IOT-BASED SOLAR POWERED PESTS MONITORING

AND CLASSIFYING SYSTEM IN BARANGAY

CATANDAAN, NASUGBU, BATANGAS

An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of
Cluster of Engineering, Technology, and Education
Rogationist College

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

Keneth M. Dumalag
Peejay B. Florentino
Erwin Kyle R. Coronel
Vergel S. Gonzaga
Francis Romwel V. Hersando

February 2025
 ABSTRACT

This study aimed to develop an IoT device for capturing, monitoring, and

identifying pests. The IoT capturing and monitoring system is installed in a field

inside a farm. The main system is composed of ultraviolet light, a camera, an

ESP32 microcontroller, and an accessible web application for the capture photo

of the identified insects. The device has a solar panel connected to lead-acid

battery for energy efficiency, the ultraviolet light is used to attract insects, the

camera for capturing photos of the trapped insects, esp32 microcontroller to

control other small components, rain sensor and DHT11 for temperature and rain

monitoring for device protection, and the web application for the identification of

the insects.

During the development of the project, the System Engineering Process

Model (SEPM) served as a guide to ensure that the approach and control

through the project’s development is on the right path. Along the way, test and

evaluations are conducted using the ISO 9126 evaluation instrument model

which are composed of criterion and sub-criteria for the project’s overall

performance. The evaluators are five (5) farm owners and 15 regular farmers

from barangay Catandaan, Batangas.

The project got an overall quality factor of 0.95, which corresponds to the

description as excellent. This means that the project is reliable, efficient, usable,

portable, and maintainable.

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “IoT Based Solar Powered Pests Monitoring and
Classifying System in Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu, Batangas” prepared
and submitted by Erwin Kyle R. Coronel, Keneth M. Dumalag, Peejay B.
Florentino, Vergel S. Gonzaga and Francis Romwel V. Hersando in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the course of Bachelor of Science in
Electronics Engineering has been examined and is hereby recommended for
an approval and acceptance.
Engr. Chloe B. Laserna, ECT
Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS
APPROVED by the committee of examiners with a grade of ______

Jonathan R. Casilla, ECT Camille U. Balajadia, ECT

Member Member

Alejandro D. Musico, LPT, MA

Chairman

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor of

Science in Electronics Engineering.

Complete Academic Requirements

Alejandro D. Musico, LPT, MA

Acting Dean

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express, with deep sincerity, their gratitude

and thankfulness to the Almighty God for bestowing abundant knowledge and

wisdom throughout the entirety of the research. His grace opened a path towards

the success of the project, his guidance led the researchers towards the safety of

different trips needed to take and was able to push through challenges they

faced;

To Engr. Chloe B. Laserna, ECT, their ever-supportive adviser that never

got tired of giving aid to her advisees, for the support, advice, and guidance

which led to the completion of the project;

To Mr. Alejandro D. Musico, MA, LPT, the chairman of the panel for his

concise and constructive criticism starting from thesis proposal unto the final

defense;

To Mr. Jonathan R. Casilla, ECT and Ms. Camille U. Balajadia, ECT, the

members of the panel for their constructive criticism and suggestions;

To Mr. Crisanto B. Pachejo, MBA, the professor and adviser of the entire

research subject for his support and suggestion;

And of course, to their family, relatives, partners, and friends who offered

encouragement, love, care, moral, emotional, and financial support throughout

the development of the project.

iv
 The Researchers

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Abstract ii

Approval Sheet iii

Acknowledgement iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables viii

List of Figures ix

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 2

Scope and Limitations 3

Significance of the Study 4

Definition of Terms 5

Chapter 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Review of Related Literature and Studies 8

Synthesis 35

Conceptual Model of the Study 36

Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Project Design 39

v
 Project Development 41

Testing Procedure 61

Page

Evaluation Procedure 64

Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Project Description 71

Project Structure 72

Project Evaluation 85

Chapter 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Findings 88

Conclusions 89

Recommendations 90

REFERENCES 92

APPENDICES

A Evaluation Instrument 100

B Letter of Permission to Change Thesis Device 102

Components
103
C Gantt Chart

D Total Budgetary Requirements 104

E Computation of Quality Factor 105

F User’s Manual 106

G Specification Sheet 108

H Certificate of Originality 137

I English Editing Certification Form 138

vi
J Documentations 139

K Researcher’s Profile 140

vii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1 Testing Procedure 61
2 Continuation of Testing Procedure 62
3 Continuation of Testing Procedure 63
4 Evaluation Scoring System 68
5 Prioritization of Characteristics 68
6 Descriptive Meaning of the Quality Factor 70
7 Summary of the Results of Evaluation 85

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1 Conceptual Model of the Study 36
2 System Architecture of the IoT-Based Pest Monitoring and
39
Classifying Device
3 The System Development Process Model 40
4 Dimensions of the IoT-Based Solar Powered Pest Monitoring
44
and Classifying System
5 Wiring Diagram of IoT-Based Solar Powered Pest Monitoring
45
and Classifying System
6 The Isometric View of the Monocrystalline Solar Panel 47
7 The Isometric View of the MPPT Solar Charge Controller 47
8 The Isometric View of 12V 100 Ah Lead-Acid Battery 48
9 The Isometric View of SPST Toggle Switch 49
10 The Isometric View of the 9V-36V Buck Converter 5V 5A 49
11 The Isometric View of the 5V Relay Module 50
12 The Isometric View of the 12V UV LED Strip 51
13 The Isometric View of the 12V White LED Strip 51
13 The Isometric View of Servo Motor Controller 52
14 The Isometric View of the Servo Motor 53
15 The Isometric View of the DHT11 Sensor 53
16 The Isometric View of 5V Rain Sensor 54
17 The Isometric View of the ESP32 Microcontroller 55
18 The Isometric View of the ESP32 Camera 55
19 Wiring Diagram of the Power Subsystem 56
20 Wiring Diagram of the Automation Subsystem 57
21 Wiring Diagram of the Monitoring and Classifying Subsystem 58
22 Solar-Powered Pests Monitoring and Classifying System 71
23 Power Subsystem of the Project 73
24 Monocrystalline Solar Panel 74
25 MPPT Solar Charge Controller 74
Page
26 12V/100 Ah Lead-acid Battery 75

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27 SPST Toggle Switch 76
28 9V-36V Buck Converter 5V 5A 76
29 Automation Subsystem of the Project 77
30 5V Relay Module 78
31 12V UV LED Strip 78
32 12V White LED Strip 79
33 Servo Controller 80
34 Servo Motor 80
35 Monitoring and Classifying Subsystem of the Project 81
36 DHT11 Sensor 82
37 Rain Sensor 82
38 ESP32 Microcontroller 83
39 ESP32 Camera 84

x
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains the background of the study, objectives of the study,

significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study and definition of

terms.

Background of the Study

Agriculture is in a state of rapid need for progression, requiring innovative

solutions to overcome challenges while conserving resources, preserving the

environment, and producing food sustainably. The use of Internet of Things (IoT)

technology opens up the potential improvement for transforming traditional

farming processes, specifically in pest control which hinders plant growth.

According to Gullino et al. (2021), studies have evaluated the effects of several

atmospheric and climatic factors on the distribution and abundance of pests and

they pose. These factors include an increase in temperature, carbon dioxide, and

change in humidity patterns. Thus, the warm and humid climate of the Philippines

makes plants and crops vulnerable to pests.

The same problem is concerned in Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu,

Batangas, due to its open area location and climatic conditions. According to

Villarba (Personal Communication, 2024), a farmer from Barangay Catandaan,

the farm has a lot of crops with more than 500 plants each, including eggplant,

yard long beans, pumpkin, and loofah gourd. Villarba added that they use

organic pesticides to protect their crops; however, it is still insufficient since they
 2

still encounter many cases of rotting plants and plants getting consumed by

pests.

According to the European Environment Agency (2023), pesticides help

farmers eradicate some pests gradually, but it puts the environment and people's

health at risk. However, there is no guarantee that all pests will be eliminated.

These problems cause plants to die.

To improve pest control and provide farmers with proper information on

how to reduce the presence of pests, the researchers aimed to develop an IoT-

based solar powered pest monitoring and classifying system that could attract

and identify the types of pests lurking around the farm and suggest different

actions that needed to be taken for prevention.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to develop an IoT-based solar-powered

pest monitoring and classification system. Specifically, the study aimed:

1. to develop an IoT-based smart device that can attract and classify various

insects through components that can display the data collected in a Flask

web application;

2. to develop a system that is capable of monitoring the temperature and

humidity of the surroundings with the use of sensors for device efficiency;

3. to develop an efficient, reliable, and easy-to-maintain device;

4. to test and evaluate the project; and

 3

5. to provide a user manual.

Scope and Limitations

The study aimed to develop a solar-powered IoT-based pest monitoring

and classifying system that attracts various insects to aid the farmers in Brgy.

Catandaan, Nasugbu, Batangas in ensuring the quality of crops. The system has

three (3) subsystems, namely: power subsystem, automation subsystem, and

monitoring and classifying subsystem.

The power subsystem is composed of a 400W solar panel, MPPT solar

charge controller, 12V 100Ah lead-acid battery, 9V – 36V buck converter 5V 5A,

and an SPST toggle switch. The solar panel gathers energy from the sunlight

during the day and converts it into electrical energy that is stored in a lead-acid

battery. The solar charge controller prevents the overcharging of the battery. The

SPST toggle switch is used to turn on or off the automation and classifying and

monitoring subsystem of the device when not used. To convert the direct current

to a much lower DC, a buck converter is used. These components power the

entire system of the device.

The automation subsystem is composed of an ESP32 Node MCU, servo

controller, servo motor, 5V relay, 12V ultraviolet (UV) Light Emitting Diode (LED)

strip, and a 12V white LED strip. The servo controller is used to enable precise

control of speed, position, and torque, reducing the delay in the processing
 4

mechanism of the ESP32. Insects are contained in a cage controlled by an

ESP32 microcontroller, with the help of a servo motor that opened or closed the

cage. White LED strip are connected to 5V relay module that turns on when the

window closes to provide better capture of image to the ESP32 camera. The UV

LED strips are connected to a 5V relay module, allowing them to be controlled by

the ESP32 to attract insects to the device.

The monitoring and classifying subsystem are composed of an ESP32

Node MCU, ESP32 camera, DHT11 sensor, and a 5V rain sensor. Insects are

classified based on their common names with the help of a Convolutional Neural

Network learning machine. The collected data appeared in the web application in

which the researchers utilized Flask. The DHT11 sensor monitors the

temperature and humidity of the environment, while the rain sensor is used to

close the cage if it detected rain. These components are connected to the ESP32

Node MCU that served as the main controller of the project.

The study is limited to insect classification that could be considered pests.

The researchers also utilized programming languages and software applications

for the monitoring and classifying system of the study. The device is proposed to

cover 50-100 square meters of land in the community. This is conducted from

March 2023 to December 2024.

Significance of the Study

The development of an IoT-based Solar Powered Pests Monitoring and

Classifying System is vital for anyone who needs to monitor and classify pests. In
 5

line with this, through the completion of this study, different sectors were

expected to benefit for as follows:

Barangay Catandaan Farmers

This study benefited the Barangay Catandaan farmers from real-time pest

monitoring, allowing them to implement timely and targeted pest management

strategies. It led to increased crop yields, reduced pesticide use, and ultimately,

higher profitability.

Consumers

This study benefited the consumers indirectly through potentially lower

pesticide residues on produce, as farmers can use more precise pest

management practices. It also increased crop yields that contribute to a more

stable food supply and potentially lower food prices.

Future Researcher

This study helped future researchers who would like to expand the scope

of this design. This helped them with basic information which they can use for the

innovation and improvement of this project.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are conceptually defined for a better understanding of

the study.
 6

Buck Converter is an electronic component that is used to step-down or convert

the Direct Current to Direct Current (DC to DC).

Convolutional Neural Network is a machine learning algorithm that is used to

classify the insects by training it with the use of dataset.

DHT11 Sensor is a type of sensor that is be used to measure the temperature

and humidity of the environment.

ESP32 Camera is be used to capture insects trapped in the project.

ESP32 microcontroller is a chip that acts as the main component in the project.

Flask is a web application that is used to display various data that will be

collected by the project.

Internet of things (IoT) is a technological advancement that utilizes the Internet

as a way of exchanging data from one device to another.

Lead Acid Battery is a type of rechargeable battery that is used to store

electrical energy.

Monocrystalline Solar Panel is used as the main source of energy that powers

the project.

Rain Sensor is used to send signals to the microcontroller to protect the device

from rainfall.
 7

Relay Module is used for the ESP32 to control the UV led strip.

Servo Controller is an electronic device that is used to enable precise servo

motor movement.

Servo Motor is an electronic component that open and close the window of the

device.

Solar Charge Controller is a device that is used to control the battery from

overcharging by the current and voltage coming from the solar panel.

Toggle Switch is a type of electrical switch that is used to control the flow of

electricity in a circuit of device.

Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode Strip is a type of light device that has

electromagnetic radiation and is used to attract insects.

White Light Emitting Diode Strip is a component that provides light allowing

the ESP32 camera to capture clear images.

 8

CHAPTER 2

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies

synthesis, and conceptual model of the study.

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

Pests cause substantial damage to the agricultural industry. Farmers face

challenges in managing crops affected by various insects categorized as pests.

According to Epanchin‐Niell, Thompson, & Treakle (2021), invasive pests

significantly impact economic and ecological systems, particularly agriculture,

biodiversity, and the provision of ecosystem services.

In addition, climate change caused by humans affects all, if not, most of

the regions in the world. This problem brings various impacts on the ecosystem

including cultivated lands. This involves not only plants, but also insects, climate

change is known to be one of the major reasons for a change in crop-pest

interaction also known as ecological balance (Schneider, Rebetez, & Rasmann,

2022).

Marsh (2022) highlights that while pesticides are essential in combating

pests, the chemical used to eliminate weeds and insects can be harmful to

human health. Additionally, pesticides negatively affect air quality, water

resources, and livestock. One million people develop chronic diseases from
 9

pesticide poisoning every year. Naturally, the farmers and other agricultural

workers are at the most risk, which can weaken the workforce of an agrarian

country.

Alternative ways to control agricultural pests are being implemented to

reduce the use of pesticides that harm human health. In the article made by the

University of Maryland (2018), they provide information on epilachna or Mexican

bean beetles such as their appearance, life cycle, host plants, signs of

infestation, and its monitoring and prevention. Ways how to monitor and control

them are putting a row cover on a plant, crushing the eggs, and checking the

leaf’s underside if it has a yellow egg cluster.

Pleasant (2020) stated in her article that there are various ways to control

and prevent the infestation of crucifer flea beetles. These include putting a row

cover, using a sticky trap, and planting plant traps such as radish, arugula, and

daikon to serve as an attractant to this pest.

In the study of Song et al. (2023), they used a push-pull strategy to

mitigate the population of Riptortus pedestris or bean bug in which they applied

semiochemical to a soybean to act as a repellent and synthetic aggregation

pheromone as an attractant. The result of their study is shown to be effective in

preventing the population of bean bugs as verified by their sticky trap and

camera trap. They stated that by reducing the need for insecticides, the

development of push-pull integrated pest management techniques to control pest

behavior and deep learning-based pest monitoring should lower the financial and

environmental costs associated with agricultural practices.

 10

PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank (2021) recommended that hosts plants of

lima bean pod borer should be planted in the early season to avoid the period of

heavy infestation. Additionally, the removal of weeds and alternate hosts, such

as other leguminous plants, and destroy volunteer cowpea plants can be

beneficial because they may harbor the borer.

In the article made by Musa (2015), suggests that removing all debris of

host plants after harvest to prevent the infestation of red cotton stainer bugs.

Also, keeping the host plants clean will prevent the pests from multiplying. He

emphasized that host plants should be grown strictly as annual crops instead of

perennial crops to break the cycle of the pests. Covering them in plastics with

small holes for proper ventilation can also prevent them in feeding in the plants.

With this, the best way to fight this problem is to make a device that can

monitor and identify insect pests to evaluate the best thing to do to avoid

infestation. A standard activity in integrated pest management (IPM) and early

warning detection includes the monitoring of insects with traps. It helps to

optimize control, through observance of the presence and variation of certain

species of pests in the field. Due to the widespread use of information and

communication technology (ICT) such as sensor networks, communication

devices, internet of things, software and data management, modern agricultural

systems can be developed as stated by Sciarretta and Calabrese (2019).

To put such advances into the reality, programming is required for the

codes needed to instruct any electronic devices. Blackwell (2002) defined

programming as the translation from the language convenient to human beings

 11

to the language convenient to the computer. Programming is the "spadework" of

finding a precise

Mathematical formulation and method of solution possibly written in a

"convenient problem-oriented" notation "language" consisting of symbols that are

"closer to the mathematical problem to be solved." He added that the

characteristics and scope of programming activities are changing rapidly. In the

world of professional programming, new tools will always change the day-to-day

nature of design and coding.

Programming Languages, such as C++, are essential for programming

microcontroller. In the study, the researchers will utilize ESP32 with C++ as its

programming language. Hinton and Puntambekar (2024) stated that C++ is a

general-purpose cross-platform programming language. It allows programmers to

write software that can be compiled and run on many different systems with

minimal customization. It started as an extension of an older programming

language called C but added support for classes and objects.

In the study of Branch and Weinstock (2024), they developed a gateway

between a LoRa network and an MQTT broker using the functional programming

language Elixir in conjunction with the more traditional programming language C+

+. To understand this development methodology, a first prototype was created on

a single-board computer using Elixir. Then, the same system was implemented in

C++, and experiments were conducted to compare the performance of the two

systems.
 12

Bhattacharya and Neamtiu (2011) introduces in their study a new

approach accounting for both the development process and the proficiency of

developers while measuring the influence of programming language selection on

software quality and developer productivity. They perform a study accompanied

by a statistical analysis of several enduring, extensively utilized open-source

projects, specifically Firefox, Blender, VLC, and MySQL. The result showed that

using C++ instead of C results in better quality software and reduced

maintenance effort, and it has been seen that code bases are shifting from C to

C++.

Wireless Transmission is important in enabling an effective IoT devices.

Tutorialspoint (n.d.) defined wireless transmission as the process of sending

data without the use of cables or wires. Data is transmitted via electromagnetic

signals that are broadcast from sending facilities to intermediate and end-user

devices in lieu of a physical connection.

Hercog et al. (2023) stated that wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi and

Bluetooth, are critical in IoT-based systems for data transmission between

devices and cloud platforms. They found that ESP32 microcontrollers, with built-

in wireless capabilities, are highly effective for transmitting real-time data. This

aligns with the pest monitoring system, which uses ESP32 for wireless data

transmission to its web application. This demonstrates the importance of reliable

wireless communication in delivering accurate and timely data to stakeholders

In the study of Dietz et al. (2022), they developed a wireless IoT solution

for pest classification using ESP32-CAM modules to transmit real-time images.

 13

Their study demonstrated the effectiveness of wireless transmission in ensuring

immediate data accessibility, a feature replicated in the pest monitoring system’s

wireless subsystems. This enhances the system's capability to provide real-time

insights for timely interventions in pest management.

According to the study of Tang et al. (2024) the increasing adoption of

wireless IoT technologies in agricultural pest management, including 5G, WiFi,

ZigBee, NB-IoT, and LoRa, have been widely utilized in agricultural applications

due to their distinct advantages in data transmission speed, coverage, and power

efficiency. It also shows the need for optimized, cost-effective, and reliable

communication solutions. By using intelligent wireless networks, farmers can

remotely monitor pest infestations, analyze environmental data, and implement

timely interventions, ultimately reducing reliance on chemical pesticides and

promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

The utilization of Internet of Things needed a software application, Flask

web application is one of the software which enhances the abilities of IoT that

support machine learning and artificial intelligence. According to Shaikh (2024),

Flask is a micro-framework for Python built on Werkzeug and Jinja2, offers

essential tools for application development without the extensive built-in features

of other web frameworks. It allows greater flexibility and ease of understanding

through the use of extensions and custom implementations. He added that it is

has a feature of flexibility, simplicity, and extensivity where the its minimalistic

nature allows the user to choose the component it need. Also, it is a beginner

friendly platform as the framework is straightforward and easy to learn.

 14

In the article made by Idris, Foozy, and Shamala (2020), they defined flask

as a micro-framework designed with a focus on efficiency, allowing developers to

perform specific tasks effectively. It offers minimal built-in features initially but

compensates with a robust ecosystem of extensions that can match the

functionality provided by larger frameworks like Django. This lightweight design

contributes to Flask's superior performance, enabling it to handle hundreds of

queries per second without experiencing slowdowns. Additionally, Flask's

flexibility allows for seamless integration with NoSQL databases, such as

MongoDB and DynamoDB, making it an ideal choice for modern applications

requiring scalable data solutions. Overall, Flask's combination of simplicity,

speed, and extensibility makes it a compelling option for developers looking to

build efficient web applications. Its adherence to the principle of "doing one task

at a time and doing it well" further enhances its appeal in the development

community.

In the study of Thorat et al. (2024), they developed a brain tumor detection

system using Convolutional Neural Network deep learning integrated in a flask

web application. Flask web application is used to provide a user interactive

platform where it allows user to upload an MRI image, view results, and

download result. They stated that having a user-friendly interface in a platform

makes it easy to navigate the application where user who are not knowledgeable

in computer programming are able to understand the data presented in the

system. This is made possible as the web application used supports machine
 15

learning models. With the help of a deep learning, they were able to provide an

accurate diagnostic using a highly annotated medical image.

In the study of Ghimire (2020), she compared two web development

frameworks in Phyton programming. The study aims to compare the usage of

Django and Flask frameworks from a novice point of view. A social network and e

commerce were built in Django and Flask respectively to compare their features,

advantages, and limitations. The results of the shows that both web application

framework has advantages and limitations. On the part of Flask web application,

it provides simplicity, flexibility, fine-grained control and quick and easy to learn.

However, it is also too simple that it does not have necessary features within the

framework.

Python will be used in the study as it is the programming language of the

Flask framework. According to Aziz et al. (2021) python is a mature, full, and

scalable scripting language ideal for scientific research and education on power

systems analysis. Python's programming language enables parallel execution on

multicore devices. Their review discusses various Python modules used for

parallel and multiprocessing techniques. The related work segment covered

topics such as multimedia, websites, supercomputers with high core counts,

genetic algorithms, and threat detection.

In the article made by Lavanya et al. (2023), they stated that python

data visualization packages are essential for data analysis because they enable

data analysts and scientists to efficiently explore and share data insights. The
 16

literature shows that there is no one-size-fits-all answer for Python data

visualization libraries. Each library has distinct strengths and limitations, so it is

critical to select a library depending on the specific needs of the visualization

assignment.

Further, Raschka, Patterson, and Nolet (2020) studied Python and its

libraries for machine learning. According to their study, deep learning for

graphical data is gaining popularity, with graph convolutional neural networks

currently being used extensively in computational biology to describe chemical

structures. Python is the most popular language for scientific computing, data

science, and machine learning, increasing efficiency and productivity by allowing

the use of low-level libraries and clean high-level APIs.

Furthermore, Vyshnavi and Malik’s (2019) study concludes that Python is

more efficient than other web development languages due to its speed,

broadness, and superiority over java, perl, and tcl. Python Jinja Flask is

particularly effective for managing complicated technologies. The Flask Template

Engine enhances performance and speed. Python is ideal for backend web

development.

In order to program the ESP32 microcrontroller, a programming software

is needed. The researchers utilized Arduino IDE as it is compatible with ESP32

since it the software uses C++ programming language. According to Fezari and

Al Dahoud (2018), Arduino IDE which stands for “Integrated Development

 17

Environment”, it is the mainly used to upload, edit, and compile codes in the

Arduino Devices. It is the official software launch by the company Arduino.cc.

Kondaveeti et al. (2021) stated that while there are various systems for

building microcontrollers, Arduino has proven to be the most effective. Arduino,

an open-source hardware and software company and user interaction

community, has been producing microcontroller-based Arduino boards since

2005. These development boards, commonly known as Arduino Modules, can be

used to program microcontrollers, including ESP32 microcontrollers. Arduino

simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers while providing significant

benefits to teachers, students, and hobbyists when compared to similar solutions.

Arduino has a simple, easy-to-understand, easy-to-use syntax that makes it

perfect for the kind of individuals that are naturally lovers of C, simplified C++,

and Processing.

In the study of Boralkal and Kulkarni (2024), they use an ESP32 and

Arduino IDE for its program. Their study also stated that the worldwide IoT

market would offer numerous chances for the development of irrigation,

agricultural applications, and soil monitoring. Crops are constantly sensed and

monitored using the Internet of Things (IoT) and sensors to supply farmers with

information on crop growth, increasing crop yield and ensuring that products are

delivered to end customers at the appropriate location and time. Therefore, in

order to reduce manual work, IoT-based smart agriculture approaches are good.
 18

In addition, Rangubtook et al. (2023) integrated ESP32 and OV2640

camera with Arduino IDE for the coding and program of their study. They use

real-time object detection technology which is currently used in a variety of

applications, converting visual data into quantitative data that can then be studied

in greater depth. This technology has also been used in pest monitoring systems

with real-time notifications. Their study describes the design and execution of

digital technology tools for rice farmers to deal with pest challenges. The tools

use an ESP32 and an OV2640 camera to photograph pests and transmit the

images to Google Drive for further processing.

To harness the power needed for the device, the use of a solar panel to

gather solar energy is utilized. According to Tan et. al (2022), solar panels

absorb solar power from the sun by separating the neutron and proton from

electrons to produce electrical energy. The materials used in solar panels are

mostly made up of silicon and consist of photovoltaic cell units. In addition, they

stated that solar panels have two types or cell configurations which are

monocrystalline and polycrystalline. PV cells that are monocrystalline exhibit a

single, consistent crystal structure, whereas polycrystalline PV cells consist of

several tiny crystal grains.

Based on the article of Onoy (2021), solar panels, also known as

photoelectric batteries, are intricate devices made up of solar energy (SE)

coupled in a particular order and a conductive base that these components are

positioned on,including the possibility of split diodes. The SP design ought to be

simple to use, shock-resistant, and shock-tolerant. Utilizing all of SE's ability to

 19

develop SPtraining technology is advised. The preparation technology needs to

be able to reduce battery loss in order to accomplish this.

In a study made by Widiyandari et. al (2023), the researchers developed a

solar powered light pest trap that can attract insects and trap them. Their study

aimed to develop a lost-cost light pest trap that is solar powered to help the

farmers in Shrimulyo Village prevent the pest in their crops. The solar panel

helped the farmers to use the device powered by the energy of the sun. The

result showed that the study has successfully implemented safe, practical, eco-

friendly, and energy-efficient pest trap lights that run on solar energy and lithium-

ion batteries for electrical energy storage.

Specifically, monocrystalline solar panel is utilized in the project to convert

the solar power and store it in the lead-acid battery. According to the study

conducted by Bedei et al. (2020), monocrystalline solar panels are efficient in

converting solar energy to electrical energy. Despite its high cost,

monocrystalline silicon wafers are guaranteed to have a 24% efficiency rate on

each piece. They utilized the solar panel as one of the main sources of power for

their device which is a streetlight. The researchers were able to provide a

streetlight that is powered by green energy sources including the use of

monocrystalline solar panel with reliability, efficiency, usability, portability, and

maintainability.

To transfer the mentioned solar power, a solar charge controller is

needed. According to Acharya and Aithal (2020), the solar charge controller

converts solar energy to fulfill the battery requirements. When the battery is
 20

limited, the controller attempts to extract as much energy as possible from

sunlight. When the battery becomes full, the controller will regulate the amount of

incoming energy to the battery. When the battery is full, the controller would not

charge it.

Moreover, Kar, and Patra (2022) stated that the solar charge controller is

in connection between the solar panel and the battery. Its job is to regulate the

charging process of batteries to ensure that they are adequately charged and,

most critically, not overcharged. Contemporary solar charge controllers include

sophisticated functionalities including DC load terminals for illumination,

guaranteeing accurate and effective battery charging. They added that the

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) solar charge controller is frequently

utilized to maximize a solar array's power production and efficiency.

In the study of Balajadia et al. (2023), they utilized a solar charge

controller to regulate the amperage and voltage delivered to loads and access

power to the battery system. Ensuring the battery to maintain its charge without

overcharging with a current of ten amperes. Additionally, they also utilized a

Single Pole, Double Throw (SPDT) switch which was used to turn on and off the

device. The device should be turned off once it is charging or after using it.

Their study proves the possibility of incorporating both solar charge controller

and switch in the project. With this integration the result of their evaluation was

able to show an excellent overall quality factor.

Bahadur et al. (2022) utilized a cost-effective Maximum Power Point

Tracker (MPPT) solar charge controller to repeatedly calculate and track the
 21

maximum power from a solar panel using a DC/DC buck converter with a

microcontroller. The MPPT algorithm is implemented on an Arduino Uno, using

incremental conductance. In addition, voltage and current sensors are used to

give the system information about the panel's voltage and current for the efficient

tracking of the maximum power point.

Lead-Acid Battery is utilized to serve as the storage of electrical energy for

the power subsystem. The lead-acid battery is the oldest and most widely used

rechargeable electrochemical cell in all applications, which include automobiles,

Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS), and backup systems of telecommunication.

This works on chemical reactions, using lead dioxide as the cathode electrode,

lead as the anode electrode, and sulfuric acid. Lead-acid batteries have a high

round-trip efficiency and are not expensive and easy to install as well. The

predominance of this type of battery in the renewable energy sector can be

attributed to its low cost and accessibility. Further, it is well known that lead-acid

batteries have a low energy density, a limited cycle life, and are toxic because of

the presence of sulfuric acid, which can also pose environmental hazards

(Kitaronka, 2022). Kitaronka’s study also stated that Lead acid batteries are the

most commonly used type of battery in photovoltaic systems. Results show that

although lead acid batteries have a low energy density, only moderate efficiency

and high maintenance requirements, they also have a long lifetime, and low

costs compared to other battery types.

Khan et al. (2020) stated that among all rechargeable batteries, lead acid

batteries are the oldest and least expensive. This type of battery is typically used
 22

when other batteries are unable to provide greater energy density. Lead acid

batteries have a low energy to weight, energy to volume, and power to weight

ratio due to their ability to supply high surge current.

Furthermore, in the study of Payumo et. al (2023), a 48V 25Ah battery

was utilized to show how a battery might supply the necessary power for a 48V

500-W motor. They indicated that the battery is suitable to be utilized with

photovoltaic systems due to its low cost and good energy efficiency. In addition,

they stated that a depleted battery may be charged to 50% Depth of Discharge

(DoD) in 40 to 48 minutes, depending on solar radiation and battery efficiency.

This project was deemed reliable to irrigate crops like eggplant, rice, and

tomatoes. As it demonstrates that the System can operate for 5 hours in normal

Sunny weather in the Philippines.

A switch is essential to turn the device off and on. Elprocus (2021)

explained that a switch is a component that can open or close the electrical

circuit of the device. Single Pole Double Throw (SPDT), Double Pole Single

Throw (DPST), Single Pole Single Throw (SPST), and Double Pole Double

Throw (DPDT) are the types of a switch. SPDT will be the one that will be used in

the project. SPDT with a single input and two (2) dissimilar outputs, is used to

control two circuits through a single input. It can be operated manually or through

an electromagnetic coil.

According to Arrow Electronics (2023), the most basic type of switch is the

SPST. An SPST switch includes a fundamental "ON/OFF" switch for one circuit

and is composed of two terminals which serve as electrical contact points.

 23

Powering the switch "ON" will connect the two terminals together. On the other

hand, turning the switch to "OFF" will break the connection between the two

terminals.

In the study of Lavanya and Kulothungan (2019), they utilized a switch to

reduce the energy consumption of IoT devices when the sensors are in idle time.

A course regulator and a loop filter were added to achieve the maximum reduced

dropout in IoT devices. The study shows that with the with the help of switching

mechanism, the efficiency gets increased while maintaining a maximum dropout.

Buck converter is used in the study to convert high dc current to low dc

current and attain the 3.3 input voltage that is fed in the microcontroller. In the

article made by Esfahani and Adib (2024), non-isolated high step-down DC-DC

converters have become increasingly popular in lighting systems and battery

chargers. The buck converter is the simplest topology for PWM step-down

converters. A narrow duty cycle is required in a conventional buck converter to

achieve a high step-down conversion ratio. This feature increases switching

losses at the turn-off instant, as well as the inductor's current ripple.

Moreover, according to Srividya (2019), buck converter is used to

efficiently stepped down high dc voltage. He stated that financial power

transformation increases battery resilience, reduces thermal energy loss, and

facilitates the construction of smaller devices. Additionally, he added that many

converters operate based on the power components' switching characteristics.

Thus, both residential and commercial settings can utilize buck converters.
 24

Furthermore, in the study of Bhat, Kanse, and Pawar (2020), they focused

on a buck converter, specifically a DC-to-DC buck converter, using PI control and

fuzzy logic control. The results of their study showed that the use of

mathematical models in PI control makes the process more complex, and the PI

controller experiences greater overshoot and increases in time. To finish the

simulation and obtain good results, the primary control constraints are altered

repeatedly utilizing the tuning requirements. When compared to a PI controller,

fuzzy control produces less rise time and no overshoot. Consequently, it is

concluded that fuzzy control is the simplest approach and performs well when

compared to PI control.

In addition, Francisco et al. (2020) stated in their study that a buck

converter changes a high DC voltage into a low DC voltage. It is frequently

employed to ensure that the components have the necessary power rating. To

power the servo motor driver, they used the buck converter to convert a 24V

supply to a 6V supply. The purpose of their research was to create a reverse

vending machine for used empty polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. With

the use of DC to DC buck converter, the researchers was able to detect incoming

PET bottles that will serve as points stored in RFID card without the worry of

excessive power rating.

The study used the relay module to trigger the UV and White LED strips.

According to Sadikin, Sari, and Sanjaya (2019), a relay is an electromechanical

component made up of two main parts: an electromagnet (coil) and a mechanical

switch. Relays use the electromagnetic principle to move switches with low
 25

power voltage to conduct high voltage electricity. An example of this is a relay

that uses 5V and 50ma can move Armature Relay as a switch to conduct electric

220V and 2A.

The study of Amante et al. (2018) utilized an automated switch

mechanism for the LED and electric screen. The study used a sensor that gives

commands to the system which will automatically turn it on during night time and

a relay will be used for it to turn off during daytime. In which, the mechanism of a

LED and electric screen applied is automatically managed. It was concluded that

the study could display the real time voltage level of the battery, could

automatically turn on and turn off the LED and electric screen by the switch

mechanism.

Additionally, in the study of Khairi and Jumaat (2022), they used a relay as

a trigger for an LED to toggle on and off. In the device that they made, a relay will

trigger the LED to light up and attract insects when the solar panel stopped

producing electrical energy. The use of relay in their study was successful and

was able to work. It was able to control the LED and the battery for the supply.

Further, Mathumitha, Arunraja, and Prasad (2019) integrated a relay to an

application in which the indicated application had an on/off button specified in a

relay circuit, thus it will be able to remove supply to the electrical appliances.

With this, they were also able to reduce unwanted power consumption and was

able to save energy.

Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diode (LED) strips is used to attract the pests

inside the device. The insects are attracted through the use of UV Light. UV light
 26

does not produce chemical residues, making it a safe material for the

implementation of this device. Additionally, the UV light contains low

maintenance, low installation, and low operational costs with minimal energy use

(Koca, Müge, & Turkuaz, 2018).

Additionally, Kneissl et al. (2019) stated that UV light-emitting diodes are

ideal for use in a variety of industries, including industrial, medical, biological, and

environmental. Through the alloying of GaN with AlN, the emission of AlGaN

light-emitting diodes can be adjusted to cover nearly the whole ultraviolet spectral

range (210–400 nm). Nevertheless, due to inherent characteristics of group III

nitride materials rich in aluminum, deep-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes continue

to show relatively poor external quantum efficiencies despite technological

advancements. The researchers examine the latest advancements in the

creation of deep-ultraviolet light-emitting devices based on AlGaN here.

In a study conducted by Chaiphongpachara, Laojun, and

Kunphichayadecha (2019), they investigated the efficacy of utilizing UV or dark

light traps and to examine the connection between the capacity of a black light

trap to capture mosquitoes and the climatic considerations in Samut

Songkhram's coastal locations state. The UV light trap device that the

researchers made is able to capture four (4) species and two (2) generations of

insects with a total of mosquito.

According to the study of Yadav, Rajpoot, and Shukla (2021), UV light can

be used for sanitizing package surfaces in order to prevent the people from the

risk of acquiring COVID 19. The result of their study shows that programmable
 27

IOT- UV based disinfection systems are more efficient and effective. Using UV

light in conjunction with an elegant IOT decreased energy usage.

White LED Strip is being used to provide better illumination allowing the

ESP32 camera to capture clear images. White LED strips are increasingly used

in photographic and video applications due to their ability to deliver consistent

and high-quality lighting. According to Li and Wu (2020), LED strips provide

uniform brightness with minimal flickering, essential for capturing clear and vivid

images. Their study highlighted the importance of CRI (Color Rendering Index) in

producing lifelike images, making LEDs highly suitable for camera setups in

controlled environments. As visual content continues to play a significant role in

communication, using LED strips for high-quality imaging will likely become even

more significant. Their flexibility and reliability make them invaluable, especially

for professional and research-based photography.

Yamanaka, Suzuki, and Tanaka (2022) noted that white LED lights

provide clear visibility for pest monitoring systems without interfering with insect

behavior. Their findings were particularly important in environments where it is

important to observe insects like the cotton strainer bug and lima bean pod borer.

The study suggests that LED lighting, due to its minimal heat emission, can be

used for long-duration monitoring sessions without affecting the pests' natural

behaviors. This makes white LEDs a preferred choice for entomological studies

that require long-term, non-intrusive observation. This research highlights the

versatility of white LEDs in maintaining a stable environment for pest observation.

Their use in monitoring systems minimizes disturbance, allowing for the

 28

collection of reliable data over extended periods, which is essential in

understanding pest dynamics in agricultural ecosystems.

The comparative study by Bjerge et al. (2021) presented an Automated

Moth Trap (AMT) for efficient monitoring of nocturnal insects attracted to light

including many moth species. The study uses white LED to not only illuminate

the trap, but also to add a factor on attracting pests and moths. The proposed

light trap and computer vision system showed promising results as a low-cost

solution, which offers non-destructive and automatic monitoring of moths and

classification of species.

Gonzalez, Ramirez, and Hernandez (2022) focused on the use of white

LED lighting to capture clear images of various agricultural pests, including the

Mexican bean beetle. The study showed that white LEDs provide a consistent

light source with minimal heat emission, preventing changes in the behavior of

the pests. Their research underlined that the uniformity in lighting provided by

these LEDs was ideal for capturing pests in their natural environment without

altering their movement patterns. They also state that LED lighting was

significantly more energy-efficient compared to traditional lighting methods,

offering a sustainable option for pest monitoring over extended periods.

The servo controller served a vital role in the project allowing the precise

timing in the servo motor without being delayed. According to Advanced Motion

Controls Staff (2024), a servo controller is a device that regulates the motion of a

servo motor using feedback mechanisms, ensuring precise positioning, speed,

 29

and torque control in various applications. It receives a command signal

representing the desired position, speed, or torque, and adjusts the motor's

operation to meet these criteria using feedback loops and sensors.

Moreover, based on the study of Liu (2024), it incorporates high-precision

servo control technology into the automatic control systems of industrial robots.

To respond to the robot's movements rapidly and responsively, they employ a

servo controller that is integrated with the servo motors. The study analyzes the

application of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) servo control

technology in industrial robots. Its main goal is to create adaptive control

algorithms that maximize motor performance instantly, leading to more accurate

and quicker responses. The results demonstrate the superior speed response

speed and position control accuracy of the servo control technology; the

response times for speed and position are approximately 0.2 seconds and 1

second, respectively, with a maximum deviation of 31.75 rpm when the speed

remains constant.

Also, from the study of Industrial Indexing Systems (2024), robotic arms

and other mechanisms are moved with extreme precision by means of servo

controllers. The study looks at how motion controllers and servo drives work

together to enable industrial robots to complete complex jobs like packaging and

assembly with little to no error. The results show how this integration raises

robotic operations' precision and adaptability, which in turn boosts manufacturing

settings' productivity.
 30

Servo motor is essential in controlling the window of the device. It is used

to open and close the cage of the system in accordance with the program set by

the developers. Kala (2024) stated that servo motors can utilize the comparison

result for additional control by comparing the instructions' corresponding state

with the actual state of the system. Servo motors consist of alternating current

(synchronous and asynchronous) and direct current (brush and brushless)

motors. The servo motor's job is to translate the controller's control signal into the

motor output shaft's rotating angular displacement or angular velocity. The joints

are driven by servo motors. Robotic servo motors typically need to possess the

following features: strong starting torque, quick response times, broad speed

range, etc.

According to Wali, Razak, and Hayima (2020), a servomotor is a type of

motor used in closed-loop control systems to regulate either position or speed.

The servo motor can turn over a large variety of speeds in addition to carrying

out the specified control position and speed commands. In addition, the food and

packaging sector, printing, wood processing, textile, plastics, filling and

packaging facilities, conveying technology, and machine tools are among the

industries that use AC servomotors.

Moreover, in the study of Ningsih et al. (2020), a pest repellent device is

developed. The device utilizes an Arduino ATmega 2560 as its main controller

that regulates the performance of sensors and servo motors as a mechanical

system that pulls bells producing sound to repel birds and controls the buzzer to

repel rice field pests. Test results from their study indicated that every sensor
 31

could operate correctly and be able to operate the prototype's servo motor and

buzzer.

Mohammad and Choon (2023) develop a smart pest trap that is capable

of detecting rats and effectively trapping them in their study. MCU NODE ESP32

is used in the study to control the IR sensor, servo motor and LCD in the device.

They emphasized that a servo motor is an actuator that offers precise control

over angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration. Based on the result of

their study, the device can catch pests such as rodents by using IR sensors to

aid the servo motor in opening the gate of the device. Their device is proved to

be successful.

The DHT11 sensor is used to measure humidity and temperature using

resistive sensing. It is an affordable component produced by various

semiconductor company. It can measure relative humidity from 20% to 90% RH

within an operating temperature range of 0°C to 50°C, with an accuracy of ±5%

RH. The sensor also measures temperature within the same range, with an

accuracy of ±2°C. Both humidity and temperature readings are provided with 8-

bit resolution (Gay, 2018).

According to Kasirye et al. (2024), humidity is measured by detecting a

material's resistance change when exposed to moisture. The temperature is

measured using a thermistor, which has a resistance that changes with

temperature. The advantage of using DHT11 sensor compared to other sensors

is its speed and accuracy on detecting changes in temperature and humidity.

 32

In the study of Novelan and Amin (2020), they aimed to develop a

monitoring system that uses temperature and humidity sensors to measure both

variables to facilitate users' ability to remotely monitor an object's temperature.

They use a DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor to measure four objects: ice

cubes, water heated by an electric water heater, and an electric solder neck. It is

crucial in monitoring the changes and is essential for understanding the direction

of physical changes. Also, the DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor readings

will continue to provide real-time data in °C units every second, which may be

seen through a visual application. The result shows that the DHT11 was able to

observe the temperature and humidity using the four objects mentioned.

Debele and Qian (2020) employed the DHT11 sensor to monitor the

ambient room temperature, providing results in degrees Celsius. Both the

reference and measured values are displayed on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).

Their research focused on designing and implementing an automatic room

temperature control system using Arduino in conjunction with the DHT11 sensor.

The results are when the measured room temperature is less than the minimum

of the threshold value; then, the microcontroller turns on the heater. If the

measured room temperature is greater than the maximum threshold value, then

the fan triggered on.

Rain sensor is used to shut off the automation subsystem if it detects rain.

Iyen et al. (2020) used in their study a LM393 Rain sensor while integrating it

with an Adruino ATmega 328 microcontroller to make a device that could utilize
 33

the rain sensor. The rain sensor was exposed to different water intensities, and

with the help of Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), they were

able to read and gather data from the rain sensor. The device is then calibrated

to play a buzzing noise whenever the readings reach a threshold based on the

user’s preference.

Baghel (2019) stated that a rain sensor or rain switch is a type of switch

that is triggered when it rains. Rain sensors are primarily used in two

applications. An automatic irrigation system that is linked to a water-saving

device that triggers the system to stop when it rains is the first. The second is a

gadget that shields an automobile's interior from precipitation and enables the

automatic mode of the wipers. Baghel also made a study where an embedded

rain detection system and its programming into the microcontroller Arduino

ATmega328 allowed the device to detect any moisture or drop of liquid on the

rain sensor panel or board. This project involves the design and construction of a

rain detector with an alarm system that can detect rain fall.

In the study of Bhumika et al. (2024) a rain sensor was used to detect rain.

A signal will then be sent to their IoT-based automatic rain shutter device and

automatically activates the protective roof for the crops. The study aims to keep

the crops from heavy amount of rainfall while making use of it during conditions

such as water shortage. The system was able to automatically shield agricultural

fields from heavy rains, optimize water usage, and improve overall yield

management.
 34

ESP32 microcontroller is used as the main component of the device.

Hübschmann (2020) defined ESP32 as a type of chip that gives Wi-Fi and

Bluetooth connectivity to an embedded device or an Internet of Things (IoT)

device. Although ESP32 is only the chip, the manufacturer also frequently refers

to the development boards and modules that contain this chip as ESP32.

Hercog et al. (2023) stated in their study that the creation of Internet of

Things applications that consume less energy was made possible by ESP32’s

power efficient design. It comes with a lot of features, like a lot of general-

purpose input/output (GPIO) pins, an integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connection,

a dual-core processor, and low power consumption.

In the study of Cardoso et al. (2022), ESP32 microcontroller is

inexpensive and low-power, which makes the chip independent of an external

power supply. With a maximum capacity of 520 kB, the chips allocate 320 kB for

DRAM for storage purposes, and 192 kB is IRAM which is used for executing

instructions, the remaining kB is RTC memory which is retained even when the

device is in standby mode. The low power consumption of ESP32-Cam was able

to allow them to use of the network in crops with external power constraints,

resulting in an efficient way of monitoring pest’s evolution using mobile phones.

Moreover, Pravalika and Prasad (2019) developed a cost-effective,

versatile, and dependable home monitoring and control system using the ESP32.

This self-sufficient system leverages the Internet of Things (IoT) to manage a

range of appliances, from industrial machines to household items. The

microcontroller enabled them to monitor various home conditions, including room

 35

temperature, gas leaks, water levels in tanks, and human presence. This

proposed system was able to improve the performance of various devices at

home by controlling it automatically and remotely.

In order to classify the insects trapped inside the cage, an ESP32 Camera

is utilized to capture their image on a real time basis. Mehendale (2022) stated

that the controller has a combination Wi-Fi + Bluetooth/BLE Chip and is based on

a 32-bit CPU. It contains an external 4M PSRAM in addition to its internal 520 kB

SRAM. Its GPIO Pins are compatible with ADC, DAC, PWM, SPI, I2C, and

UART. The OV2640 Camera Module, which offers the greatest camera

resolution up to 1600 x 1200, is combined with this module. The ESP32 CAM

Board and the camera are connected by a 24-pin, gold-plated connector. Up to a

4GB SD Card can be used with the board. The SD Card shops take pictures.

Dietz et al. (2022) stated that the ESP32-CAM can implement significantly

more sophisticated custom programming due to the OV2640 camera's lower

resolution, relatively powerful computing hardware resources, and extensive

library support. Although it is one of the cost effective ESP32 CAM, it is packed

with a 2MP Omnivision OV2640 camera in addition of a dual-core 32-bit

processor, 802.11 WiFi and Bluetoothas well as wired I/O interface, low power

modes, and a microSD slot.

In the study of Nanda et al. (2023), they aimed to design and test the

ESP32CAM camera system using Open CV to detect types of rice pests and

send the pest reading data system to the microcontroller via IoT. The results of
 36

their research explained that they were able to find 3 types of pests, namely

Bacterial Leaf Blight, Brown Spot and Leaf Smut, with 5 samples each.

Additionally, Adi and Wahyu (2022) employed the ESP32 camera for face

recognition and object detection in several applications, including door locks.

They assessed the suitability of the ESP32 camera for image recognition tasks

and identified the necessary resolutions. Their findings indicate that the ESP32

camera, equipped with the OV2640 lens, is effective for face detection, enabling

control of actuators. They determined that UXVGA and SXVGA resolutions are

the most suitable for image recognition, achieving processing speeds of 40 ms

and 19 ms, respectively.

Synthesis
 37

The gathered literature and studies are proof that the project is feasible.

Moreover, it made the perspective of the developers wide enough to look beyond

and have a comprehensive vision of the study.

The project and the different studies gathered shared numerous

similarities such as the use of solar panel, solar charge controller, battery, buck

converter, switch, servo controller, relay module, DHT11 sensor, ESP32

microcontroller, and white LED strip. Their function is similar to the proposed use

of the developer of the study.

However, some of the gathered studies differ from the present study since

some components served a different purpose in the project. UV LED was used in

the study of Yadav, Rajpoot, and Shukla (2021) as a component for the

sanitation of the package surface while it will be used in the present study as a

component that will attract the insect. In addition, the servo motor is used in the

study of Ningsih et al. (2020) to pull the bell to repel the birds and control the

buzzer while this component will be used to open and close the cage of the

project in the present study.

Conceptual Model of the Study

 38

Figure 1 will show the conceptual model of the study, there are four ways

in processing, the input, the process, the output and the evaluation.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Knowledge Requirements Project Analysis
 Effects of Crop  Requirement
Pest’s Infestation Analysis
 Programming  Requirement
Language Definition
 Wireless  Design
Transmission Analysis
Software Requirements Project Design IOT-BASED
 Flask Application  System SOLAR
 Python Architecture POWERED
PESTS
 Arduino IDE Project
MONITORING
Hardware Requirements Development AND
 Monocrystalline  System CLASSIFYING
Solar Panel Engineering SYSTEM IN
 MPPT Solar Charge Process BARANGAY
Controller  Schematic CANTANDAA
 12V 100 Ah Lead- Diagram N NASUGBU
Acid Battery Testing and BATANGAS
 SPST Toggle Switch Development
 9V-36V Buck  Alpha Testing
Converter 5V 5A
 5V Relay Module
 12V Ultraviolet (UV)
LED Strip
 12V White LED Strip
 Servo Controller
 Servo motor
 DHT11 Sensor
 5V Rain Sensor
 ESP32
microcontroller
 ESP32 Camera
Evaluation

Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study

 39

The model will be composed of four (4) blocks which consist of input,

process, output, and evaluation. The input block contains the knowledge,

software, and hardware requirements of the study. Knowledge requirement is

composed of Farm pests, Programming, Programming Languages, Electronics,

Wireless Transmission, and Microcontroller. The software applications include

the Blynk application. The hardware requirements are 400W Solar Panel, MPPT

Solar Charge Controller, 12V 100Ah Lead-Acid Battery, SPST Toggle Switch,

9V-36V Buck Converter 5V 5A, 5V Relay Module, 12V UV LED strip, 12V White

LED strip, Servo Controller, Servo motor, DHT11 Sensor, 5V Rain Sensor,

ESP32 microcontroller, and an ESP32 Camera.

Process block refers to the sequence of steps that is going to be used in

the system's design and development. It contains the project analysis, project

design, project development, and project testing. The first part of the process is

the project analysis, which includes requirements analysis, requirements

definition, and design analysis. This is followed by the project design which

consists of the system architecture which presents the structural design of the

project. Project development includes the system engineering process model and

schematic diagram of the project. The last process is the project testing. Alpha

testing was used for the study.

Output block refers to the output of the study which is the IoT-based solar-

powered pests monitoring and classifying system. The output block shows the

desired result of the project. The evaluation block refers to the evaluation of the

output of the study. This will serve as a tool for collecting feedback, comments,
 40

and suggestions from the project's end users as well as from the project's

evaluators. This is carried out to determine whether the output developed by the

proponents was successful. This measured the overall performance and

determined if it met the set objective for the output.

 41

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the project design, project development, operation

and testing procedures and evaluation procedures.

Project Design

The project is a device that can monitor and classifies pests that are

caught in the device. The project contains an application which can suggest ways

to avoid pest’s infestation to the user.

Figure 2 presents the block diagram of IoT based Pest Monitoring and

Classifying Device.
POWER SUBSYSTEM

Solar Solar Charge Lead-Acid Buck

Switch
Panel Controller Battery Converter

ESP32 5V Relay UV LED

Camera Module Strip

DHT11 ESP32 5V Relay White LED

Sensor Microcontroller Module Strip

5V Rain Servo Servo

Sensor Motor Controller

MONITORING AND AUTOMATION SUBSYSTEM

CLASSIFYING SUBSYSTEM

Figure 2: System Architecture of IoT-Based Pest Monitoring and

Classifying Device
 42

The project is composed of three (3) subsystems: the power source

subsystem, the automation subsystem, and the monitoring and classifying

subsystem. The lead-acid battery is the source of energy that supplies the entire

system. It is charged using solar panel with a solar charge controller where a

buck converter converts the direct current (DC) into a much lower DC to be fed

into an ESP32 microcontroller. A switch triggers the system turning on the 5V

relay-controlled UV light emitter which is responsible for attracting the insects.

The servo motor integrated with a servo controller that acts as an automatic

window system that can open and close when needed. A white LED strips that is

connected to 5V relay module that opens during the capturing stage to aid the

ESP32 camera provide a clear image. After that, the caught insects are captured

by an ESP camera module with an OV2640 Camera Lens. The DHT11 sensor

determines the humidity and temperature of the surroundings while the rain

sensor is responsible for the rain itself. If the sensor detects that it is raining, it

sends a signal to the microprocessor to turn off the operation of the device. The

ESP32 Microcontroller has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth signals which is responsible for

the IoT of the whole project that is connected to the web application in a mobile

phone made with Flask.

 43

Project Development

This part illustrates the sequence of processes considered in the project.

Specifically, it contains a system development process model that the

researchers used to serve as a guide of ensuring that the objectives in

development of pest monitoring and classifying system is attained.

Requirements System
Definition Decommissioning

System System
Design Evolution

Subsystem System
Development Installation

System
Integration

Figure 3. The System Engineering Process Model

The researchers utilized the System Development Process Model in

developing the study. This Sommerville model utilized in the study of Manuel,

Asuncion, and Sancho (2023) exemplifies a comprehensive sequence. It consists

of requirements definition, system design, subsystem development, system

integration, system installation, system evolution, and system decommissioning

in phases. It refers to a plan-driven process, in which every step of the procedure

 44

has been planned and documented. It guarantees a standardized approach and

oversight during the project's development.

Requirements Definition

The researchers of this study developed a device that aids the farmers in

preventing pests from damaging their crop and produce a high-quality yield for

larger profit in accordance with the knowledge, software, and hardware

requirements that are present in the conceptual model of the study.

The power subsystem focuses on harnessing energy from the sun and

converting it into electrical energy to power every component in the project. Solar

panels is used to mainly convert solar energy into the energy that is needed in

the project, which is adapted in the study of Bedei et al. (2020). Solar charge

controller is adapted in the study of Balajadia et al. (2023) which is placed

between the solar panel and lead acid battery to regulate the ampere and voltage

and prevent the system from overcharging. Lead-acid battery is utilized to store

the electrical energy that is converted from the solar panel based on the study of

Payumo et al. (2023). The switch served as a component that turns on and off

the project, which is based on the study of Balajadia et al. (2023). It is associated

with a buck converter to convert the output of the solar charge controller into

much lower dc output to be fed in ESP32 microcontroller, which is based on the

study of Bhat et al. (2020).

Moreover, the automation subsystem focuses on the automation of the

project. Relay Module is used to trigger both UV and White LED strips to on and
 45

off as based on the study of Khairi & Jumaat (2022). UV light is used based on

the study of Koca, Müge, and Turkuaz (2019), to attract the pest into the project

and be placed inside the cage. Moreover, white LED strip is based on the study

of Gonzalez, Ramirez, and Hernandez (2022) where it is used to aid the ESP32

camera by providing illumination for clear visibility. Servo motor is used to open

and close the cage of the project in accordance with the study of Mohamad and

Choon (2023). It is connected to servo controller in for a precise timing,

eliminating the delay in the servo as adapted in the study of Advanced Motion

Controls Staff (2024). It is controlled by an ESP32 as adapted in the study

Hercog et al. (2023) wherein it serves as the main component of the project.

On the other hand, monitoring and classifying subsystems focuses on

processing the data and classifying the insects trapped in the project. The ESP32

camera is used based on the study of Mehendale (2022) which capture the

image of the insect and send it to the cloud to be processed by the Convolutional

Neural Network. DHT11 is adapted in the study of Novelan and Amin (2020) to

monitor the temperature and humidity. Also, rain sensor sends signals to ESP32

to stop the automation of the device when it rains as adapted in the study of

Bhumika et al. (2024). The data that is collected is displayed in flask web-

application.
 46

System Design

The project is an IoT based solar powered pest monitoring and classifying

system that is capable of attracting insects for monitoring and classifying.

Figure 4 presents the isometric view of the Solar Powered Pest Monitoring

and Classifying System.

50 cm

50 cm

64 cm
43 cm

43 cm
26 cm
26 cm
 47

Figure 4. Dimensions of the IoT-Based Solar Powered Pest Monitoring and

Classifying System

The figures show the isometric view of the Solar Powered Pest Monitoring

and Classifying Device with a height of 114m. It contains three (3) subsystems

namely: power subsystem, automation subsystem, and classifying and

monitoring subsystem. The device is composed of components working together

to power a device. These components are interconnected together to perform the

same function.

Figure 5 presents the wiring diagram of the Solar Powered Pest

Monitoring and Classifying System.

 48

Figure 5. Wiring Diagram of IoT-Based Solar Powered Pest Monitoring and

Classifying System
The figure shows the wiring diagram of the Solar Powered Pest Monitoring

and Classifying System. The project is composed of a solar panel, solar charge

controller, lead-acid battery, Buck Converter, switch, UV light, servo motor,

ESP32 microcontroller, DHT11, and ESP32 camera. The diagram starts with the

power subsystem which is composed of the solar panel, battery, solar charge

controller, switch, and buck converter. Solar panels are responsible for

harnessing the energy from the sun and converting it into electrical energy which

is connected to a solar charge controller that acts as a regulator to prevent

overcharging over the solar panel. The output of the solar charge controller is

then connected to the lead acid battery and a buck converter which steps down

the DC voltage into a lower DC voltage. Lead acid batteries stores the converted

energy to power the project.

Moreover, the automation subsystem is composed of switch, UV light, and

servo motor. The switch serves as a gate for the entry of the current, the UV light

and servo motor are connected to the ESP32 microcontroller, the main

component of the project. UV light attracts the insects to be monitored while the

servo motor is responsible for the opening and closing of the cage.
 49

Furthermore, the classifying and monitoring subsystem is composed of an

ESP32 camera which is also connected to the ESP32 microcontroller. ESP32

camera captures the image of the pest with the help of the OV2640 camera lens

to be processed by the machine learning algorithm. The value is placed in the

flask application.

Figure 6 presents the isometric view of the Monocrystalline Solar Panel.

50 cm

20 cm

Figure 6. The Isometric View of the Monocrystalline Solar Panel

Monocrystalline solar panel is used as the main source of energy that

powers the project. It harnesses the energy coming from the sun and converts it

into electrical energy. The energy is stored in a 12V lead-acid battery that is

connected to a MPPT solar charge controller. The idea of using a solar panel is

based on the study of Bedei et al. (2020).

Figure 7 presents the isometric view of the MPPT Solar Charge Controller.
 50

3.45 cm

9.76cm
7.56 cm

Figure 7. The Isometric View of the MPPT Solar Charge Controller

An MPPT solar charge controller is used to transfer the energy that is

converted from the solar panel to the lead-acid battery. According to the study of

Balajadia et al. (2023), the solar charge controller regulates the voltage and

ampere that enters in the battery to protect it from overcharging.

Figure 8 presents the isometric view of 12V 100 Ah Lead-Acid Battery.

40 cm

23 cm

40 cm
20 cm

Figure 8. The Isometric View of 12V 100 Ah Lead-Acid Battery

 51

12V Lead-acid batteries is used to store converted electrical energy from

the solar panel. According to the study of Payumo et al. (2023), the lead acid

batteries are composed of non-flammable water-based electrolytes and abundant

components that have high performance. It was used in their study as it provides

high energy and is a cost-effective component.

Figure 11 presents the isometric view of the SPST Toggle Switch.

1.6 cm

2.13 cm

2.93 cm
1.2 cm

Figure 11. The Isometric View of the SPST Toggle Switch

A switch is used to turn on or off the project. This is needed to turn on the

power of the device when the project is in use and shut down the device after

using it. It is composed of mechanical parts that allow the electricity to flow

through the entire system. The use of switch is adapted in the study of Balajadia

et al. (2023).
 52

Figure 9 presents the isometric view of 9V-36V Buck Converter 5V 5A.

4.90 cm

2.35 cm

Figure 9. The Isometric View of 9V-36V Buck Converter 5V 5A

9V-36V Buck converter 5V 5A is used to step-down or converter the Direct

Current to Direct Current (DC to DC). Based on the study of Bhat et al. (2020),

they used a DC/DC converter, specifically a buck converter to convert DC power

from one level to another and is also used for control of the switching device

since it step-down the current.

Figure 10 presents the isometric view of the 5V Relay Module.

6.55 cm

1.60 cm
 53

Figure 10. The Isometric View of the 5V Relay Module

A 5V relay module is used to control the UV LED strip and white LED strip.

The study of Khairi and Jumaat (2022) used a relay as a trigger an LED to toggle

on and off. The relay module triggers the UV LED to light up and attract insects

while triggering the white LED strip during the capturing stage of ESP32 camera

to provide clear image. Their study is successful and is able to work. The 5V

relay module is able to control the LED and battery for the supply.

Figure 12 presents the isometric view of the 12V UV LED Strip.

81 cm

Figure 12. The Isometric View of the 12V UV LED Strip

UV LED Strip is used in the project to attract various kinds of pests to be

monitored and classified. This is part of the automation subsystem. According to

Koca, Müge, and Turkuaz (2019), UV light contains low maintenance, low

installation, and low operational costs with minimal energy use.

 54

Figure 13 presents the isometric view of the 12V White LED Strip.

70 cm

Figure 13. The Isometric View of the 12V White LED Strip
White LED strips is used to provide illumination in the device during the

capturing stage. It aids the ESP32 camera to achieve clear images that is

processed for classification. Gonzalez, Ramirez, and Hernandez (2022) found

out in their study that white LEDs offer better illumination leading to better

accuracy in pest detection and classification as they investigate how various

lighting conditions impact insect monitoring devices.

Figure 14 presents the isometric view of the Servo Controller.

5.59 cm
1.88 cm

Figure 14. The Isometric View of the Servo Controller

 55

Servo motor controller is used to for precise control of the servo motor. A

servo controller is a device that regulates the motion of a servo motor using

feedback mechanisms, ensuring precise positioning, speed, and torque control in

various applications. It receives a command signal representing desired position,

speed, or torque, and adjusts the motor's operation to meet these criteria using

feedback loops and sensors as stated by Advanced Motion Controls Staff (2024).

Figure 15 presents the isometric view of the Servo Motor.

0.36 cm
2.90 cm

1.95 cm
2.26 cm

Figure 15. The Isometric View of the Servo Motor

Servo motor is used to control the cage of the project. It converts electrical

energy into mechanical energy and is precise in controlling other components. It

is used as part of the automation subsystem. Mohamad and Choon (2023) stated

that a servo motor is an actuator that offers precise control over angular or linear

position, velocity, and acceleration.

Figure 16 presents the isometric view of the DHT11 Sensor.

 56

0.70 cm

1.90 cm
1.60 cm

Figure 16. The Isometric View of the DHT11 Sensor

The DHT-11 is a simple digital temperature and humidity sensor that

measures the temperature and humidity of pests and air by acting as a thermistor

and a capacitive humidity sensor. Novelan and Amin (2020) states that the DT11

sensor is utilized to monitor and adjust the temperature and humidity. In the

system, it is also utilized to classify pests.

Figure 17 presents the isometric view of the Rain Sensor.

5.40 cm 4 cm

Figure 17. The Isometric View of the 5V Rain Sensor

A rain sensor is used for the protection of the whole device. If the rain

sensor detects rain, the windows automatically close to protect what is inside the
 57

device. The study of Bhumika et al. (2024) integrated a rain sensor with a

microcontroller that will send the signal to the automatic rain shutter device. Their

device activates its protective roof once the component detects rain.

Figure 18 presents the isometric view of the ESP32 microcontroller.

3.40 cm

2 cm

Figure 18. The Isometric View of the ESP32 Microcontroller

ESP32 microcontroller with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth module is used as the

main component of the project. According to Hercog et al. (2023), the creation of

Internet of Things applications that consume less energy was made possible by

ESP32’s power efficient design. It comes with a lot of features, like a lot of

general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins, an integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

connection, a dual-core processor, and low power consumption.

Figure 19 presents the isometric view of the ESP32 camera module and

OV2640 camera lens.

0.78cm
0.20 cm
 58
4 cm

2.70 cm

Figure 19. The Isometric View of ESP32 Camera

ESP32 camera is used to capture images of the pest to be sent in

application software for classification of each insect. This module is composed of

an OV2640 camera which offers the greatest camera resolution up to 1600 x

1200 and an ESP32 camera board. They are connected in a 24-pin gold plated

connector. The idea of using ESP32 camera is based on the study of Mehendale

(2022).

Subsystem Development

The project is composed of three (3) subsystems: power subsystem,

monitoring subsystem, and classifying subsystem. The power subsystem is

composed of a solar panel, solar charge controller, lead-acid battery, switch, and

a buck converter. Meanwhile, the automation subsystem is composed of a relay

module, UV LED strip, White LED strip, servo controller, and a servo motor.

Lastly, the classifying subsystem is composed of an ESP32 microcontroller,

ESP32 camera module with OV260 camera lens, DHT11 sensor, and a rain

sensor.

Figure 19 shows the wiring diagram of the power subsystem.

 59

Figure 19. Wiring Diagram of the Power Subsystem

Solar panel is connected to a solar charge controller which is then

connected to a lead acid battery. The output of the solar charge controller is

connected to a switch and then will go through a buck converter. In addition, the

output of the buck converter which is 5V will be connected to an ESP32 and

servo controller.

Figure 20 shows the wiring diagram of the automation subsystem.

 60

Figure 20. Wiring Diagram of the Automation Subsystem

The Automation subsystem is composed of an ESP32 microcontroller,

servo motor, servo controller, relay module, white LED strip, and UV LED strip.

Various GPIOs of ESP32 microcontrollers are connected to three servo motors,

servo controller, White LED strips, and UV LED strips.

Figure 21 shows the wiring diagram of the monitoring and classifying

subsystem.
 61

Figure 21. Wiring Diagram of the Monitoring and Classifying Subsystem

The monitoring and classifying subsystem are composed of ESP32

microcontroller, ESP32 camera, and DHT11 sensor, and rain sensor.

Components connected to ESP32 are operated in 5V.

System Integration

There are three (3) subsystems combining to accomplish the desired

goals and design of the project.

Power subsystem, automation subsystem, and monitoring and classifying

subsystem are interconnected to one another to achieve the objective that was

set for the project. Power subsystem serves as the source of electricity for the

project that will power the two subsystems. Monitoring subsystem is responsible

for the automation of the project and is connected to classifying subsystem for

the classification of the pests.

System Installation

The device is installed in the farm field of Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu,

Batangas. Specifically, it is placed in a field so that it can properly harness the

 62

energy from the sun to be stored in the battery. The device is 114 cm tall and 43

cm wide. Thus, the area of installation has enough space for the project.

System Evolution

The project may be improved by taking an upgrade on various

components to address the changes and development of the technology. Future

researchers may consider adding an IR sensor to detect the presence of the

pests in distance to proper monitoring. The components can also be reused for

other related projects that future researchers will push through. It includes a

servo motor, ESP2 camera, ESP32 microcontroller, solar panel, solar charge

controller, and lead-acid battery.

System Decommissioning

If the project has reached its limits and life expectancy, proper disposal

must be implemented. Since components is considered as electronic waste, it

must be transferred to a recycling center for proper disposal. There, the device

can be used in various ways.

 63

Testing and Operation Procedures

The characteristics or criterion, sub-criteria and testing procedures for the

evaluation of the project are shown in the table below.

Table 1. Testing Procedure

Criterion/Sub-criteria Testing Procedure
 64

1. Functionality
a. Suitability Access the system by using the
web application provided
specifically for the device using
smartphones, laptop, and pc.

b. Interoperability Ensure that the device system

and the web application is able
to provide and exchange
information from each other.

c. Accuracy Test if the camera is able to

capture photos of the insects
and if the algorithm installed is
able to identify the insect in the
photo.
d. Security Ensure the safety of the user’s
smartphone for data privacy
and protection

2. Reliability

a. Maturity Scan if most bugs and errors

are fixed

Table 2. Continuation of Testing Procedure

Criterion/Sub-criteria Testing Procedure
 65

3. Usability

a. Understandability Ensure that all the information

written in the manual guide can
be easily understood by the
user.

b. Learnability As the execution proceeds,

evaluate if the manual is easy
to learn and provides
instructions in the easiest way
possible.
c. Operability
Examine if the device can
easily be operated without
exerting much effort.
d. Attractiveness
Examine the physical features
of the device if it is eye-
catching and appealing.
4. Efficiency

a. Time – Behavior
Check if the device can
respond quickly as soon as the
operation starts
b. Resource Utilization
Ensure that all the components
of the device are functioning
according to its purpose.
5. Maintainability

a. Analyzability
If a fault occurs, ensure that the
device can be easily diagnosed
to maintain the efficiency of the
project.

Table 3. Continuation of Testing Procedure

Criterion/Sub-criteria Testing Procedure
 66

a. Changeability Ensure that the project can be

easily modified if there is an
upgrade or better component
necessary for the its better
performance.

b. Stability After a modification, check,

test, and ensure that the project
runs properly to see if it still
complies according to the set
function of the device.

c. Testability Ensure that the device can

easily be test after the
modification to determine if
there is bugs and errors.

6. Portability
a. Adaptability Ensure that the device can be
place in an area under different
conditions.

Evaluation Procedures
 67

The Project is evaluated through the two (2) Evaluation Procedures; these

are the preliminary evaluation and the final evaluation.

Preliminary Evaluation

The project is evaluated based on the specified objectives and the

researchers’ aim. The researchers and thesis adviser met on a regular basis to

update and develop sub - systems. The adviser's suggestions and

recommendations are considered as the project progresses.

Final Evaluation

The project is explained and demonstrated to the respondents during the

final evaluation. The respondents are from the Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu,

Batangas is composed of fifteen (15) regular farmers and five (5) farm owners.

The respondents are asked to evaluate the presentation of the project based on

the given criteria in the evaluation instrument.

Evaluation Instrument

The researchers used International Standards Organization 9126 (ISO

9126). According to Wang, et.al. (2019), the ISO 9126 described this concept as

clear and effective to assess any kind of system. It is stated that a product or

service’s quality is defined as a collection of its characteristics. It offers six (6)

criteria: functionality, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, and portability

for measuring the external quality metrics of software.

Functionality
 68

This criterion functionality refers to the ability of the project to perform a

task according to its function. There are four (4) sub - characteristics under this

criterion which are suitability, accuracy, interoperability and security. Suitability

refers to the capability of the project to be appropriated in the system. Accuracy

refers to the ability and function of the project is equal, precise, and as expected.

Interoperability is the ability of the system to interact with another system.

Security refers to the ability of the project to secure its information from

unauthorized access.

Reliability

This criterion refers to the capability of the project to sustain the

performance level for a specified period of time. There are four (4) sub -

characteristics under this criterion which are maturity, fault tolerance,

recoverability, and reliability compliance. Maturity covers the scope of removing

most faults in the software over time. Fault Tolerance refers to the capability of

the device to handle errors. Recoverability refers to the ability of the software

continue working and restore missing data after a failure. Reliability compliance

is the ability of a device system to consistently perform under expected

workloads, describing the level of performance under specific conditions, which

is set based on established standards or requirements. Fault Tolerance,

recoverability, and reliability compliance are disregarded since the device cannot

maintain and re-establish its performance if it has an error, bugs, and under

specific conditions.
 69

Usability

This criterion refers to how the project can be understood, learned and

used by the users. This characteristic has four (4) sub - characteristics which are

understandability, learnability, operability, attractiveness. Understandability refers

to how the project can be easily understood by the user. Learnability refers to the

ease and speed at which the user can learn to operate the project. Operability

refers to how the user can operate the project easily. Attractiveness refers to the

pleasant appearance of the project.

Efficiency

This criterion refers to the project's capacity to carry out its purpose in an

effective way. There are two (2) sub - characteristics: Time-behavior, and

resource utilization. Time-behavior refers to response and processing durations

of the project while carrying out its intended task of fulfilling all the requirements.

Resource utilization refers to the effectiveness and efficiency of the project where

it functions according to the objectives set in the device.

Maintainability

This criterion refers to the ability of the project to allow for easy error

correction and improvements. There are four (4) sub-characteristics:

analyzability, changeability, stability, and testability. Analyzability refers if the

device’s fault can easily be diagnosed. Changeability refers if the project can

easily be modified. Stability refers to the project being able to continue operating
 70

even after significant project upgrades and modifications. Testability refers if the

project can be easily tested.

Portability

This criterion refers to the ability of the project for being removable and

easily transferred to another safe environment. This characteristic has four (4)

sub - characteristics which are the adaptability, installability, portability

compliance, and replaceability. Adaptability is the ability of the project to adapt in

different environments. Installability refers to the ability of the project to be easily

installed. Portability Compliance means that the project can easily be transferred

from one place to another. Replaceability means that a project can easily be

replaced by other devices within a given environment. Installability, portability

compliance, and replaceability is disregarded because the project is cannot be

easily installed and transferred from one place to another as the device weighs

approximately 100 kilograms. Also, the device cannot be easily substituted with

another device.
 71

Statistical Treatment Data

The researchers used a modified version of ISO 9126, based on Wang, et

al. (2019) The four levels of numerical rating scale and its corresponding

interpretation is shown in table 4.

Table 4. Evaluation Scoring System

Numerical Scale Description

3 Excellent
2 Good
1 Fair
0 Poor

Table 3 shows the highest score is three (3), which is described as

excellent, while the lowest score is zero (0) which is considered poor. The rating

was assessed in terms of the project's performance in relation to the sub-

characteristics in the evaluation.

The Prioritization of each characteristic is shown in table 5.

Table 5. Prioritization of Characteristics

Characteristics Priority
Functionality 6
Maintainability 5
Usability 3.5
Portability 3.5
Reliability 2
Efficiency 1
 72

Table 5 shows the prioritization of the following characteristics stated in

ISO 9126: functionality, maintainability, usability, portability, reliability, and

efficiency to explain quality factors.

To get the overall rating performance of the system for each

characteristic, the result of the evaluation was computed using the following

formula. The formula is based on the ISO model of Wang, et. al (2019):

TQVS
QF =
ITQVS

Where:

QVS = Quality value of each characteristic

Pr= prioritization value of each characteristic

TQVS=∑ FQVC

To rate the overall project, the Quality Factor (QF) will be computed. To get the

total quality value of the system (TQVS), final quality values of each

characteristic (FQVC) will be added together. To get the QF, the quotient of

TQVS and the ideal total quality value of the system (ITQVS) will be conducted.

ITQVS will be calculated assuming that all the sub-characteristics are given a

rating of three (3).

 73

Table 6 shows the interpretation of the evaluation results.

Table 6. Descriptive Meaning of the Quality Factor

Quality Factor (QF) Description Interpretation
0.76 – 1.00 Excellent The system meets all the
specific requirements with
accuracy, suitability, usability,
efficiency, maintainability, and
portability.

0.51 – 0.75 Good The system meets most of the

specific requirements with
accuracy, suitability, usability,
efficiency, maintainability, and
portability.

0.26 – 0.50 Fair The system meets some of the

specific Requirements with
accuracy, suitability, usability,
efficiency, maintainability, and
portability.

0.00 – 0.25 Poor The system meets a few of the

specific requirements with
accuracy, suitability, usability,
efficiency, maintainability, and
portability.

The general rating of the system is equivalent to the quality factor (QF), and the

project must receive a rating of at least 0.51 to be considered acceptable.

 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter consists of the project description, project structure and

project evaluation.

Project Description

The Solar-Powered Pest Monitoring and Classifying System is a device

designed to identify and monitor various types of pests. This system includes a

mobile application that offers farmers in Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu,

Batangas, suggestions for preventing pest infestations. Equipped with cameras

and sensors, the device detects the types of pests, sends data and provides

recommendations to help avoid infestations.

Figure 22 shows the Solar-Powered Pests Monitoring and Classifying

System.

Figure 22. Solar-Powered Pests Monitoring and Classifying System

 75

The Solar-Powered Pest Monitoring and Classification System is primarily

composed of three subsystems: the power subsystem, the automation

subsystem, and the monitoring and classification subsystem. The power

subsystem includes a solar panel, a solar charge controller, a lead-acid battery,

and a buck converter. The automation subsystem includes a switch, a servo

motor, and an ultraviolet (UV) Light Emitting Diode (LED) strip. Lastly, the

monitoring and classification subsystem consists of an ESP32 camera, a DHT11

sensor, and an ESP32 Wi-Fi module. Integrating these three (3) subsystems

creates a solar-powered pest monitoring and classification system that attracts,

monitors, classifies pests, and offers suggestions to the user.

Project Structure

The Solar Powered Pests Monitoring and Classifying System is designed

to attract, monitor, and classify agricultural pests in Brgy. Catandaan, Nasugbu,

Batangas. It is composed of three (3) subsystems such as power subsystem,

automation subsystem and monitoring and classifying subsystem.

 76

Figure 23 shows the power subsystem of the project.

Figure 23. Power Subsystem of the Project

The chassis of the system is made up of wood that is coated with putty

and waterproof paint, and it contains the power, automation, and classifying sub-

system. The power subsystem includes a solar panel, solar charge controller,

lead-acid battery, switch, and buck converter. 400W solar panel convert sunlight

into electrical energy. MPPT solar charge controller processes the flowing energy

and prevents overcharging and stored it in the 12V 100 Ah lead acid battery.

SPST toggle switch allowed the device to be turned on and off while being

connected to a 9V-36V buck converter 5V 5A as it converts DC to an even lower

DC.
 77

Figure 24 shows the Monocrystalline solar panel used in the project.

Figure 24. Monocrystalline Solar Panel

The monocrystalline solar panel serves as the primary power source for

the project by harnessing solar energy from the sun. This solar panel provides

the essential energy needed for the system to operate effectively with its 400W

specification. The harnessed energy is processed by an MPPT solar charged

controller and will be stored in a 12V lead-acid battery. The idea of using a solar

panel is based on the study of Bedei et al. (2020).

Figure 25 shows the MPPT solar charge controller used in the project.
 78

Figure 25. MPPT Solar Charge Controller

The MPPT solar charge controller is connected to the solar panel which

converts solar energy into electrical energy. It regulates the voltage and current

entering the 12V lead-acid battery to prevent overcharging. The idea of using a

MPPT solar charge controller is based on the study of Balajadia et al. (2023).

Figure 26 shows the lead acid battery used in the project.

Figure 26. 12V 100Ah Lead-acid Battery

The 12V Lead-acid batteries is utilized to store the converted electrical

energy coming from the solar panel. Lead-acid battery is an ideal choice due to

their non-flammable water-based electrolytes and abundant components. They

offer high performance, provide high energy, and are cost-effective, making them

suitable for this application. The used lead-acid battery provides 12V/100mAh to

endure and provides enough energy to work for night until dawn. The use of 12V

Lead-acid batteries is based on the study of Payumo et al. (2023).

 79

Figure 27 shows the SPST toggle switch used in the project.

Figure 27. SPST Toggle Switch

The switch is used to control the power supply to the project, enabling the

device to turn on when it is in use and off when not in use. The switch is

comprised of mechanical components that facilitate the flow of electricity

throughout the system. The use of switch is based on the study of Balajadia et al.

(2023).

Figure 28 shows the 9V-36V buck converter 5V 5A used in the project.

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Figure 28. 9V-36V Buck Converter 5V 5A

The 9V-36V Buck converter 5V 5A is used to step down or convert Direct

Current to Direct Current (DC to DC). A buck converter converts DC power from

one level to another and is also used to control the switching device since it steps

down the current. The idea of using the 9V-36V Buck converter 5V 5A is based

on the study of Bhat et al. (2020).

Figure 29 shows the automation subsystem of the project.

Figure 29. Automation Subsystem of the Project

The automation subsystem is composed of a 5V relay module, 12V UV

LED strip, 12V white LED strip, 5V servo controller, and a 5V servo motor. The

5V relay module controls the UV LED strip and white LED strip. UV LED strip

attracts insects to the device while the white LED provides better illumination

during the capturing stage. The insects are then contained within a cage, which
 81

is controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller in conjunction with a servo motor

controller wherein the servo motor is also connected. The servo motor along with

a servo controller, facilitates the opening and closing of the cage, ensuring the

secure containment of the insects.

Figure 30 shows the 5V relay module used in the project.

Figure 30. 5V Relay Module

The 5V relay module is used to trigger the UV LED strip and white LED

strip. It allows both components to be controlled by the ESP32 microcontroller.

Relay module use electromagnetic principles for automation. The use of a relay

module is based on the study of Khairi & Jumaat (2022).

Figure 31 shows the 12V UV LED Strip used in the project.

Figure 31. 12V UV LED Strip

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The UV LED Strip is used in the project to attract insects/pests. UV light

contains low maintenance, low installation, and low operational costs with

minimal energy use. The UV LED strip is connected to a 5V relay module which

is responsible for the automation of the turning on & off of the UV light itself. The

idea of using UV LED strip is based on the study of Koca, Müge, and Turkuaz

(2019).

Figure 32 presents the isometric view of the 12V White LED Strip.

Figure 32. 12V White LED Strip

White LED strips is used to provide illumination in the device during the

capturing stage. It helps the ESP32 camera to achieve clear images captured.

The component turns off once the capturing stage is done. The use of white LED

strip is based on the study of Gonzalez, Ramirez, and Hernandez (2022).

Figure 33 shows the servo controller used in the project

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Figure 33. Servo Controller

The servo controller is a crucial device for the automation of the

servo motor. It allows precise timing in a servo motor without delay. It provides

high-precision servo control technology in the automation of control systems. The

controller offers a rapid response and extreme precision in terms of motion. The

idea of using servo motor controllers is based on Advanced Motion Controls Staff

(2024).

Figure 34 shows the servo motor used in the project.

Figure 34. Servo Motor

The servo motor is used to control the opening and closing system of the

cage of the project. It converts electrical energy into mechanical energy and is

precise in controlling other components. Mohamad and Choon (2023) stated that
 84

a servo motor is an actuator that offers precise control over angular or linear

position, velocity, and acceleration.

Figure 35 shows the monitoring and classifying subsystem of the project.

Figure 35. Monitoring and Classifying Subsystem of the Project

The monitoring and classifying subsystem are consists of a DHT11

sensor, rain sensor, ESP32 microcontroller, and an ESP32 camera. The DHT11

sensor monitors the temperature and humidity of the environment. If the rain

sensor detects that it is raining, it sends a signal to the ESP32 microcontroller to

stop automation of the device. The ESP32 camera classifies the agricultural

pests trapped in the device. ESP32 microcontroller controls the components in

the automation, monitoring and classifying subsystem. The data collected

appears in the end user application.

 85

Figure 36 shows the DHT11 sensor used in the project.

Figure 36. DHT11 Sensor

The DHT11 is used to measure the humidity and temperature of the

surroundings and pest. It acts as thermistor and capacitive humidity sensor. Also,

the DT11 sensor is utilized to monitor and adjust the temperature and humidity.

The idea of using the DHT11 is based on the study of Novelan and Amin’s

(2020).

Figure 37 shows the rain sensor used in the project.

Figure 37. Rain sensor

 86

The rain sensor used in the project to sends a signal to the device when it

is raining. The device is turned off to protect the components inside from the rain.

The use of a rain sensor is based on the study of Bhumika et al. (2024)

Figure 38 shows the ESP32 microcontroller used in the project.

Figure 38. ESP32 Microcontroller

The ESP32 microcontroller with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth module was used as

the main component of the project. It covers the internet of thins (IoT)

applications and different programs to send and gather the data. It comes with a

lot of features, like a lot of general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins, an

integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connection, a dual-core processor, and low power

consumption. The use of a rain sensor is based on the study of Hercog et al.

(2023).
 87

Figure 39 shows the ESP32 camera used in the project.

Figure 39. ESP32 Camera

The ESP32 camera is used to capture images of the pest to be sent in

application software for classification of each insect. This module consists of an

ESP32 camera board and an OV2640 camera, which provides the highest

camera resolution up to 1600 x 1200. The idea of using ESP32 camera is based

on the study of Mehendale (2022).

 88

Project Evaluation

The researchers used ISO 9126 in creating the evaluation sheets that

were given to the evaluators. The evaluators are the fifteen (15) farmers and five

(5) farm landowners at Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu, Batangas.

Table 6. Summary of Evaluation Results

Criteria Quality Factor Description

Functionality 0.96 Excellent

Reliability 0.88 Excellent

Usability 0.99 Excellent

Efficiency 0.94 Excellent

Maintainability 0.97 Excellent

Portability 0.95 Excellent

Overall 0.95 Excellent

The functionality gained a 0.96 quality factor, which is considered

excellent. This indicates that the system can offer a suitable set of functions for a

specific task. The insects can be detected and identified by the system.

Additionally, the system can communicate and transfer data to an application that

users are utilizing. Nevertheless, the evaluators notice certain improvements,

such as the need for the system to gather more insect data to be classified.
 89

Reliability had 0.88 as its quality factor which is interpreted with an

excellent remark. It shows that the system is error free as it was able to capture

and classify the different insects considered as pests. Moreover, the monitoring

and classifying feature of the system works well according to its specific function

and expected setting which is during pest infestation in different farms.

The project’s usability obtained a quality factor of 0.99 which is considered

excellent. This means that the project was easy to use, easy to learn, and

appealing to the eyes of the evaluators. The evaluators understood easily how

the system works and performs its functions.

The efficiency of the project gained a quality factor of 0.94 which is

excellent. This means that the project utilized the resources that the system

uses to provide the necessary functionality. Nonetheless, the evaluators notice

some delays in transferring the data in the web application. The project can be

improved if the camera can capture the insects without experiencing any delay.

The project’s maintainability acquired a quality factor of 0.97 which is

considered excellent. This means that the device can easily maintained, runs

smoothly, and can be corrected if an error occurs. The project's components can

perform their function as expected.

The portability of the project gained a quality factor of 0.95 which is

excellent. This indicates that the project can easily adapt to different

environments. Nevertheless, the evaluators notice some improvements

 90

specifically to lighten the weight of the stand for easy transferring from one place

to another.

The overall quality factor of the project is 0.95, which is interpreted as an

excellent remark. This means that the project accomplished its goals and carried

out its tasks.

 91

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and

recommendations.

Summary of findings

The study aimed to develop an IoT-based solar powered pest monitoring

and classifying system for Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu, Batangas. The

system is composed of three (3) subsystems such as the power subsystem, the

automation subsystem, and the monitoring and classifying subsystem. The

project is capable of attracting and classifying the insects as well as giving more

knowledge to the farmers such as suggestions and recommendations on how to

prevent and manage such pests through a web application. The project is

functional, reliable, usable, efficient, maintainable and portable.

After the project is completed, testing and evaluation were undertaken.

The evaluation instrument used was adapted from ISO 9126 model which the

researchers believed to be the most suitable instrument for the project. The

project is assessed by five (5) farm owners and, fifteen farmers as the 20

evaluators of the project.

 92

The project met the criteria and was deemed outstanding and gained a

quality factor of 0.96 for functionality, 0.88 for reliability, 0.99 for usability, 0.94 for

efficiency, 0.97 for maintainability, 0.95 for portability, and an overall quality

factor of 0.95 considered as excellent.

Conclusions

After getting the result of the evaluation, the researchers came up with the

following conclusions:

The researchers are able to develop an IoT-based solar powered pest

monitoring and classification system, a device that can help the farm owners and

farmers in Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu Batangas. The system can monitor

and classify various insects to ensure good quality crops. In addition, it can

monitor the humidity and temperature of the surrounding where the value is

displayed in web application.

The researchers are able to develop and create a reliable, efficient,

usable, maintainable, and portable. The usability of the system was excellent, as

well as with maintainability and efficiency, since it functions smoothly and

according to its purpose. Although the reliability of the system is excellent, there

is a slight delay in data transfer, mostly because of the internet connection. While

the portability of the system is excellent since it can easily adapt to different

environment. Additionally, while its functionality is deemed excellent, it requires

significant improvements, particularly the collection of additional insects that the

system can identify.

 93

The researchers are able to test the system with the help of fifteen (15)

regular farmers and five (5) farm owners from Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu,

Batangas as the evaluators, using ISO 9126 as an evaluation instrument as seen

in appendix C. The result of the evaluation showed excellent in terms of

functionality, reliability, efficiency, usability, maintainability and portability which is

shown in appendix D. In line with that, the researchers were able to take all the

comments, recommendations, and suggestions of the evaluators.

The user’s manual is given to easily understand the function of the project.

It is composed of the overview, system’s features, instructions on how to run the

system, guidelines for using web applications, environmental notes, precautions,

troubleshooting of the system, and the insects that can be identified. The QR

code is also in the manual to open the web application.

Recommendations

The system had a quality factor rated as excellent which means that it

meets the set objectives of the study. It is able to attract, capture, and classify

the pest while monitoring humidity and temperature of the area where it is

installed. However, certain factors can be improved to enhance the performance

while still its maintaining functions.

To the Barangay Catandaan farmers, utilizing the system to monitor pests

in real time and developing new pest management plans is recommended for

increased crop production.

 94

To the consumers, consuming the crops that is supervised by the device

is recommended as it promotes integrated pest manage that try to eliminate or

reduce the use of pesticide.

To the future researchers, it is recommended that they may find a high-

quality, alternative camera that can provide images with high definition. They

might also add and collect a lot more pest datasets to enhance the functionality

of the system by classifying all potential pests that could enter the device. For

efficiency, since it is more suited for image processing and real-time monitoring,

they can consider Raspberry Pi instead of the ESP32 microcontroller to increase

speed and accuracy. In terms of appearance, the system's chassis can be made

of a variety of materials, mainly to increase its waterproofness. And to monitor all

the angles inside the device, they can also make it smaller. Lastly, the system's

stand might be made lighter than it was previously for simple portability.
 95

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
EVALUATION INTRUMENT
Name: ___________________________ Date: ___________
Position: _________________________
Project: The Development of an Iot-Based Solar Powered Pests Monitoring
and Classifying System in Barangay Catandaan, Nasugbu Batangas
Instruction: Kindly evaluate the project by putting a check (✔) on the space.
 104

Numerical Rating Equivalent

3 Excellent
2 Good
1 Fair
0 Poor

Rating
Characteristics Sub-characteristics Definition
3 2 1 0
The web application can
Suitability
easily be accessed.
The web application and
Interoperability the device interact with
each other efficiently.
Functionality The camera was able to
capture photos, and the
Accuracy
system was able to identify
the insects.
The data privacy and
Security protection of the user are
implemented.
There are a no of bugs and
Reliability Maturity errors in the device and
web application.
The instruction manual is
Understandability
easy to follow.
The instruction manual is
Learnability
easy to understand.
Operating the device and
Usability
Operability using the web application
doesn’t need much effort.
The web application and
Attractiveness the device are pleasing to
the eyes.
The device responded
Time - Behavior quickly as soon as the
operation starts.
Efficiency
All of the components of
Resource Utilization the device functioned
according to its purpose.
Maintainability The faults in the device
Analyzability
can easily be diagnosed.
Changeability The device can easily be
modified.
 105

Stability The device ran smoothly.

The device was easy to
Testability
test.
The device can easily
Portability Adaptability adapt to different
environments.

Remarks: ____________________________________________________

Evaluated by: _________________________________________________

APPENDIX B
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO CHANGE THESIS DEVICE COMPONENTS
 106

APPENDIX C
GANTT CHART
 107

APPENDIX D
TOTAL BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS
 108

MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

TOTAL
QTY. UNIT SPECIFICATION UNITPRICE
PRICE
1 pc Monocrystalline Solar Panel Php 649.00 Php 649.00
1 pc Solar Charge Controller Php 460.00 Php 460.00
Php
1 pc Lead-acid Battery Php 4200.00
4200.00
pc
1 Buck Converter Php 93.00 Php 93.00

1 pc Switch Php 22.00 Php 22.00

1 pc UV LED Strip Php 95.00 Php 95.00
1 pc Servo Motor Php 210.00 Php 630.00
1 pc DHT11 Sensor Php 250.00 Php 250.00
1 pc ESP32 Microcontroller Php 349.00 Php 349.00
ESP32 Camera Module and
1 pc Php 500.00 Php 500.00
OV2640 Camera Lens

1 pc Rain Sensor Php 112.00 Php 112.00

1 pc White LED Strip Php 150.00 Php 150.00

1 pc Servo Controller Php 200.00 Php 200.00

2 pc Relay Module Php 42.00 Php84.00

1 set Jumping Wires Php 65.00 Php310.00

OTHERS
Tubular Steel Php 240.00
Plywood Php 680.00
Paint Php 215.00
Cement Php 348.00
Acrylic Glass Php 2400.00
TOTAL BUDGET Php 11987.00

APPENDIX E
COMPUTATION OF QUALITY FACTOR
 109

APPENDIX F
USER’S MANUAL
110
 111

APPENDIX G
SPECIFICATION SHEET
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
 138

APPENDIX H
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that this research is our work and does not
contain any material previously publish or written by another person or
material which to a substantial extend has been accepted for any
award of any degree or diploma in Rogationist College, and other,
except where the acknowledgment is made in the thesis. Any
contribution made to the research by others is explicitly acknowledged
in the thesis

Erwin Kyle R. Coronel

Keneth M. Dumalag

Peejay B. Florentino

Vergel S. Gonzaga

Francis Romwel V. Hersando

Attested by:

_____________________________

Engr. Chloe B. Laserna, ECT

Thesis Adviser
 139

APPENDIX I
ENGLISH EDITING CERTIFICATION FORM

This is to certify that I have edited the final draft of this thesis entitled:

SOLAR POWERED IOT-BASED PEST MONITORING AND CLASSIFYING

SYSTEM IN BARANGAY CATANDAAN, NASUGBU, BATANGAS

Prepared by:
Keneth M. Dumalag
Peejay B. Florentino
Erwin Kyle R. Coronel
Vergel S. Gonzaga
Francis Romwel V. Hersando

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

and have found it complete and satisfactory with respect to grammar,

organization, and APA format and style as prescribed by Rogationist College

______________________________________________ ____________________________

Mr. Alejandro D. Musico, LPT, MA Date

Grammar and APA Edito
 140

APPENDIX J
DOCUMENTATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION
 141

APPENDIX K
RESEARCHER’S PROFILE

Keneth M. Dumalag
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

Objective: To accept a demanding position

requiring a high level of performance in terms of
technical and general knowledge in the field of
electronics and communication engineering, and
use my knowledge and experience to develop
challenging tasks effectively and efficiently.
: +63-926-004-0307
kenethdumalag23@gmail.com
: Red St., Brgy. Manuyo
QUALIFICATIO Dos, Las Piñas City,1774
NS
 Knowledgeable in Electronic Circuits and Integrated Circuit Designs.
 Knowledgeable in AutoCAD 2D and 3D.
 Knowledgeable in Programming Language (Python & C++).
 Experience in Electronic Product and Assembly Servicing.
 Understanding of Electronic Components.
 Skillful in MS Office (MS Word, Excel and Power Point).
 Knowledgeable in software applications (Proteus & Multisim)
 Knowledgeable in video editing (Filmora, Capcut).
 Good interpersonal and intrapersonal skills.
 Internet Operation (Chat/Email/Internet Browsing).
 Fast Learner, can demonstrate flexibility, and persistence.
 Ability to handle pressure while maintaining effective work.

BASIC INFORMATION
PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth: May 23, 2002 Religion: Roman

Catholic
Place of Birth: Salug, Zamboanga Del Norte Status: Single
Age: 22 years old Sex: Male
Height: 5’5’’ Weight: 82 kg
EDUCATION:

2021 – Present Rogationist College

BS in Electronics and Communications Engineering
 142

2019 – 2021 Rogationist College

Senior High School
2015 – 2019 Rogationist College
Junior High School
2009 - 2015 Col. E. De Leon Elementary School
Primary School

TRAININGS, AFFILIATION, AND

ACHIEVEMENTS
EXPERIENCE
 240 Hours On-The-Job Training - Telkha Network Inc.
(July, 2024)
AFFILIATION:
 Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines
(IECEP) Member (2022 - Present)
 Electronics Learners and Innovators in a Transformative
Engineering Society (ELITES) Member (2023 - Present)

TRAININGS, SEMINARS, and WEBINARS:
 Fortinet Certified Fundamentals in Cybersecurity
(August, 2014)
 CTR+ALT+ENGINEER: Mastering the Digital World
(September, 2024)
 RAN, 5G, AND Open RAN (November, 2024)
 Open RAN Security (December, 2024)
 Linux Fundamentals (December, 2024)
 From Concept to Tape-Out: Using Open-Source Tools
(December, 2024)

CHARACTER REFERENCES

Rev. Fr. Zander Conson, RCJ Engr. Eugene Solis, ECT

College Dean Staff Test Engineer
Rogationist College Infineon Technologies
Eugene.Solis@infineon@gmail.com

Rev. Fr. Jeffren Tugbo, RCJ

SABV’s Prefect of Discipline
Saint Anthony’s Boys Village Foundation Inc.

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge and belief.

KENETH M. DUMALAG
 143

PEEJAY B. FLORENTINO
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

Objective: To acquire valuable knowledge and

skills to complement those that I have learned
from school in actual job environment. In return, I
offer my service and determination to be an asset
to the company throughout the duration of my
training period.
: +63-919-373-
QUALIFICATIONS 8893
peejay.florentino@gmail.co
m
 Knowledgeable of Electronic Circuits and Integrated Circuit Designs.
 Knowledgeable in AutoCAD 2D and 3D.
 Knowledgeable in Basic Computer Programming.
 Understanding of Electronic Components.
 Skillful in MS Office (MS Word, Excel and Power Point).
 Skill in establishing and maintaining effective working relationships.
 Internet Operation (Chat/Email/Internet Browsing)
 Analytical and communication skills.

 Able to learn quickly, demonstrate flexibility and persistence.

 Can work well both independently and as a team.
 Self-motivated, initiative, maintains a high-level of energy.

BASIC INFORMATION
PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth: October 30, 2002 Religion: Roman

Catholic
Place of Birth: Adlas, Silang, Cavite Status: Single
Age: 22 years old Sex: Male
Height: 5’6’’ Weight: 67kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND / ATTAINMENT:

LEVEL SCHOOL YEAR AWARDS

Tertiary - Bachelor of Science in 2021 - - Dean’s
Electronics Engineering Present Lister
-Rogationist College
Secondary - Senior High School 2019 – 2021 - W/Honors
- Rogationist College - Diligence
Award
- Junior High School 2015 – 2019
- Rogationist College
Primary Adlas Elementary School 2009 - 2015 - W/Honors
 144

TRAININGS and AFFILIATION

AFFILIATION:
 Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP)
Member (Present)
 Electronics Learners and Innovators in a Transformative
Engineering (ELITES) Member (Present)
 Technical Drafting (Mechanical) NCII Passer (2019)
 Technical Drafting (Plumbing) NCII Passer (2019)
 Technical Drafting (Electrical) NCII Passer (2019)

TRAININGS/ SEMINARS and WEBINARS:

 One Step to Success: A Career Guidance Activity (February, 2024)
 5G Technology: The Evolutionary Impact on Internet of Things
(May, 2022)
 Ctr+Alt+Engineer: Mastering the Digital World (September, 2024)
 International Perspectives Series Webinar: Laboratory
Prediction Energy Control System Based on AI (October, 2024)
 International Expert Sharing: The Scope and Future of
Intelligent Technology Application (September, 2024)
 International Expert Sharing: Digital Economy and Global
Sustainable Development (October, 2024)
 5G and AI: How 5G Accelerates AI-Powered Technology and Edge
Computing (November, 2024)

EXPERIENCE
 240 Hours On-The-Job Training - TeamQuest Technology Inc.
June – August 2024

CHARACTER REFERENCES
Engr. Angelo Gabriel T. Suano, ECT Engr. Malcolm D.
Tordecilla, ECT
NTT Data, Inc. Analog Devices Inc.
Principal Consultant Chute Yield Engineer
(+63) 9457847697 (+63) 92276087931
angsuano@gmail.com

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge and belief.

PEEJAY B. FLORENTINO
 145

Erwin Kyle R. Coronel

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and
Communication Engineering

Objective: To work in a professional

environment that encompasses the
Electronics and Communications
Engineering industry, where I can expand
my knowledge, personality, and identity as
an engineering student through work
experience.
: +63-926-283-1220
erwinkylecoronel0312@gmail.c
om
QUALIFICATIONS : Gov. Camerino Drive,
 Buho, Silang, Cavite
Knowledgeable in Electronic Circuits and Integrated Circuit
Designs.
 Knowledgeable in AutoCAD 2D and 3D.
 Experience in Technical Drawing and Drafting.
 Understanding of Electronic Components.
 Skillful in MS Office (MS Word, Excel and Power Point).
 Knowledge in using Adobe Photoshop.
 Skilled in video editing (Filmora, Adobe Premiere).
 Knows how to establish and maintain effective working
relationships.
 Internet Operation (Chat/Email/Internet Browsing).
 Good analytical and communication skills.
 Fast learner, can demonstrate flexibility, and persistence.
 Can work independently and with a team.
BASIC INFORMATION
PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth: December 03, 2001 Religion:

Protestant
Place of Birth: Silang, Cavite Status: Single
Age: 22 years old Sex: Male
Height: 5’6’’ Weight: 102kg

EDUCATION:

2021 – Present Rogationist College

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and
Communications Engineering
2021 – 2022 Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
2018 – 2020 General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School
(GMATHS)
 146

2014 – 2018 General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School

(GMATHS)
Junior High School
2008 - 2014 San Gabriel II Elementary School
Primary School

TRAININGS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AND EXPERIENCES

AFFILIATION:
 GMATHS RoboAce Member (2019-2020)
 Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP)
Member (Present)
 Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP)
Scholar (Present)

TRAININGS/SEMINARS:
 5G TECHNOLOGY: THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT ON INTERNET
OF THINGS (May 2022)
 Beginner’s Guide to Arduino [CODE 3.0] (December 2022)
 ONE STEP TO SUCCESS: A CAREER GUIDANCE ACTIVITY
(February 2024)
 INTERNET OF THINGS: GETTING SMARTER (March 2024)

ACHIEVEMENTS
 Consistent with Honor Student (2015 – 2019)
 2019 INNOVATIVE STUDENTS AND ROBOTICS INTER-SCHOOL
COMPETITION (2019) INNOVATIVE COMPETITION 2nd Placer
 With High Honor (2019 – 2020)
 College Dean’s Lister (2023-2024)

EXPERIENCES
 240 Hours On-The-Job Training - TeamQuest Technology Inc.
CHARACTER REFERENCES
Engr. Angelo Gabriel T. Suano, Engr. Chloe B. Laserna, ECT
ECT NTT Data, Inc. ECE Instructor
Principal Consultant Rogationist College
angsuano07@gmail.com (+63)991-468-7702
+639-45 7847697 chloelaserna@rog.edu.ph

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge and belief.

ERWIN KYLE R. CORONEL

 147

VERGEL S. GONZAGA
Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering

Objective: To obtain a professional environment

in the field of Electronics Engineering where I can
utilize my skills abilities and share my knowledge
to contribute to the success of the organization.

QUALIFICATIONS : +63-985-892-1695
vergelgonzaga02@gmail.co
m
 Knowledgeable of Electronic Circuits and Integrated Circuit Designs.
 Knowledgeable in AutoCAD 2D and 3D.
 Knowledgeable in Basic Computer Programming.
 Knowledgeable in Basic Photo and Video editing Skills.
 Understanding of Electronic Components.
 Skillful in MS Office (MS Word, Excel and Power Point).
 Skill in establishing and maintaining effective working relationships.
 Internet Operation (Chat/Email/Internet Browsing)
 Analytical and communication skills.
 Able to learn quickly, demonstrate flexibility and persistence.
 Can work well both independently and as a team.

BASIC INFORMATION
PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth: May 02, 2001 Religion:

Roman Catholic
Place of Birth: Parañaque City Status: Single
Age: 23 years old Sex: Male
Height: 5’3’’ Weight: 45kg

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND / ATTAINMENT:

2021 – Present Rogationist College

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
2019 – 2021 Rogationist College
Senior High School
2015 – 2019 Rogationist College
Junior High School
2009 - 2015 St. Hannibal Multi Level School
 148

TRAININGS and AFFILIATION

AFFILIATION:

 Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines

(IECEP) Member (Present)
 Electronics Learner and Innovators in a
Transformative Engineering Society (ELITES)
Member (Present)

TRAININGS/ SEMINARS and WEBINARS:

 INTERNET OF THINGS: GETTING SMARTER (March, 2024)
 ONE STEP TO SUCCESS: A CAREER GUIDANCE ACTIVITY
(February, 2024)
 5G TECHNOLOGY: THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT ON
INTERNET OF THINGS (May, 2022)
ACHIEVEMENTS
 Diligence Award (2016)
 Diligence Award (2021)
 College Dean’s Lister Academic Year 2023-2024 1 st
semester
 Electronic Product Assembly Servicing COC1 Passer
(2019)

EXPERIENCE

 240 Hours On-The-Job Training – TELKHA NETWORK INC.

June – August 2024
CHARACTER REFERENCES
Engr. Angelo Gabriel T. Suano, ECT Engr. Eugene Solis, ECT
NTT Data, Inc. Staff Test Engineer
Principal Consultant Infineon Technologies
(+63) 9457847697
Eugene.Solis@infineon@gmail.com
angsuano@gmail.com

I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge and belief.

VERGEL S. GONZAGA
Applicant
 149

FRANCIS ROMWEL V.
HERSANDO
Bachelor of Science in Electronics and
Communication Engineering

Objective: To contribute innovative solutions and

technical expertise within a dynamic organization.
Seeking a role that allows me to apply my theoretical
knowledge and practical skills in electronic circuit
design, signal processing, and system analysis to drive
technological advancements and achieve organizational
goals. : +63-992-698-3627
francisace625@gmail.com
QUALIFICATIONS
: Asis 1 Mendez,Cavite
 Knowledgeable of Electronic Circuits and Integrated Circuit Designs.
 Knowledgeable in AutoCAD 2D and 3D.
 Understanding of Electronic Components.
 Skillful in MS Office (MS Word, Excel, and Power Point).
 Skill in establishing and maintaining effective working relationships.
 Internet Operation (Chat/Email/Internet Browsing)
 Analytical and communication skills.

 Able to learn quickly, demonstrate flexibility and persistence.

 Can work well both independently and as a team.
 Self-motivated, initiative, maintains a high-level of energy.

BASIC INFORMATION

PERSONAL INFORMATION:

Date of Birth: September 25, 2002, Religion: Roman Catholic

Place of Birth: Tagaytay, city Status: Single
Age: 22 years old Sex: Male
Height: 5’5’’ Weight: 97kg

EDUCATION:

2021 – Present Rogationist College

Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering
2019 – 2021 Mendez Christian academy
Senior High School
2015 – 2019 Mendez Christian academy
Junior High School
2009 - 2015 Mendez Christian academy
Primary School

TRAININGS, AFFILIATION, AND

EXPERIENCES
 150

AFFILIATION:

 Institute of Electronics Engineers of the Philippines (IECEP)

Member (Present)
 Electronics Learners and Innovators in a Transformative
Engineering (ELITES) Member (Present)

TRAININGS/ SEMINARS:

 ONE STEP TO SUCCESS: A CAREER GUIDANCE ACTIVITY

(February 2024)
 INTERNET OF THINGS: GETTING SMARTER (March 2024)
 5G TECHNOLOGY: THE EVOLUTIONARY IMPACT ON INTERNET
OF THINGS (May 2022)
 International Expert Sharing: The Scope and Future of
Intelligent Technology Application (September 2024)
 Natural Language Processing Fundamentals (October 2024)
 Al Unmasked: Combating Academic Fraud in the Digital Age
(December 2024)
 From Concept to Tapeout: Using Open-Source Tools
(December 2024)
 eDive: Discover, Innovate, Visualize, and Excel in HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript (December 2024)

EXPERIENCES:
 240 Hours On-The-Job Training - TeamQuest Technology Inc.
June – August 2024

CHARACTER
REFERENCES
Chloe B. Laserna, ECT Engr. Angelo Gabriel T.
Suano, ECT
ECE Instructor, Rogationist College NTT Data, Inc.
(+63)991-468-7702 Principal Consultant
chloelaserna@rog.edu.ph (+63) 9457847697
angsuano07@gmail.com
I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct to the
best of my knowledge and belief.

FRANCIS ROMWEL V. HERSANDO