General Chemistry C HW 2

Chapter6
1. Which set of quantum numbers is a valid description of an orbital?
(a) n = 2; l = 2; ml = 0
(b) n = 0; l = 2; ml = 2
(c) n = 3; l = 2; ml = 1
(d) n = 2; l = 0; ml = 1

Ans: (c)

2. Which of the following represent impossible combinations of n and l? (a) 1p,

(b) 4s, (c) 5f, (d) 2d

Ans: Impossible: (a) 1p, only l = 0 is possible for n = 1; (d) 2d, for n = 2, l = 1 or 0,
but not 2

3. Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of orbitals:(a) s, (b) pz,
(c) dxy.

Ans:
Note that the lobes of the dxy orbital lie in the xy-plane and point between the x-axes
and y-axes.

4. Identify the specific element that corresponds to each of the following electron
configurations and indicate the number of unpaired electrons for each: (a) 1s22s2,
(b) 1s22s22p4,(c) [Ar]4s13d5, (d) [Kr]5s24d105p4.

Ans: (a) Be, 0 unpaired electrons (b)O, 2 unpaired electrons (c) Cr, 6 unpaired
electrons (d) Te, 2 unpaired electrons

5. Consider the three electronic transitions in a hydrogen atom shown here, labeled
A, B, and C. (a) Three electromagnetic waves, all drawn on the same scale, are
also shown. Each corresponds to one of the transitions. Which electromagnetic
 wave (i), (ii), or (iii), is associated with electronic transition C?

(b) Calculate the energy of the photon emitted for each transition.
(c) Calculate the wavelength of the photon emitted for each transition. Do any of
these transitions lead to the emission of visible light? If so which one(s)?

Ans: (a) Wave (iii) corresponds to transition C. Transition C represents the smallest
energy change, which will emit a photon with the longest wavelength.
(b) Analyze/Plan. Use Equation 6.6, which describes energy changes in the
hydrogen atom, to calculate the energy of the photon emitted for each transition.

é1 1ù
A: ni = 2, nf = 1; DE = -2.18 ´ 10 -18 J ê 2 - 2 ú = -2.18 ´ 10 -18 J (1 - 1/4) = -1.635 ´ 10 -18 J
ë nf ni û
- 1.64 ´ 10 -18 J
B: ni = 3, nf = 2; DE = -2.18 ´ 10-18 J (1/4 - 1/9) = -3.028 ´ 10-19 = -3.03 ´ 10-19 J
C: ni = 4, nf = 3; DE = -2.18 ´ 10-18 J (1/9 - 1/16) = -1.0597 ´ 10-19 = -1.06 ´ 10-19 J
The negative signs for DE indicate that the photons are emitted.
6.626 ´ 10 -34 J-s ´ 2.998 ´ 10 8 m/s
A: l = hc/E = = 1.22 ´ 10 -7 m
(c) 1.635 ´ 10 -18 J

6.626 ´ 10 -34 J-s ´ 2.998 ´ 10 8 m/s

B: l = hc/E = -19
= 6.56 ´ 10 -7 m
3.028 ´ 10 J
 6.626 ´ 10 -34 J-s ´ 2.998 ´ 10 8 m/s
C: l = hc/E = = 1.87 ´ 10 -6 m
1.0597 ´ 10-19 J
According to Figure 6.4, visible light has wavelengths from 4 ´ 10–7 m to 7.5 ´
10–7 m (400–750 nm). Transition B emits photons of visible light.

6. Sketch the shape and orientation of the following types of orbitals: (a) px, (b) dz2,
(c) dx2 - y2.

Ans:

Chapter7
1. Chlorine reacts with oxygen to form Cl2O7. (a) Write a balanced equation for the
formation of Cl2O7(l) from the elements. (b) Would you expect Cl2O7 to be more
reactive toward H+(aq)2 or OH-(aq)? (c) If the oxygen in Cl2O7 is considered to
have the -2 oxidation state, what is the oxidation state of the Cl? What is the
electron configuration of Cl in this oxidation state?

Ans: Analyze/Plan. Cl2O7 is a molecular compound formed by two nonmetallic

elements. More specifically, it is a nonmetallic oxide and acidic.
(a) Elemental chlorine and oxygen are diatomic gases.
2 Cl2(g) + 7 O2(g) ® 2 Cl2O7(l)
(b) Cl2O7 is an acidic oxide, so it will be more reactive to base, OH–.
Cl2O7(l) + 2 OH–(aq) ® 2 ClO4–(aq) + H2O(l)
(c) The oxidation state of Cl in Cl2O7 is +7. In this oxidation state, the electron
configuration of Cl is [He]2s22p6 or [Ne].

2. Compare the elements bromine and chlorine with respect to the following
properties: (a) electron configuration, (b) most common ionic charge, (c) first
ionization energy, (d) reactivity toward water, (e) electron affinity, (f) atomic
radius. Account for the differences between the two elements.

Ans:
Br Cl
2 5
(a) [Ar]4s 4p [Ne]3s 23p 5
 (b) –1 –1
(c) 1140 kJ/mol 1251 kJ/mol
(d) reacts slowly to form HBr+HOBr reacts slowly to form HCl+HOCl
(e) –325 kJ/mol –349 kJ/mol
(f) 120 pm 102 pm
The n = 4 valence electrons in Br are farther from the nucleus and less
tightly held than the n = 3 valence electrons in Cl. Therefore, the
ionization energy of Cl is greater, the electron affinity is more negative
and the atomic radius is smaller.

3. Which of the following charts shows the general periodic trends for each of the
following properties of the main group elements (you can neglect small
deviations going either across a row or down a column of the periodic table)? (1)
Bonding atomic radius, (2) first ionization energy, (3) effective nuclear charge.

Ans: The trend for bonding atomic radius (1) is shown in chart (iii).
The trend for first ionization energy (2) is shown in chart (ii).
The trend for effective nuclear charge is shown in chart (i).

4. Consider the following equation:

Al3+(g) + e- → Al2+(g)

Which of the following statements are true? (i) The energy change for this
 process is the second electron affinity of Al atom since Al2+(g) is formed. (ii) The
energy change for this process is the negative of the third ionization energy of
the Al atom. (iii) The energy change for this process is the electron affinity of the
Al2+ ion.

Ans: (ii)

Chapter8
1. Which combination of ions gives the solid with the highest
lattice energy?
(a) Al3+ and O2-
(b) Ba2+ and O2-
(c) K+ and O

Ans: (a)

2. The substances NaF and CaO are isoelectronic (have the same number of valence
electrons). (a) What are the charges on each of the cations in each compound?
(b) What are the charges of each of the anions in each compound? (c) Without
looking up lattice energies, which compound is predicted to have the larger
lattice energy? (d) Using the lattice energies in Table 8.1, predict the lattice
energy of ScN.

Ans: Analyze/Plan. Assign ion charges by the position of the elements in the periodic
table. Lattice energy is directly related to the product of ion charges and
inversely related to the ion separation. The dominant factor is ion charges,
 because the difference between ion separations from one compound to another
is not as large as the possible difference between the products of ion charges.
Solve.
(a) Na+, 1+; Ca2+, 2+
(b) F –, 1– ; O2–, 2–
(c) CaO will have the larger lattice energy. Lattice energy is directly related
to the magnitudes of ion charges. CaO has larger cation and anion
charges.
(d) Consider the relationship between the lattice energies of CaO and NaF.
(Assume the lattice energy of NaF, 910 kJ, has 3 significant figures,
similar to other values in Table 8.1.)
CaO 3414 kJ
= = 3.75
NaF 910 kJ

The ratio of the lattice energies is approximately 4 and the ratio of the
two products of cation and anion charges is [(2)(2)/(1)(1)] = 4. If the
charges in ScN are 3+ and 3–, respectively, the lattice enthalpy of ScN
will be approximately (3)(3)(910) = 8190 kJ.
Since the calculated ratio is less than the integer value of 4, we expect
8190 kJ to be slightly greater than the measured lattice energy of ScN.
From Table 8.1, the measured lattice energy of ScN is 7547, slightly less
than our estimate. Recall that lattice energy is also inversely related to
ion separation, which is probably greater for ScN than NaF. This also
predicts that the measured lattice energy of ScN will be less than our
estimate, which is based only on the differences in ion charges.

3. Which of the following bonds are polar? (a) C—O, (b) Sl—F, (c) N—Cl, (d)

C—Cl. Which is the more electronegative atom in each polar bond?

Ans: The bonds in (a), (b) and (d) are polar. The more electronegative atom in each
polar bond is:
(a) O (c) F (d) Cl

4. In the Lewis structure shown here, A, D, E, Q, X, and Z represent elements in the

first two rows of the periodic table. Identify all six elements so that the formal
charges of all atoms are zero.
Ans: Analyze/Plan. This question is a “reverse” Lewis structure. Count the valence
electrons shown in the Lewis structure. For each atom, assume zero formal
charge and determine the number of valence electrons an unbound atom has.
Name the element. Solve.
A: 1 shared e – pair = 1 valence electron + 3 unshared pairs = 7 valence
electrons, F
E: 2 shared pairs = 2 valence electrons + 2 unshared pairs = 6 valence
electrons, O
D: 4 shared pairs = 4 valence electrons, C
Q: 3 shared pairs = 3 valence electrons + 1 unshared pair = 5 valence
electrons, N
X: 1 shared pair = 1 valence electron, no unshared pairs, H
Z: same as X, H
Check. Count the valence electrons in the Lewis structure. Does the number
correspond to the molecular formula CH 2ONF? 12 e – pair in the Lewis
structure. CH 2ONF = 4 + 2 + 6 + 5 + 7 = 24 e –, 12 e – pair. The molecular
formula we derived matches the Lewis structure.

Chapter9
1. Give the electron-domain and molecular geometries for the
following molecules and ions: (a) BeF2, (b) AsCl5, (c) NO2-, (d) CS2, (e) SF4, (f)
BrF5

Ans: Analyze/Plan. Follow the logic in Sample Exercises 9.1 and 9.2. Solve. bent (b),
linear (l), octahedral (oh), seesaw (ss), square pyramidal (sp), square planar (spl),
tetrahedral (td), trigonal bipyramidal (tbp), trigonal planar (tr), trigonal pyramidal (tp),
T-shaped (T)

Molecule Valence Lewis Structure Electron Geometry

or Ion Electrons Domain

(a) BeF2 16 l l

(b) AsCl5 40 tbp tbp

 (c) NO2− 18 tr b

(d) CS2 16 l l

(e) SF4 34 tbp ss

(f) BrF5 42 oh sp

2. What is the orbital hybridization around boron in BH4-?

(a) sp
(b) sp2
(c) sp3

Ans：(c)

3. Draw one resonance structure of the carbonate ion, CO32−. How many s- and p-
bonds are present in CO32−?
(a) 3 s bonds
(b) 3 s bonds and 1 p bond
(c) 3 s bonds and 2 p bonds
(d) 4 s bonds

Ans: (b)

4. Is the p-bond in the HCO2- ion shown here localized or delocalized?

 (a) Localized
(b) Delocalized

Ans: (b)

5. This molecule is called furan. It is represented in typical shorthand way for

organic molecules, with hydrogen atoms not shown, and each of the 4 vertices
representing a carbon atom.

(a) What is the molecular formula for furan? (b) How many valence electrons are
there in the molecule? (c) What is the hybridization at each of the carbon atoms?
(d) Is furan aromatic or antiaromatic? (e) The C¬C¬C bond angles in furan are
much smaller than those in benzene. The likely reason is which of the following:
(i)The hybridization of the carbon atoms in furan is different from that in
benzene, (ii) Furan does not have another resonance structure equivalent to the
one shown here, or (iii) The atoms in a five-membered ring are forced to adopt
smaller angles than in a six-membered ring.

Ans: (a) C4H4O (b) 26 valence e– (c) sp2 (d) aromatic (e) (iii)

6. One of the molecular orbitals of the H2- ion is sketched here:

(a) Is the molecular orbital a s or p MO? Is it bonding or antibonding? (b) In H2-,

how many electrons occupy the MO shown here? (c) What is the bond order in
the H2- ion? (d) Compared to the H¬H bond in H2, the H¬H bond in H2- is
expected to be which of the following: (i) Shorter and stronger, (ii) longer and
stronger, (iii) shorter and weaker, (iv) longer and weaker, or (v) the same length
and strength?
Ans:
(a) The orbital in the sketch is a s antibonding MO.
(b) In H2–, there is one electron in the s * antibonding MO.
(c) In H2–, B.O. = 1/2.
(d) (iv). For the same two bonded atoms, the smaller the bond order, the weaker
and longer the bond.