GEMATH  Why might this problem be

difficult/easy?
MIDTERMS 2. Make/Devise a plan
 You must start somewhere so try
George Polya something. How are you going to attack
 1887-1985 the question?
 A teacher and mathematician  Draw pictures or diagram?
 The father of problem solving  Eliminate possibilities.
 Mathematics educator who strongly believed  Be systematic.
that the skill of problem solving can be taught.  Solve a simpler version of the problem&
 Published a book in 1945: “How To Solve It”, consider special cases
explaining how to become a better problem  Guess and check. Trial and error. Guess
solver. and test.
 Hungarian mathematician  Look for a pattern or patterns.
 Make fundamental contribution to  Make a list/Write down keywords
combinatorics, number theory, numerical 3. Carry out the plan
analysis and probability theory.  This is the step where you carry out the
 He is also noted for his work in heuristics and steps of your plan.
mathematics education.  Try to use the strategy chosen in step 2
 Heuristic (Greek: “find” or “discover”) refers to  If this strategy does not work, try
experience-based techniques for problem another one.
solving, learning, and discovery that gives a  Be patient.
solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal.  Work carefully
 Modify the plan or try out a new plan
PROBLEM  Keep trying until something works.
 Situation, condition, person or thing that needs  Implement the strategy and strategies
attention and needs to be dealt with or solved. in step 2
 Not solving a problem leads to undesirable  Try another strategy if the first one isn’t
consequences. working.
 The solution to any problem lies in asking the  Keep a complete and accurate record of
right questions your work.
 Be determined and don’t get
POLYA’S FOUR STEPS discouraged if the plan does not work
immediately.
1. Understand the question
4. Look back & Review
 What are you asked to find or how?
 Finally, in this last step you look back
 Can you restate the question in your
reviewing and checking your results.
own words?
 Did you answer the question? Is your
 What part/information of the question
result reasonable?
is (un)important?
 What would you change the question a
 Can you think of a picture or a diagram
bit?
that might help you understand the
 Is there a better/more interesting
problem?
version of the question?
 Is there enough information to enable
 Is there another way of doing the
you to find a solution?
problem which may be simpler?
 Do you understand all the words used in
 Can the question or method be
stating the questions?
generalized to be useful for future
 Do you need to ask a question to get
problems?
the answer?
DATA MANAGEMENT OR STATISTICS
  The science of collecting, organizing,  Qualitative
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting Represents differences in quality,
numerical data. character, or kind but not in amount.
 Refer to the mere tabulation of numeric Sex, birthplace or geographic location,
information in report of stock, market religious preference, marital status, eye
transaction or to the body of techniques used color, brand of computer purchased.
in processing or analyzing data.  Quantitative
Numerical in nature and can be ordered
TYPES OF STATISTICS
or rank
 Descriptive Statistics Weight, height, age, test scored, speed,
Collecting, organizing, presenting and body temperature, grades, etc.
analyzing numerical data. Can be categorized as discrete or
The statistician tries to describe or continuous.
summarize a situation. Discrete
 Inferential Statistics (Statistical inference or  Variable whose values can be
inductive statistics) counted using integral values.
Analyzing the organized data leading to  Ex. No. of enrollees, drop out,
prediction or interferences. deaths, number of students in
the classroom, no. of computers
VARIABLES functioning, no. of calls received
 The characteristic that is being studied. Continuous
 Varies across individuals or subjects.  Variables that can assume any
 Includes age, race, gender, intelligence, numerical value over an
personality type, attitudes, political or religious interval or intervals. It can yield
affiliation, height, weight, marital status, eye decimals or fractions.
color, etc.  Height, weight, temperature,
time
INDEPENDENT (x)
LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS
 Explanatory variables
 Maybe continuous, nominal or ordinal.  Nominal
 The predictor Classifies the data into mutually
 Ex: to predict the amount of sunlight on the exclusive categories in which no order
growth of a certain plant. or ranking can be imposed on the data.
 Ex: to evaluate the effect of using computer to Ex. Subjects, Zip codes, Religion, Marital
the performance of the students. Status
 Ordinal
DEPENDENT (y) Can be placed into categories
 Response variables These categories can be ordered or
 Variable whose value is being predicted ranked
Ex. Student evaluations, guest speaker
CONTROLLED (z) might be ranked as superior, average, or
poor, Size (small, medium, large)
 Constant and unchanging standard of
 Interval
comparison in scientific experimentation.
This level differs from the ordinal level
in that precise differences do exist
between units.
Ex. IQ level, Temperature
 Ratio

TYPES OF VARIABLES
 It has true zero point (complete The documentation of data analysis and
absence of the altitude being transformation as well as the storing of data and
measured). research results are integral part of data management
Ratio data are either discrete or and could help you to prove your work. Without data
continuous variables. management, not only a solid basis ensuring
Ex. Weight, Age, Salary replicability for your research results may be missing,
but your data can also be subject to data loss more
POPULATION
easily.
 It consists of all subjects (human or otherwise)
REASONS WHY STATISTICS IS IMPORTANT
that are being studied.
 Ex. Faith Students, Filipino, Tourists, Boholana  Weather Forecast
 Emergency Preparedness
SAMPLE
 Predicting Disease
 Group of subjects selected from a population.  Medical Studies
 Genetics
POPULATION SAMPLE  Political Campaigns
FAITH Students BSA students  Insurance
Filipino Igorots
 Consumer Goods
Tourists Korean who visits in 2022
 Quality Testing
Boholana Female Tagbilaranon
 Stock Market

USEFULNESS OF STATISTICS
DATA
 Useful in making conclusions and/or predictions
 Collection of observations on one or more
of the events of the world.
variables.
 Used to describe the natural order and
 The raw material which the statistician works. It
occurrences of the universe.
can be found thought surveys, experiments,
 Used to organize patterns and regulations as
numerical record and other modes of research.
well as irregularities.
 Factual information such as measurements or
statistics used as a basis for reasoning,
discussion, or calculation.

PRIMARY DATA

 Refers to the information gathered directly

SECONDARY DATA

 Refers to the information which are taken from

NOTE