1.

From structure to properties

Instructor Teodor
Periodic Table

2
Q1.
CCC/2022/A/Q2
Which combination of atoms will form stable compounds with the following molecular
geometries: bent, see-saw, octahedral?
A) sulfur and fluorine
B) xenon and fluorine
C) bromine and fluorine
D) two of the combinations of atoms
E) all three combinations of atoms

3
Q2.
CCC/2022/A
Consider the two species He and Li+.Which statement best describes the comparison of
their ionization energies and radii?
A) Li+ has a smaller radius and greater ionization energy than He
B) Li+ has a larger radius and lower ionization energy than He
C) He has a smaller radius and greater ionization energy than Li+
D) He has a smaller radius and lower ionization energy than Li+
E) Li+ has a smaller radius and lower ionization energy than He

4
Q3.
CCC/2022/A
Which of the following elements forms a stable +4 ion with the following shorthand electron
configuration: [noble gas] (n-1) d3?
A) Mn
B) Co
C) Pb
D) V
E) Ti

5
Q4.
CCC/2021/A
Scientists have discovered that one of the twenty-eight artificially created zirconium
isotopes, zirconium-88, had an unusually high affinity for neutrons. In zirconium-88, a
proton absorbs an atomic electron, forming a neutron and emitting a neutrino. What is
the correct notation for the atom that forms as a result of this transition?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

6
Q5.
CCC/2021/A
The α amino acid pyrrolysine is absent in humans, but found in some methanogenic bacteria
and archeobacteria for synthesis of proteins. The structure of pyrrolysine is shown below:

What are the approximate values of the bond angles labelled 1, 2, and 3,
respectively?
A) 120°, 120°, 120°
B) 109.5°, 109.5°, 120°
C) 109.5°, 120°, 120°
D) 109.5°, 109.5°, 109.5°
E) 120°, 109.5°, 120°
7
Q6.
CCC/2019/A
Two elements X and Y form a covalent compound. X has six valence electrons and Y has
seven valence electrons. Which of the options (I-IV) given below, represent possible
formulae and shapes of covalent compounds of X and Y based on VSEPR theory and
Lewis structures?

I) XY4 II) XY6 III) bent IV) see-saw (or distorted tetrahedral)

A) I and III only

B) II and IV only
C) I and IV only
D) I, II and III only
E) I, II, III and IV

8
Q7.
CCC/2019/A
Given the graph of the successive ionization energies for two unknown atoms, which
combination provides the most likely identity of X and Y?

9
Q8.
CCC/2019/A
The boiling points of the compounds acetic acid (CH3COOH), 1-pentanol (C5H11OH), dibutyl
ether (C8 H18O) and dodecane (C12H26) increase in that order. Which of the following
statements provides the best explanation for this increase?
A) The London dispersion forces increase
B) The hydrogen bonding increases
C) The dipole-dipole forces increase
D) The chemical reactivity increases
E) The number of carbon atoms increases

10
Q9.
CCC/2019/A
The melting point of CaS is higher than that of KCl. Explanations for this observation
include which of the following?
I. Ca2+ is more positively charged than K+.
II. S2- is more negatively charged than Cl-.
III. The K+ ion is smaller than theaa Ca2+ ion.
A) II only
B) I and II only
C) I and III only
D) II and III only
E) I, II, and III

11
Q10.
CCC/2019/A
Fluorine is the most electronegative element on the periodic table. As a result it always
forms polar bonds with other non-metals. Despite this, which of the following fluorine
containing compounds would be a non-polar molecule?
A) SF4
B) PF3
C) IF5
D) BrF3
E) XeF4

12
Q11.
CCC/2019/A
Ronald James Gillespie, who developed Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
theory, isolated the superacid fluorosulfuric acid (HSO3F) when he combined fluorinated
compounds with concentrated sulfuric acid, creating brightly coloured solutions. Which of
the following best describes the molecular shape of fluorosulfuric acid, as predicted by
VSEPR theory?
A) See saw
B) Trigonal bipyramidal
C) Tetrahedral
D) Square planar
E) Trigonal pyramidal

13
Q12.
CCC/2019/A
The ionization energies for period 3 element X are listed in the table below.

Ionization Energies for element X (kJ mol-1)

First Second Third Fourth Fifth
580 1,815 2,740 11,600 14,800

Based on the data, which statement about element X is FALSE?

A) Its most common oxidation state is +3
B) It is displaced from aqueous solution by copper metal
C) It is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust
D) Its oxide is insoluble in water
E) It is a lustrous metal

14
Q13.
Table 1: Successive Ionization Energies of 3rd Period Elements

Element IE1 IE2 IE3 IE4 IE5

(kJ-1mol-1) (kJ-1mol-1) (kJ-1mol-1) (kJ-1mol-1) (kJ-1mol-1)
V 787 1577 3231 4356 16091
W 738 1451 7733 10540 13630
X 1251 2297 3822 5158 6540
Y 496 4562 6912 9543 13353
Z 578 1817 2745 11575 14830

Based on this information, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Y is sodium
B) X has the smallest radius
C) W is an alkaline earth metal
D) Z forms the largest cation
E) V is a semi-metal
15
Q14.
Which of the following accurately represents a trend in atomic radius?
A) F> Cl> Br
B) F> 0 > N
C) Cl- > Na+ > Mg2+
D) Ca2+ > K+ > Ca
E) 02-> S2-> CI

16
Q15.
In which of the following situations could hydrogen bonding occur between H2O and the
solute?
A) ammonia gas dissolved in water
B) hydrogen gas dissolved in water
C) carbon dioxide gas in water
D) methane gas dissolved in water
E) hydrogen sulfide gas dissolved in water

17
Q16.
Which of the following molecules has a molecular dipole?
A) XeF4
B) SeF4
C) CF4
D) SiF4
E) KrF2

18
Q17.
The electron configuration 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d8 corresponds to which of the following?
A) Ni
B) Ni2+
C) Fe
D) Fe2+
E) Zn2+

19
Q18.
Which of the following compounds has the smallest bond angle?
A) BF3
B) CF4
C) NF3
D) OF2
E) CIF3

20
Q19.
Which element would have its highest energy valence electron correspond to the following
quantum numbers? n=4, l=2
A) Sc
B) Y
C) K
D) Zn
E) Ga

21
Q20.
The 1st and 3rd ionization energies of aluminum are 577.5 kJ mol-1 and 2744.8 kJ mol-1
respectively. What data best matches the 2nd and 4th
ionization energies of aluminum?

2nd ionization energy 4th ionization energy

(kJ mol-1) (kJ mol-1)
A) 700 3500
B) 700 5000
C) 700 11000
D) 1800 11000
E) 1800 5000

22
Q21.
Draw a 'dot & cross' diagram of a CIO2 molecule showing the outershell electrons. Then
give the 3D structure giving an estimate of the O-Cl-O bond angle.

23
Q22.
Give the structure of a molecule of perchloric acid HCIO3. What is the bond angle in the
perchlorate ion?

24
Q23.
What is the correctly balanced form of the chemical reaction depicted in
the figure below?

A) 4A + 6B -> A4B6
B) A4 + B6 -> A4B6
C) A4 + 3B2 -> 2A2 + 2 B3
D) A4 + 3B2 -> 2A2B3
E) 4A + 3B2 -> 2A2B3

25
Q24.
The first ionization energy of phosphorus is lower than that of:
A) chlorine
B) silicon
C) sodium
D) barium
E) bismuth

26
Q25.
Assuming all orbitals in a given sublevel have equivalent energy, in which type of orbital(s)
would the highest energy electron(s) in the Se3+ be found? The neutral element scandium
has an atomic number of 21.

A) i
B) ii
C) ii or iii
D) iv
E) iv or v

27
Q26.
RSC/2017/R1/Q1
Draw a structure for nitrogen trichloride, showing its shape, and state the approximate
Cl–N–Cl bond angle.

28
Q27.
RSC/2016/R1/Q2
Most tungsten occurs naturally in the tungstate anion, WO42–, analogous to the sulfate, SO42–. A
common tungsten mineral is Scheelite, calcium tungstate, CaWO4. Draw a structure showing the
bonding in the WO42– ion and give the O-W-O bond angle.

29
Q28a.
RSC/2006/R1/Q1a
A carbon atom bonded to four different groups is called a chiral centre or an asymmetric
carbon atom. A molecule which contains just one chiral centre exists as two stereoisomers
(isomers containing the same groups attached to the same atoms). These stereoisomers
are non-superimposable mirror images of each other called enantiomers. If a molecule
contains more than one chiral centre, the number of stereoisomers increases and some of
the stereoisomers may be superimposable on their mirror images.

a. By making appropriate subsitutions for a, b, c and d in the structure shown below draw
all the different stereoisomers of tartaric acid, indicating clearly which (if any) are
enantiomers.

30
Q28b.
RSC/2006/R1/Q1b
A carbon atom bonded to four different groups is called a chiral centre or an asymmetric
carbon atom. A molecule which contains just one chiral centre exists as two stereoisomers
(isomers containing the same groups attached to the same atoms). These stereoisomers are
non-superimposable mirror images of each other called enantiomers. If a molecule contains
more than one chiral centre, the number of stereoisomers increases and some of the
stereoisomers may be superimposable on their mirror images.
a.
b. Citric acid is used to flavour sherbet lemons. Its formula may be written
HOOCCH2.C(OH)(COOH).CH2COOH. How many asymmetric carbon atoms does this
molecule contain?

31
Q29.
RSC/2015/R1/Q2
A nitrile is a molecule in which one of the carbons has a triple bond to nitrogen. Draw all the
isomeric nitriles with the formula C5H9N.

32
Q30.
In order to remove the oxides of nitrogen emitted from the catalyst, further reducing agent is
added. One such reducing agent is ammonia, prepared by the decomposition of an
aqueous solution of urea, H2NCONH2. The urea solution is known commercially as
‘AdBlue’.

Draw the structure for urea indicating the approximate angles for the N–C–O and the
H–N–H bonds.

33
Q31.
Tamiflu is the anti- influenza drug currently being used to treat so- called ‘Bird-flu’. Its
structure is shown on the right. The bold wedged bond is coming out of the plane of the
paper, the hashed bonds are going into the plane

a. On the structure, mark with

an asterix each chiral centre.

b. What is the total number of stereoisomers

possible for this structure?

34
Q32.
Draw a ‘dot & cross’ diagram of a ClO2 molecule showing the outershell electrons. Then
give the 3D structure giving an estimate of the O-Cl-O bond angle.

35
Q33.
Give the structure of a molecule of perchloric acid HClO3. What is the bond angle in the
perchlorate ion?

36
Q34.
Retardol C, Pyroset TKC and Proban CC are three trade names given to a flame-retardant
used to produce crease- resistant and flame-retardant finishes on textiles such as those
used to make nightclothes for children.
The flame-retardant is a salt , X+ Y–, prepared by the reaction between phosphine, PH3, and
methanal in dilute aqueous acid. The anion Y– simply depends on which acid was used in
the preparation.
Draw the structures of phosphine and methanal, clearly indicating the geometry of each
molecule.

37
Q35.
High purity silicon can be made from silane (SiH4) and its derivatives.
What is the structure and bond angle in silane?

38
Q36.
Circle all the chiral centres on the structure of ergosterol in your answer booklet.

39
Q37.
Compound B shows isomerism. Draw structures to indicate the three-dimensional shape of
two geometric isomers of B.

40
Q38.
How many stereoisomers are there for the following diol? Draw the structure of each
stereoisomer.

41