strokes per minute. VI. Use as much length of the blade as
possible.
C. Care on Boring.
1. With a bradawl, mark the position of the screw hole
2. Select the proper size of drill bit
3. Countersink the shank hole for countersunk head or flat head screw by using correct countersink
4. Fasten the two woods A and B in the wood vice
5. Select suitable screw driver squarely in the screw slot.

MAINTENANCE
CONCEPT OF AND NEED FOR MAINTENANCE.
Maintenance is defined as the work done on any engineering equipment to keep it in good operating condition.
It refers to the process of keeping equipment, machinery, buildings, or systems in good working condition by
regularly inspecting, repairing, and servicing them.
The goal of maintenance is to ensure reliability, efficiency, and longevity of these assets while preventing
breakdowns or failures.
Everything we have in our school and home need to be taken care of so that they can serve us better. A driver
checks the oil level, radiator water, battery, tyres, brakes etc in his car to see if there is any problem before he
hits the road.
NEED FOR MAINTENANCE
The following are the reasons or need for the maintenance of any item:
1. To make the equipment function properly
2. To avoid preventable breakdown
3. To reduce chances of accidents and ensure safe use
4. To avoid the inconvenience of equipment failure
5. To make the item last longer
6. To reduce loss of time and thereby save money.
TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
The types of maintenance carried out on machines and equipment are grouped under the following
1. Predictive maintenance
2. Preventive maintenance
3. Corrective maintenance
Predictive maintenance: this is the maintenance carried out using computers and other devices to predict impending
breakdowns. Once the predictions are made, necessary remedies are immediately designed and applied to avoid those
breakdowns.
Basically, predictive maintenance reduces the amount of other types of maintenance to be carried out on the equipment.
However, what is important here is to carry out a routine check on the facilities for the predictive maintenance to ensure
that they are still in place and functioning.
Preventive maintenance: This is the type of maintenance carried out on equipment before breakdown occurs. Typical
examples of preventive maintenance are:
1. Regular servicing of cars
2. Regular oiling or lubricating of moving parts
3. Regular painting of corrosive metal
4. Regular cleaning of equipment routine checks on lubricants, safety gurds, nuts and bolts, studs, signal
indicators.
5. Routine checks on level of wears, alignment, tension of belt and chains.
Corrective maintenance: This involves actions taken to correct or restore broken down equipment to a functional
state. The equipment may need a total overhaul and some parts may need to be replaced or repaired, and both
require money and time.
IMPORTANCE AND TYPES OF MAINTENANCE
1. Maintenance is the work done to keep or restore equipment to an acceptable working standard at a minimum
cost.

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2. To avoid breakdown, an organization or individual should formulate an appropriate maintenance policy or
plan.
3. Maintenance is important so as to save cost and time that may be required for the installation of new
equipment to replace the damaged ones.
4. It is also necessary to prevent disappointment and loss of precious opportunities.
NEED FOR MAINTENANCE OF TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND MACHINES
We need to maintain our tools and machine for the following reasons:
1. The tools like chisel, saw, etc. need to be cleaned and oiled regularly to prevent rust.
2. In same machine, there are parts that should be changed after they have worked for some hour, e.g. fuel
filter, oil filter, belt, chain, etc. Even oil needs to be changed regularly.
3. Grease gun and oil can rag should be used to clean some of our equipment and machines.
4. It may also be necessary to remove and replace worn out component like screw, bolts, nuts, washer and
rivets, etc.

Developed by: Mr. Halifax

Boldsteps International School Nyanya Abuja