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 Table of Contents
SL NO Topics Page no.

1 Course Objectives 6

2 Pre Requisites 7

3 Syllabus 8

4 Course outcomes 9

5 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 10

6 Lecture Plan 13

7 Activity based learning 14

8 Lecture Notes 15

9 Link to Videos 64

10 e-book reference 65

11 Multiple Choice Questions 66

12 Assignments 71

13 Part A Question with answers 72

14 Part B Questions 76

15 Supportive online Certification courses 78

16 Real time Applications in day to day life 79

and to Industry
17 Additional Topics 80

18 Assessment Schedule 84

19 Mini project suggessions as a case study 85

20 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 86

 22EE602
POWER ELECTRONICS

Department: Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Batch/Year: 2022-26/ III
Created by: Mr.M.Thiyagesan
Assistant Professor EEE/RMKEC
Date: 19.12.2024

5
 COURSE OBJECTIVE

To impart knowledge on the following topics

 Different types of power semiconductor devices and their
switching,
 Operation ,characteristics and performance parameters of
controlled rectifiers,
 Operation, switching techniques and basics topologies of DC-DC
switching regulators.
 Different modulation techniques of pulse width modulated
inverters and to understand harmonic reduction methods.
 Operation of AC voltage controller and various configurations.

6
 PRE REQUISITES

 20EE202 Electric Circuit Analysis

 20EE201 Electron Devices and Circuits

7
 SYLLABUS
UNIT I POWER SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES 9

Study of switching devices, SCR, TRIAC, GTO, BJT, MOSFET, IGBT and IGCT- Static
characteristics: SCR, MOSFET and IGBT - Triggering and commutation circuit for SCR-
Introduction to Driver and snubber circuits.

UNIT II PHASE-CONTROLLED CONVERTERS 9

2-pulse, 3-pulse and 6-pulseconverters– performance parameters – Effect of

source inductance–– Firing Schemes for converter–Dual converters, Applications-
light dimmer, Excitation system, Solar PV systems.

UNIT III DC TO DC CONVERTERS 9

Step-down and step-up chopper-control strategy– Introduction to types of choppers-

A, B, C, D and E -Switched mode regulators- Buck, Boost, Buck- Boost regulator,
Introduction to Resonant Converters, Applications-Battery operated vehicles.

UNIT IV INVERTERS 9

Single phase and three phase voltage source inverters (both1200 mode and 1800
mode)– Voltage& harmonic control--PWM techniques: Multiple PWM, Sinusoidal
PWM, modified sinusoidal PWM – Introduction to space vector modulation – Current
source inverter, Applications-Induction heating, UPS.

UNIT V AC TO AC CONVERTERS 9

Single phase and Three phase AC voltage controllers–Control strategy- Power

Factor Control – Multistage sequence control -single phase and three phase cyclo
converters – Introduction to Matrix converters, Applications –welding .

TOTAL: 45 PERIODS

8
 CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Semester: 05
Year of Study: 2023-24
Course Name: 20EE505 Power Electronics
CO’s PO’s PSO’s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4

CO1 - - - - - - - - -
3 2 2 1 1 1 1

CO2 - - - - - - - - -
3 3 2 1 2 2 2

CO3 - - - - - - - - -
3 3 2 1 2 2 2

CO4 - - - - - - - - -
3 3 1 1 2 2 2

CO5 - - - - - - - - -
3 3 2 1 2 2 2

CO6 - - - - - - - - -
3 3 2 1 2 2 2

CO - - - - - - - - -
3 3 2 1 2 2 2

9
 COURSEOUTCOMES
K level
Semester : 06
Course Name : 22EE602 POWER ELECTRONICS
Year of study : 2024-25
CO1 Summarize the fundamental concepts of power K2
switching devices.

CO2 Analyse single phase power converter circuits and K4

their application.

CO3 Analyse three phase power converter circuits and K4

their application

CO4 Analyse switching regulator circuits and their K4

application.

CO5 Analyse various harmonic reduction techniques. K4

CO6 Develop skills to simulate converter circuits using K3

simulation software.

10
 PROGRAM OUTCOMES
a.Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
b.Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
c.Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural,societal, and
environmental considerations.
d.Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
e.Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
f.The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
g.Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
h.Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
i.Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
j.Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations,
and give and receive clear instructions.
k.Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
l. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change
PSO 1
Analyze, design and implement control, instrumentation and power systems for
satisfying industry needs.
PSO 2
Use modern tools and appropriate solutions for the real time problems for
promoting energy conservation and sustainability.
PSO 3
Possess the capacity to embrace new opportunities of emerging technologies,
leadership and teamwork opportunities, all affording sustainable engineering
career in Electrical and Electronics related fields.
 UNIT – V AC - DC CONVERTER

Deliver

Resourc
Pertaining
Proposed

Taxonomy
No
S.

Periods
No. of

M
Lecture
Topic

er
of

el
Actual

iv
D
d
o

y
es
date

Date
CO

level
1 Single phse and 1
LECTURE PLAN
Three phase AC CO1 K1 chalk & T1& R1
voltage controller talk

2 1
Control STratergy CO1 K2 chalk & T1& R1
talk

3 1 CO1 K2 chalk & T1& R1

Power Factor Control
talk

4 1
Multisequential
CO1 K2 chalk & T1& R1
control
talk

5 1
Single phase
CO1 K2 chalk & T2
cycloconvetrer
talk

6 1
Three phase
CO1 K2 chalk & T1 & T2
cycloventer
talk

7
Applications 1 CO1 K2 chalk & T1& R1
talk

8 1
Matrix converter CO1 K2 chalk & T1& R1
talk

9 1
welding application CO1 K2 chalk & T1& R1
talk
 UNIT V

AC-AC CONVERTERS

11
 ACTIVITY BASED LEARNING

 Compare the working, components used and cost of conventional fan

regulator with the latest regulators.

 Compare the speed control of Induction motor with AC voltage

controller and cycloconverter.

13
 Unit 5. AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

AC voltage controllers are thyristor based circuits which convert fixed alternating
voltage directly into variable alternating voltage without a change in the frequency.
Fig.5.1.Block diagram of AC voltage controller

Fig.5.1 ACVC Block diagram

1. TYPES OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS
The ac voltage controllers are classified into two types based on the type of input ac
supply applied to the circuit.
Single Phase AC Controllers.
Three Phase AC Controllers.
Single phase ac controllers operate with single phase ac supply voltage of 230V RMS
at 50Hz in India.
Three phase ac controllers operate with 3 phase ac supply of 400V RMS at 50Hz
supply frequency.

2. APPLICATIONS OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS

Lighting / Illumination control in ac power circuits.
Induction heating.
Industrial heating & Domestic heating.
Transformers tap changing (on load transformer tap changing).
Speed control of induction motors (single phase and poly phase ac induction motor
control).
AC magnet controls.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF ACVC
i) Half Wave (Unidirectional) ACVC
Ii) Full wave (Bi directional) ACVC
 5.3 SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER
• It consists of one thyristor in antiparallel with one diode.

• The SCR is forward biased during positive half cycle, it is turned on at firing angle
α.

• Load voltage at once jumps to Vm sinωt, likewise load current becomes Im sinα.

• Thyristor gets turned off at ωt = ∏ for R load. After ωt = ∏, negative half cycle
forward biases diode Dl, therefore Dl conducts from ωt= ∏ to 2∏.

• Only positive half cycle conduction can be controlled, by varying firing angle.
Negative half cycle cannot be controlled. So single-phase half wave voltage controller
is also called single phase unidirectional voltage controller. From the Figure 5.2 it is
understood that positive half cycle is not identical with negative half- cycle for both
voltage and current waveforms. As a result, dc component is present in the supply
and load circuits which is undesirable.
1 ) RMS VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF SINGLE PHASE UNIDIRECTIONAL
VOLTAGE CONTROLLER:

2). AVERAGE VALUE OF OUTPUT VOLTAGE:

3) DISADVANTAGES OF SINGLE PHASE HALF WAVE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER.

•The output load voltage has a DC component because the two halves of the output
voltage waveform are not symmetrical with respect to ‘0’ level. The input supply
current waveform also has a DC component (average value) which can result in the
problem of core saturation of the input supply transformer.
•The half wave ac voltage controller using a single thyristor and a single diode
provides control on the thyristor only in one half cycle of the input supply. Hence ac
power flow to the load can be controlled only in one half cycle.
•Half wave ac voltage controller gives limited range of RMS output voltage control.
Because the RMS value of ac output voltage can be varied from a maximum of 100%
of VS at a trigger angle α = 0 to a low of 70.7% of VS at α = π Radians. These
drawbacks of single phase half wave ac voltage controller can be over come by using a
single phase full wave ac voltage controller.
5.4 SINGLE PHASE FULL WAVE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

It consists of two SCRs connected in antiparallel.

During positive half cycle, T1 is triggered at firing angle , it conducts from wt = α
to ∏ for R load.
During negative half cycle,T2 is triggered at wt = ∏ + α,it conducts from rot = ∏
+ αto 2 ∏.

Fig.5.3.Single-phase full-wave ac voltage controller (a) Power-circuit

diagram and (b)Output voltage and current waveforms.
It has been stated above that ac voltage controllers are phase-controlled
converters, the phase relationship between the start of load current and the supply
voltage is controlled by varying the firing angle. These are called phase- controlled
ac voltage controllers or ac voltage controllers.
Single phase full-wave ac voltage controller is also called single phase bidirectional
voltage-controller.
Rms value of output voltage Vor and rms value of output current Ior

Average value of output voltage for single phase full wave AC voltage controller is
zero.
5.5 AC VOLTAGE CONTROL TECHNIQUES

There are two different types of thyristor control used in practice to control the
flow of ac power
1. Phase control
2. On-Off control
3. PHASE CONTROL TECHNIQUE
In phase control, the Thyristors are used as switches to connect the load circuit to
the input ac supply, for a part of every input cycle. ie., the ac supply voltage is
chopped using thyristors during a part of each input cycle. The thyristor switch is
turned on for a part of every half cycle, so that input supply voltage appears across
the load and then turned off during the remaining part of input half cycle to
disconnect the ac supply from the load. By controlling the phase angle or the trigger
angle ‘α’ (delay angle), the output RMS voltage across the load can be controlled.
2. INTEGRAL CYCLE CONTROL
Integral cycle control consists of switching on the supply to load for an integral
number of cycles and then switching off the supply for a further number of
integral cycles.

Fig.5.4.Integral cycle control

The principle of integral cycle control can be explained by referring to the above
Figure for a single phase voltage controller with resistive load. Gate pulses ig1 turn
on the thyristors Tl, T2 respectively at zero-voltage crossing of the supply voltage.
The source energises the load for n (= 3) cycles. When gate pulses are withdrawn,
load remains off for m (= 2) cycles. In this manner, process of turn on and turn off
is repeated for the control of load power. By varying the number of n and m cycles,
power delivered to load can be regulated as desired.
For n = 3 and m = 2. Power is delivered to load for n cycles. No power is
delivered to load for m cycles. It is the average power in the load that is controlled.
Integral cycle control is also known as on-off control, burst firing, zero-voltage
switching, cycle selection or cycle syncopation.
5.6 INTEGRAL CYCLE CONTROL

For integral cycle control the rms value of the output voltage Vor and rms value of
the output current Ior is
5.7 SINGLE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH
R LOAD

Single phase voltage controller feeding power to a resistive load R. A single phase
full wave ac voltage controller with a resistive load is shown in the figure below. It is
possible to control the ac power flow to the load in both the half cycles by adjusting
the trigger angle ' α' . Hence the full wave ac voltage controller is also referred to as
to a bidirectional controller. Two thyristors are connected in antiparallel.

Fig.5.4.(a)Single phase AC voltage controller with R load,(b)Voltage and current

waveforms
5.7.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

• Thyristors Tl and T2 are forward biased during positive and negative half cycles
respectively. During positive half cycle, Tl is triggered at a firing angle α.
• Tl starts conducting and source voltage is applied to load from αto ∏.
• At ∏, both Vo, io fall to zero, after ∏, Tl is subjected to reverse bias, it is therefore
turned off.
• During negative half cycle, T2 is triggered at (∏+ α).T2 conducts from ∏+ αto 2∏.
• After 2∏, T2 is subjected to a reverse bias, it is therefore commutated.
• Load and source currents have the same waveform.
• From zero to α,Tl is forward biased, VT1 =Vs as shown in fig.5.4(b). From α,Tl
conducts, VT1 is therefore about 1 V. After, Tl is reverse biased by source voltage,
therefore VT1 =Vs from ∏ to ∏+ α.
• From ∏+ α to 2 ∏, T2 conducts; Tl is therefore reverse biased by voltage drop
across T2 which is about 1 to 1.5 V. The voltage variation VT1 across SCR Tl and the
variation of voltage VT2 across T2 is shown in fig.5.4(b).
• voltage drop across thyristors Tl and T2 is purposely shown in fig.5.4(b) just to
highlight the duration of reverse bias across Tl and T2. Examination of the fig.5.4(b)
reveals that for any value of α,each thyristor is reverse biased for ∏ / w sec. There
is thus no restriction on the value of firing angle α.Firing angle can, therefore, be
controlled from zero to ∏ and rms output voltage from V to zero. Here Vs is the rms
value of source voltage.
• Circuit turn off time, tc = ∏ / w sec
• The fig.5.4(b) reveals that positive half-cycle is identical with negative half cycle for
both voltage and current waveforms.
• The power circuit of Single phase full wave voltage controller therefore, introduces
no direct component in the supply and load circuit. This circuit is thus more suited
to practical circuits than single-phase half-wave circuit.

• The Rms value of output voltage Vor, Rms value of output current Ior,the average
power delivered to the load ‘P’, maximum power delivered to the load when α
=0 ’Pmax’,Power factor (pf )
5.7.2 DERIVATIONOFOUPUTRMSVOLTAGE,CURRENT POWER
AND SUPPLYPF
 5.8 SINGLE-PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER WITH
RL LOAD

In practice most of the loads are of RL type. For example if we consider a single
phase full wave ac voltage controller controlling the speed of a single phase ac
induction motor, the load which is the induction motor winding is an RL type of load,
where R represents the motor winding resistance and L represents the motor
winding inductance.
A single phase full wave ac voltage controller circuit (bidirectional controller) with an
RL load using two thyristors T1 and T2 (T1 and T2 are two SCRs) connected in
parallel is shown in the figure 5.5(a).

Fig.5.5.(a) Single phase full wave AC voltage controller with RL

load,(b)Voltage and current waveforms
 5.8.1 PRINCIPLEOFOPERATION

The thyristor T1 is forward biased during the positive half cycle of input supply.T1 is
triggered at ωt=α, by applying a gate trigger pulse to T1 during the positive half cycle
of input supply. The output voltage across the load follows the input supply voltage
when T1 is ON. The load current Io flows through the thyristor T1 and through the
load. This load current pulse flowing through T1 can be considered as the positive
current pulse.
Due to the inductance in the load, the load current Io flowing through T1 would not
fall to zero at ωt = π , when the input supply voltage starts to become negative. The
thyristor T1 will continue to conduct the load current until all the inductive energy
stored in the load inductor L is completely utilized and the load current through T1
falls to zero at ωt= β, where βis referred to as the Extinction angle, (the value of ωt)
at which the load current falls to zero.
The extinction angle βis measured from the point of the beginning of the positive
half cycle of input supply to the point where the load current falls to zero. The
thyristor T1 conducts from ωt =αto β. The conduction angle of T1 is (δ= β−α), which
depends on the delay angle αand the load impedance angle φ.
The waveforms of the input supply voltage, the gate trigger pulses of T1 and T2 ,
the thyristor current, the load current and the load voltage waveforms appear as
shown in the figure 5.5(b).
After the commutation of Tl at β,a voltage of magnitude Vm sin β appears as a
reverse bias across TI and as a forward bias across T2.
From βto ∏+ α,no current exists in the power circuit, theretore, Vo = 0,
VT1 = -Vs and VT2 =Vs.
Thyristor T2 is turned on at (∏+ α)> β.Current Io =IT2 starts building up in the
reversed direction through the load. At 2 ∏ , Vs and Vo are zero but IT2 = Io is not
zero. At ∏+α+γ, iT2 = 0 and T2 is turned off because it is already reverse biased.
At (∏+α+γ), V m sin (∏+α+γ)appears as a forward bias across TI and as a reverse
bias across T2.
From (∏+α+γ) to (2∏+α), no current exists in the power circuit, Vo = 0, VT1 =Vs,
and VT2 =-Vs.
At (2∏+α), TI is turned on and current starts building up as before. When Tl
conducts, voltage drop across it appears as a reverse bias across T2. Similarly,
when T2 conducts, VT2 appears as a reverse bias across Tl.
circuit turn-off time tc for each SCR, for any firing angle α,is tc = ∏ /ωo sec.
5.9 THREE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

To control the current and voltage of three phase loads, Three Phase AC Voltage
Controller are required. The single phase controller described previously can be
introduced singly in each phase or line, to form a three phase controller. There
exist a variety of connections for Three Phase AC Voltage Controller.

Fig.5.6.Three phase four wire controller

A three phase four wire controller is shown in Fig 5.6. The load neutral and supply
neutral are connected together. Each of the three controllers can be independently
controlled to feed the load impedance. Each phase has the same relations as a
single phase controller. The neutral and line currents contain triplet harmonics
along with other odd harmonics.

Fig.5.7.Delta connected voltage controller

A similar connection, which can function as three groups of single phase
controllers, is shown in Fig.5.7. In this connection, three single phase converters
supplying their loads are connected in delta. Each controller supplies its own load.
Unlike the previous four wire star-connection, the triplen harmonics are absent
here. The other odd harmonics are present.
 Fig.5.8.Three phase, three wire star-connected controller,
Three phase, three wire star-connected controller is normally used when the
source neutral cannot be loaded or is absent. The load neutral is isolated.

Fig.5.9.Asymmetrical controlled three phase ac voltage controllers

A Three Phase AC Voltage Controller has symmetrical control if both the back to
back connected thyristors have the same firing angle. It has asymmetrical control
if the firing angles differ or if one of the thyristors is replaced by a diode, or if the
controllers are placed in only two of the three lines.
We now discuss the features of a symmetrically controlled three phase, three
wire, star-connected controller for both ohmic and inductive loads.

5.9.1 THREE PHASE AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER FEEDING

THREE PHASE, THREE WIRE STAR-CONNECTED R LOAD
The schematic of a three phase, three wire voltage controller feeding a three
phase, star-connected balanced resistance is shown in Fig. 5.10. Phase control of
the thyristors is employed. The phase and line voltages of the three phase system
are shown in Fig. 5.10. For a controller, the control pulse is of a long duration,
equal to the conduction period of the thyristor. This is to make sure that the firing
pulse is available at the gate whenever the thyristor is forward biased, so that the
thyristor can go into conduction. It also ensures the firing of the thyristor
whenever a forward current is expected. If, because of some circuit condition, the
current goes to zero the thyristor turns off. A lengthy pulse can bring it into
conduction. Further, slow building up of current in the load circuit when the
thyristor is fired (to give maximum load voltage) may cause the thyristor to go to
an off state if it is not fully turned on.
 Fig.5.10.Three phase ac voltage controller feeding a resistive load

For current to flow it is necessary to trigger at least two thyristors at a time.

If we define the instantaneous input phase voltages as:

van= Vm sin ωt

vbn= Vm sin (ωt - 2π / 3)

vcn= Vm sin (ωt - 4π / 3)

The instantaneous input line voltages are

v a b = 3 v a n = 3 v m s i n (ωt + π / 6 )

v b c = 3 v b n = 3 v m s i n ( ω t - π / 2 )

vca = 3 vcn = 3 vm sin (ωt - 7π/6)

The waveforms the input voltages, conduction angles of thyristors and output phase
voltages are shown in Fig.5.11 for α= 30˚
 For complete control of the thyristors using the triggering pattern shown each
thyristor must be triggered by two separated by 60 degree in time.
Hence we have generally three distinct ranges of firing angle:
1- Range (1) 0˚ ≤ α< 60˚
2- Range(2) 60˚ ≤ α< 90˚
3- Range (3) 90˚ ≤ α≤ 150˚
The R.M.S output voltage for a Y– connection loads are found to be:

5.10 POWER FACTOR CONTROL

Power factor control, also known as correction of power factor, is the process of reducing
the amount of reactive power. The power electronic device used in this case is called a
power factor controller (PFC). From the power triangle (which comprises reactive, true
and apparent power), the reactive power is at right angle (90°) to the true power and is
used to energize the magnetic field. Although reactive power does not have a real value
in electronic equipment, the bill for electricity comprises real and reactive power costs.
This makes it necessary to have power factor controllers in electronic devices.
Power factor (k) is defined as the ratio of the real power (in kW) to the reactive power
(in kVAr). Its value ranges from 0 to 1. If a device has a power factor of 0.8 and above,
it is said to be using power efficiently. Incorporating a PFC ensures the power factor
ranges from 0.95 to 0.99.
Power factor controllers are mainly in industrial equipment to minimize reactive power
generated by fluorescent lighting and electric motors. To ensure power factor is improved
without causing harmonic distortion, the conventional capacitors should not be used.
Instead, filters (combination of capacitors and reactors) for harmonic suppression are
used. The figure below shows a harmonic filter.
 Fig.5.12. Harmonic filter.
The above type of harmonic filter is referred to as a single tuned filter. A quality
factor Q of this filter is defined as quality factor of its reactance (XL) at Q (tuning
frequency) where Q is given by (nXL/R).
5.11 Multistage sequence control

When two or more sequence control stages are connected, it is possible to have
an improvement in power factor and further reduction in THD (total harmonic
distortion). An n-stage sequence control converter has n windings in the
transformer secondary part with each rated es/n (the source voltage).
1. Two stage sequence control of AC voltage regulators
Sequence control of ac voltage regulators are used for reduction of harmonics and
the improvement of system power factor in the input current & the output voltage.
Sequence control of ac regulators means the use of two or more stages of voltage
controllers in parallel for the regulation of output voltage. The sequence control of
ac voltage controllers can be used as voltage controllers in supply systems & for
the speed control of induction motors. These types of controllers are known as
synchronous tap changers or transformer tap changers.

Fig.5.13.a,b,c Two stage sequence controlled ac voltage controller with R

load and RL load
 Thyristors are used as static switches for on load changing of transformer
connections. Static connections changers have the advantage of very fast switching
action the change over can be controlled to cope with the load condition & is
smooth. The turns ratio of the input transformer are such that if the primary
instantaneous voltage is �� = 2�� sin 휔 = 2�� sin 휔 and Secondary
instantaneous voltages are, �� = 2�1sin 휔 = 2�2sin 휔 .

When thyristors T3 & T4 are alternately fired with delay angle of α=0, the load
voltage is Vo=V1. If full output voltage is required, thyristors T1 & T2 are alternately
fired with delay angle of α=0 and full vltage I Vo=V1+V2. The gating pulse of
thyristors can be controlled to vary the load voltage. The RMS value of load voltage
Vo can be varied within three possible ranges 0 < Vo < V1, 0 < Vo < (V1+V2), V1 <
Vo < (V1+V2)

Case1: 0 < Vo < V1

To vary the RMS voltage within this range, T1 & T2 are turned off. T3 & T4 can be
operated as a single phase ac voltage regulator. The RMS load voltage is given by,
Vo=V1[1/π(π-α+(sin2α/2))]1/2 and the firing angle range is 0<α< Vo < (V1+V2) T3 &
T4 are turned off. T1 & T2 operate as a single phase ac voltage regulator, the load
voltage is Vo=(V1+V2)[1/π(π-α+(sin2α/2))]1/2 .

Case2: V1 < Vo < (V1+V2)

• T3 is turned on at ωt=0 and the secondary voltage V1 appears across the load. If T1
is turned on at ωt=α,T3 is reverse biased due to secondary voltage V2 & T3 is turned
off. The voltage across the load is (V1+V2). At ωt=π, T1 is self commutated & T4 is
turned on. The secondary voltage V1 appears across the load until T1 is fired ωt=π+α,
t4 is turned off due to reverse voltage V2 and the load voltage is (V1+V2). At ωt=2π,
T2 is self commutated, T3 is turned on again the cycle is repeated. This type of
controller is also called as synchronous tap changer.
• The number of stages used in 2 stage control can be increased for harmonic and power
factor improvement.

Figure 5.

Fig.5.14.a,b,c Multi stage sequence controlled ac voltage controller

The transformer has n secondary windings. Each secondary is rated for Vs/n, where Vs is the
source voltage. The voltage of node p with respect to K is Vs.the load voltage at terminal Q
is (n-1)V3/n and so on. If voltage control from Vsk=(n- 3)Vs/n to Vrk=(n- 2)Vs/n is
required, then SCR pair $ is triggerer at α=0 and firing angle of SCR pair3 is controlled from
α=0 to 180 and all other SCRs are kept off. Similarly for controlling the voltage from Vqk=(n-
1)Vs/n to Vpk=Vs, SCR pair 2 is triggered at α=0, whereas for SCR pair 1, firing angle is
varied from 0 to 180 keeping the remaining (n-2) SCR pairs off. Thus the load voltage can
be varied from Vs/n to Vs by an appropriate control of triggering the adjacent SCR pairs. The
presence of harmonics in the output voltage depends upon the voltage variation. If this
voltage variation is a small fraction of the total output voltage, the harmonic content in the
output voltage is also small.
5.12 CYCLO CONVERTERS
Cyclo converters are frequency changers which convert AC power of specific frequency
and voltage to different frequency and voltage of AC power without any intermediate
DC link. (usually lower frequency).

A cyclo converter is a naturally commutated converter in which the output frequency

and voltage can be controlled independently and continuously using a control circuit.
Therefore, unlike other converters, it is a single stage frequency converter.

Fig.5.15 Block diagram of cyclo converter

CLASSIFICATION OF CYCLOCONVERTERS
A) According to the output frequency
Mainly there are two types according to the output frequency which are

Step-up cycloconverters (fo > fi)

Step-down cycloconverters (fo < fi)

1) Step-up cyclo converters (2) Step-down cyclo converters

i)Step Up cyclo converter − These types use natural commutation and give an output
at higher frequency than that of the input.

ii)Step Down cyclo converter − This type uses forced commutation and results in an
output with a frequency lower than that of the input.

B) According to number of i/p & o/p phases

Single phase to single-phase (1 to 1)

Three-phase to single-phase(3 to 1)

Three-phase to three-phase (3 to 3)
STEP UP CYCLOCONVERTER

Step-up cycloconverter is a single phase to single phase device which converts

input AC power at one frequency to output power at a higher frequency.
Working Principle of Step-up Cycloconverter:
The working principle of a step-up cycloconverter is based on switching of thyristors
in a proper sequence. The thyristor acts as a power switch. These switches are
arranged is a specific patter so that the output power is available for both the positive
and negative half of the input power supply. Forced commutation technique is used to
turn OFF the conducting thyristor.
Circuit Diagram

Fig. 5.16 Step Up Cycloconverter Circuit

Explanation of the Circuit
The circuit consists of a single phase transformer with mid tap on the secondary
winding and four thyristors. Two of these thyristors P1 & P2 are for positive group.
Here positive group means when either P1 or P2 conducts, the load voltage is positive.
Other two thyristors N1 & N2 are for negative group. Load is connected between
secondary winding mid-point O and terminal A. The load is assumed resistive for
simplicity. Assumed positive direction for voltage and current are marked in the circuit
diagram.
Operation of Step-up Cycloconverter
During the positive half cycle of input supply voltage, positive group thyristors P1 & N2
are forward biased for ωt = 0 to ωt = π. As such SCR P1 is fired to turn it ON at ωt = 0
such that load voltage is positive with terminal A positive and O negative. The load
voltage, thus, follows the positive envelop of the input supply voltage. At some time
instant ωt = ωt1, the conducting thyristor P1 is force commutated and the forward
biased thyristor N2 is fired to turn it ON. During the period N2 conducts, the load
voltage is negative because O is positive & A is negative this time. The load or output
voltage traces the negative envelop of the supply voltage.
At ωt = ωt2, N2 is force commutated and P1 is turned ON. The load voltage is now
positive and follows the positive envelop of the supply voltage. At ωt = π, terminal “b”
is positive with respect to terminal “a”; both SCRs P2 & N1 are therefore forward
biased from ωt = π to ωt = 2π. AT ωt = π, N2 is force commuated and forward biased
SCR P2 is turned ON. The load voltage is positive and follows the positive envelop of
supply voltage.

Fig.5.17 Step Up Cycloconverter Waveforms

At ωt = ωt2, N2 is force commutated and P1 is turned ON. The load voltage is now
positive and follows the positive envelop of the supply voltage. At ωt = π, terminal “b”
is positive with respect to terminal “a”; both SCRs P2 & N1 are therefore forward
biased from ωt = π to ωt = 2π. AT ωt = π, N2 is force commuated and forward biased
SCR P2 is turned ON. The load voltage is positive and follows the positive envelop of
supply voltage.

If the supply frequency is fs and output frequency is fo, P2 will be force commutated
at ωt= (1/2fs) + (1/2fo). Carefully note this from the waveform shown in the figure-2.

When P2 is force commutated, forward biased SCR N1 is turned ON. This time, the
load voltage is negative and follows the negative envelop of the supply input.

In this manner, SCRs P1, N2 for the first half cycle; P2, N1 in the second half cycle and
so on are switched alternately between positive and negative envelops at a high
frequency. This results in output frequency fo more than the input supply frequency
fs.
 STEP DOWN CYCLOCONVERTERS
In case of step-down cyclo-converter, the output frequency is limited to a fraction of
input frequency, typically it is below 20Hz in case 50Hz supply frequency. In this
case, no separate commutation circuits are needed as SCRs are line commutated
devices.

Figure 5.16 Voltage waveforms of step down cyclo converter

Step-down cyclo-converter circuits can be further classified into following types.

1. Single-phase to single-phase cyclo-converters
2. Three-phase to single-phase cyclo-converters
3. Three-phase to three-phase cyclo-converters
5.12.1 Single phase to Single phase Cyclo converter
It consists of back to back connected controlled rectifiers whose output voltage and
frequency can be controlled by tuning firing angles of rectifiers. With respect to the
connection of rectifiers, its structure can comprise of half-wave or full-wave bridge.

It consists of two full-wave, fully controlled bridge thyristors, where each bridge has
4 thyristors, and each bridge is connected in opposite direction (back to back) such
that both positive and negative voltages can be obtained as shown in figure below.
Both these bridges are excited by single phase, 50 Hz AC supply.

Bridge 1- +ve group converter supplies load current in the +ve half of the output
cycle and bridge 2 -ve group converter supplies load current in the negative half of
the output cycle.

The two bridges should not conduct together as this will produce a short circuit at
the output.
 Figure 5.18 a. single phase bridge type cyclo converter

5.12.1 OPERATION

MODE-1 : To get Positive half cycle of Output Voltage

During positive half cycle of the input voltage, positive converter (bridge-1) is turned ON
and it supplies the load current. During the +ve half cycle, 0 to π ,SCR P1 & P3 are
forward biased and are triggered at ωt=α. Then P1 & P3 are on state & the output is
positive. The current flows from V+-P1-R-P3-V-. at ωt=π, P1 & P2 are turned off. It rectifies
the input voltage and produce unidirectional output voltage as we can observe four
positive half cycles .

During negative half cycle of the input, negative bridge is turned ON and it supplies load
current. During –ve half of the cycle, π to 2π, SCR P3 & P4 are forward biased and is
triggered at ωt=π+α. Then P2 & P4 are in on state. Again the output voltage & current is
positive. Current flow is through V+-P3-R-P4-V-. at ωt=2π , SCR P2 & P4 are turned off due
to natural commutation.

Both converters should not conduct together that cause short circuit at the input.To avoid
this, triggering to thyristors of bridge-2 is inhibited during positive half cycle of load
current, while triggering is applied to the thyristors of bridge-1 at their gates. During
negative half cycle of load current, triggering to positive bridge is inhibited while applying
triggering to negative bridge.

By controlling the switching period of thyristors, time periods of both positive and negative
half cycles are changed and hence the frequency. This frequency of fundamental output
voltage can be easily reduced in steps, i.e., 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and so on.
MODE-2: To get Negative half cycle of Output Voltage
Now bridge 2 can be operated and the output is negative. During +ve half cycle 2π to
3π, SCR N1 & N3 are forward biased. It is triggered at ωt=2π+ α.Then it comes to on
state. The current flows through B-N1-R-N3-C. the output voltage & current is negative.
At ωt=3π SCR N1 & N3 are turned off due to natural commutation.

During negative half cycle 3π to 4π, SCR N2 & N4 are forward biased. It is triggered at
ωt=3π+α. Then it comes to on state. The current flows through C-N3-R-N4-B. now
negative voltage & current is got as the output. At ωt=4π, SCR N2 & N4 are turned off
due to natural commutation.

Now bridge 1 can be operated to get the positive output voltage. This cycle is
repeated. The below figure shows the output waveform for fo=fs/3 and fs/4

Figure 5.18.b. wave forms of cyclo converter

5.12.2 Three-Phase to Single-Phase Cyclo converters

A three-phase to single phase cyclo converter also consists of positive and negative
group thyristors. Positive converters will provide positive current and negative
converters will provide negative current to the load.

.These cyclo-converters can be half-wave or full bridge converters as shown in Fig.

Like single phase cyclo-converters, these also produce a rectified voltage at the load
terminals by each group of thyristors.

At any time, one converter will operate. The circuit of half wave and full wave cyclo
converters are shown below.

Figure 5.20 schematic and circuit diagram of 3phase to single phase cyclo
converter
During positive half cycle of the input, conduction of the positive group thyristors is
controlled and during negative half-cycle, conduction of negative group of thyristors
is controlled in order to produce an output voltage at desired frequency.

OPERATION

The firing angle (α)of two converters is first decreased starting from the initial value
of 90° to the final value of 0°, and then again increased to the final value of 90° , as
shown in Fig. below Also, for positive half cycle of the output voltage waveforrn,
bridge 1 is used, while bridge 2 is used for negative half cycle. The two half cycles
are combined to form one complete cycle of the output voltage, the frequency
being decided by the number of half cycles of input voltage waveform used for each
half cycle of the output. As more no. of segments of near 60°(π/6} is used, the
output voltage waveform becomes near sinusoidal, with its frequency also being
reduced.

The initial value of firing angle delay is kept at α1≈ 90° , such the average value (dc)
of the output voltage in this interval of near 60°( π/6) [Vav= cos α1= cos 90°
= 0, is zero. It may be noted that the next thyristor in sequence is triggered at
α2<90°, as the firing angle is decreased for each segment, to obtain higher voltage
Vavα cos α2 = +ve , to form the sine waveat the output. This can be observed from
the points, M, N, O, P, Q, R & S, shown in Fig.

From these segments, the first quarter cycle of the output voltage waveform from
0° to 90°, is obtained. The second quarter cycle of the above waveform from 90°
to180° , is obtained, using the segments starting from the points, T, U, V, W,X &Y
. lt may be noted that the firing angle delay at the point, Y is α= 90° , and also the
firing angle is increased from 0° (T) to 90° (Y) in this interval. When the firing angle
delay is 0° , the average value of the segment is Vav αcos α=cos 0° = 1.0. The two
quarter cycles form the positive half cycle of the output voltage waveform. In this
region, the bridge l (positive) is used.
To obtain the negative half cycle of the output voltage waveform (180° - 360°), the
other bridge converter (#2) termed negative (B) is used in the same manner as
given earlier, i.e. its firing angle delay ((1) is first decreased starting from the initial
value of 90° to the final value of 0° , and then again increased to the finalvalue of
90°.the two half cycles together form the complete cycle of the output voltage
waveform.

In a bridge type of cyclo-converter, both positive and negative converters can

generate voltages at either polarity, but negative converter only supplies negative
current while positive converter supply positive current.

Therefore, the cyclo-converter can operate in four quadrants, i.e., rectification

modes of (+V, +i) and (-V, -i) and inversion modes of (+V, -i) and (-V, +i)

Figure 5.21 Output Voltage form

The above figure shows the conversion of three phase supply at one frequency to
single phase supply of lower frequency. In this, the firing angle to a positive group
of thyristors is varied progressively to produce single phase output voltage.

At point M, the firing angle is 90 degrees and it is reduced till point S where it is
zero. Again from point T to Y, the delay angle is progressively increased.

This varied triggering signals to the thyristors, varies its conduction time periods
and hence the frequency of the output voltage.
 Figure 5. 22 (a) Voltage (b) Current waveforms of a 3 phase to single phase
cyclo converter

5.12.3 Three Phase to Three Phase Cyclo converters

These are obtained by connecting 3 three-phase to single-phase cyclo-converters to
the load. These converters can be connected in star or delta. Output of these
converters can be connected in wye and delta.

These are used in ac machine drive systems running three phase synchronous and
induction machines

A cyclo converter can supply lagging, leading, or unity power factor loads while its
input is always lagging

Cyclo converters are used in Scherbius drives for speed control purposes driving
wound rotor induction motors.
 The phase of output voltages are 120o shifted from each other. The circuit diagram is shown
below.

Figure 5.22 a, b schematic and circuit diagram of 3phase to 3phase Cyclo converter

This converter consists of six groups of converter circuits where three groups are called as
positive group while other three are negative group.

Mainly there are two types according to the mode of operation which are showing
below.

1. Blocking mode Cycloconverters

2. Circulating current Cycloconverters

I. Blocking Mode Cycloconverter

• Here, the positive converter will provide the necessary voltage when there is positive
load current. At that time, the negative converter will be in the blocked condition.
During the negative load current, the negative converter will provide the necessary
voltage and at that time, the negative converter will be in the blocked condition. This
type of operation is known as blocking mode operation and the converters which use
this method of operation are termed as blocking mode cycloconverters. There is no
need of intergroup reactors because only one converter is working at a time. Cost and
size of these converters are low. These converters are most commonly used.
 Figure 5.23 circuit diagram of 3phase to 3phase Cyclo converter

Types

1)The Half wave converter model: also called as 18-thyristor Cyclo converters or 3-pulse
Cyclo converters.

2) The full wave converter: called as 6-pulse Cyclo converters or 36-thyristor Cyclo
converters.

Figure 5.23 a, b Modes of 3phase to 3phase Cyclo converter

5.13 Equation of Output Voltage of a Cyclo converter
2�
• In 3 phase converter, each phase conducts for radians
3
2�
• In m phase converter each phase conducts for radians
�

Figure 5.24 Cyclo converter with conduction angle

 5.14 Application

1. Grinding Mills

2. Heavy Washing Machines

3. Mine Winders

4. HVDC Power lines

5. Aircraft Power supply

6. SVG (Static VAR Generators)

7. Ship Propulsion system

5.15 MATRIX CONVERTER

Features
Direct AC / AC Conversion.

No DC Link

Less bulky (compact motor drives) – Safer (hostile environments: aircraft,

submarine…)

• Bidirectional power flow. 4 quadrant converter

•No restriction on input and output frequency within limits imposed by switching
frequency

• Sinusoidal input and output currents waveforms • 9 bidirectional switches.

Standard: – Wind/Water Force Machines (blowers, boilers, incinerators), pumps,

and general Industrial Machines.

•Specific Applications: – Compact or Integrated Motor Drives – Motor Drives for

hostile environments (aircrafts, submarines) – AC/AC Power Conversions: wind
energy, variable speed drives...

• Still a topic of research

 Figure 5.26 Matrix converter-circuit diagram

AC / AC direct electrical power conversion

• MXN , inputs & outputs. Figure corresponds to the 3 X 3
• Variable frequency and variable voltage

5.15.1 Fundamental operation

5.15.1 Model
5.16 WELDING

Power sources will require either a single or three phase supply at the voltage of the
country in which it is intended to be used. Most equipment is provided with a
series of voltage tappings and these may need to be adjusted to match the supply
voltage. In the UK and the rest of Europe the supply voltages are now 230V AC
single phase and 400V AC three phase. In other parts of the world, different supply
voltages occur and may vary between regions. In some countries, 220V AC three
phase may be encountered. Three phase supplies may be limited to 30A, but higher
power welding equipment may require a 45A or even a 60A supply.

From 1999, equipment started to appear with an effective current rating on the
rating plate. This value should be used to determine the cable size and fusing
requirements. However, national wiring regulations should always be followed.

Particular attention should be paid to the supply requirements for single phase
equipment. In many parts of Europe the 230V supply is 16A, but in the UK the
standard plug is only 13A. Therefore, the relatively low power output of this type of
equipment is further reduced if a 13A plug is fitted, so a dedicated circuit may be
required. In some parts of the world the single phase mains supply may be further
limited in current, but generally in these countries, three phase supplies will be
readily available. Another problem to be wary of is imbalance in the supply, if high
powered equipment is connected between two phases of a three phase supply. If
more than one power source is installed they should be connected between
different phases.

Apart from the obvious hazards of overloading a supply, e.g. overheating and
blowing fuses, problems with other equipment may be caused. If the supply has a
high impedance (commonly known as soft) as may be the case in overhead cables,
a high current draw may cause the voltage of the supply to fall below levels which
may cause problems with other equipment.
 AC-AC converter for Welding Application

• Welding is an integral and energy intensive part of the construction,

manufacturing, and maintenance industries

• To weld two plates ie work pieces, the melting energy is provided by establishing
an arc between two electrodes, where one of them is the metallic workpiece being
welded.

• There are several technologies for electric arc welding, each with their own unique
power quality requirements

• Welding technologies such as metal inert gas (MIG), Tungsten inert gas (TIG) and
submerged arc welding (SAW) requires constant voltage power supply.

Power Supplies for Electric Arc Welding

 power supplies for electric arc welding provide a CC/CV constant current/constant
voltage output that may be either AC or DC

 They are particularly well adapted for submerged arc welding.

 Constant voltage (CV) DCsources were used for the constant speed wire electrode feeders

 DC power supplies pose arc blow issues. Arc blow is less of a problem when using
an AC power supply (because there is not a DC arc current). A sinusoidal output
does not always perform well in sub arc welding processes because the sinusoidal
wave exhibits a slow zero crossover which may result in arc rectification.

 For sub arc welding, an AC power source which receives a three phase input and
provides a single phase AC output, having relatively fast zero crossings, at a
frequency 1.5 times the input frequency. (step up CC)

 a welding power supply comprising a step-up cycloconverter having at least one

control input and a controller coupled to the control input.
 Video Links

S.No
S.No Topic Topic Link Link

1.
1. SCR operation
Single phase cyclo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUuHMuyNrgU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKJYX73kZq4
converter
2.
2.
3.
MOSFET Operation

converter
IGBT Operation
Video Links
Three phase cyclo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bfvyj88Hs_o
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28hYXNMAifY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ng7vlLnabVU
3. Matrix Converter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MfuG4bz460k

54
 E-Book LINKS
E-book for reference
TEXT BOOKS:
1. M.H. Rashid, ‘Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and
Applications’, Pearson Education, Third Edition, New
Delhi, 2004.
2.P.S.Bimbra “Power Electronics” Khanna Publishers, third
Edition, 2003.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1rEbVIDnjNIdnQu5otp6cbIq
jfC5WXqJk?usp=sharing

55
 ASSIGNMENT ON INVERTERS

 Design a circuit to illuminate a 230v ACFEDbulb and

regulate the illumination using single phase regulator.
 Design a circuit to control a 230v ACFEDfan and regulate
the speed using single phase regulator.
 Online Certification Courses
S.No Course Course Name Link
Conducted
By
1 NPTEL Design of power https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc
Electronics Converters 22_ee33

2 Coursera Introduction to Power https://www.coursera.org/learn/pow

Electronics er-electronics

55
 13. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)
Sl.NO. Content CO level K Level

1 What is meant by inverter? CO4 K3

A device that converts dc power into ac power at
desired output voltage and
frequency is called an inverter.

2 What are the applications of an inverter? CO4 K2

Adjustable speed drives
Induction heating
Stand-by aircraft power supplies
UPS
HVDC transmission

3 What are the main classification of inverter? CO4 K3

Voltage Source Inverter
Current Source Inverter

4 Why thyristors are not preferred for inverters? CO4 K3

Thyristors require extra commutation circuits for
turn off which results in increased complexity of the
circuit. For these reasons thyristors are not
preferred for inverters.

5 How output frequency is varied in case of a CO4 K3

thyristor?
The output frequency is varied by varying the
turn off time of the thyristors in the inverter
circuit, i.e. the delay angle of the thyristors is
varied.
6 How output frequency is varied in case of a CO4 K3
thyristor?
The output frequency is varied by varying the
turn off time of the thyristors in the inverter
circuit, i.e. the delay angle of the thyristors is
varied.
7 Give two advantages of CSI. CO4 K3

CSI does not require any feedback diodes.

Commutation circuit is simple as it involves only

thyristors.
 13. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)
Sl.NO. Content CO level K Level

8 What are the applications of a CSI? CO4 K3

Induction heating
Lagging VAR compensation
Speed control of ac motors
Synchronous motor starting.
9 What is meant by PWM control? CO4 K2
In this method, a fixed dc input voltage is
given to the inverter and a controlled ac
output voltage is obtained by adjusting the
on and off periods of the inverter
components. This is the most popular
method of controlling the output voltage
and this method is termed as PWM control
10 What are the advantages of PWM control? CO4 K3

The output voltage can be obtained without any

additional components.

Lower order harmonics can be eliminated or

minimized along with its
output voltage control. As the higher order
harmonics can be filtered easily, the
filtering requirements are minimized.

11 What are the disadvantages of theharmonics CO4 K3

present in the inverter system?
a.Harmonic currents will lead to excessive
heating in the induction motors.
This will reduce the load carrying capacity of
the motor.

12 Why thyristors are not preferred for inverters? CO4 K3

Thyristors require extra commutation circuits for
turn off which results in increased complexity of the
circuit. For these reasons thyristors are not
preferred for inverters.

13 How output frequency is varied in case of a CO4 K3

thyristor?
The output frequency is varied by varying the
turn off time of the thyristors in the inverter
circuit, i.e. the delay angle of the thyristors is
varied.
 13. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)
Sl.NO. Content CO level K Level

14 What is meant By commutation? CO4 K3

It is the process of changing the direction of current
flow in a particular path of the circuit.This process is
used in thyristors for turning it off.
15 What is meant By natural commutation? CO4 K2

Were the current flowing through the thyristors

goes through a natural Gero and enable
thethyristors to turn off.
16 What is meant By forced commutation? CO4 K3

In this commutation& the current flowing through

the thyristors is forced to become Gero bye5ternal
circuitry
17 What is meant 5y inverter? CO4 K3
A device that converts dc power into ac power at
desired output voltage and frequency iscalled an
inverte

18 What are the applications of an inverter? CO4 K3

•Adjustable speed drives
•Induction heating and by aircraft power supplies
•C transmission

19 What is the main classification of inverter? CO4 K3

•Voltage Source Inverter
•Current Source Inverter

20 Why thyristors are not preferred for inverters? CO4 K3

Thyristors require e5tra commutation circuits for
turn off which results in decreasedcomple5ity of
the circuit. )or these reasons thyristors are not
preferred for inverters.
21 How output frequency is varied in case of a CO4 K3
thyristor?
The output frequency is varied by varying the turn
off time of the thyristors in the inverter circuit& i.e.
the delay angle of the thyristors is varied.
22 What is the main draw5ac9 of a single phase half CO4 K3
5ridge inverter?
It requires a :0wire dc supply
 13. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)
Sl.NO. Content CO level K Level

23 What types of inverters re>uire feed5ac9 diodes? CO4 K3

VSI and RL load

24 What is meant a series inverter? CO4 K2

An inverter in which the commutating elements are
connected in series with the load iscalled a series
inverter.

25 What is meant a parallel inverter? CO4 K3

An inverter in which the commutating elements are
connected in parallel with the load iscalled a
parallel inverter

26 What are the applications of a series inverter? CO4 K3

The thyristorised series inverter produces an
appro5imately sinusoidal waveform at a highoutput
frequency& ranging from -88 <G to ,88k<G. It is
commonly used for fi5ed outputapplications such

27 What is meant 5y 6W( control? CO4 K3

In this method& a fi5ed dc input voltage is given
to the inverter and a controlled ac outputvoltage is
obtained by adjusting the on and off periods of the
inverter components. This is the most popular
method of controlling the output voltage and this
method is termed as P;' control
28 What are the advantages of 6W( control? CO4 K3
The output voltage can be obtained without any
additional components. /ower order harmonics can
be eliminated or minimiGed along with its output
voltage control. As the higher order harmonics can
be filtered easily& the filtering requirements are
minimiGed
29 What are the disadvantages of PWW control? CO4 K3
SCR are expensive as they must possess low
turn0on and turn0off times.

30 Why is series inverter called so? CO4 K3

The resonating components and switching devices
are placed in series with load to form anunder
damped circuit. This circuit is called as series
inverter
 QUESTIONS BANK
PART-B
S PART-B QUESTIONS K CO
NO level level
1. Explain the operation of single phase full bridge Inverter with K2 CO4

neat circuit diagram and waveform for R, RL loads. Also

derive the expression for RMS output voltage.

2. Explain the operation of single phase half bridge Inverter with K2 CO4

neat circuit diagram and waveform for R, RL ,RLC loads. Also

derive the expression for RMS output voltage.

3. Explain the operation of 180° conduction mode of three K2 CO4

phase bridge voltage source inverter with neat circuit and
waveform.

4. Explain the operation of 120° conduction mode of three K2 CO4

phase bridge voltage source inverter with neat circuit and

waveform.

5. Explain various PWM techniques in detail. K2 CO4

6. What are the various voltage control techniques of single K2 CO4

phase inverters? Explain in detail.

7. Explain the various harmonics elimination methods in K2 CO4

detail.(9)
Explain in detail about UPS(6)

8. Explain the principle of operation of single phase auto K3 CO4

sequentially commutated CSI (ASC CSI) with a neat circuit.

Draw the equivalent circuits and relevant wave forms (15)
 S PART-C QUESTIONS CO K
NO level level
9. (i) The single phase full bridge inverter has resistive load of K3 CO4

R=3.4 ohm and dc input voltage is 54V. Determine rms

output voltage at the fundamental frequency, output power
and the total harmonic distortion. (8)
(ii) Explain in detail about UPS (7)

10. (i) The single phase half bridge inverter has resistive load of K3 CO4

R=20 ohm and dc input voltage is 220v. Determine rms

output voltage, average value, rms current and output
power.(8)
(ii) Explain in detail about UPS (7)

11 A single phase full bridge inverter has RLC load. The dc input K3 CO4

voltage is 230 V and the output frequency is 50 Hz. Find the

expression for the load voltage up to the fifth harmonic.

12 Explain the operation of 120° conduction mode of three CO4

phase bridge voltage source inverter with neat circuit and

waveform.

13 Explain various PWM techniques in detail. CO4

14 What are the various voltage control techniques of single CO4

phase inverters? Explain in detail.

15 Explain the various harmonics elimination methods in CO4

detail.(9)
Explain in detail about UPS(6)
 S PART-C QUESTIONS CO K
NO level level
16 With a neat sketch and output voltage waveforms& explain K3 CO4
the working of three phase bridgeinverter in , 8 degree mode
of operation
17 Discuss the different modes of operation of series resonant K3 CO4
inverter with unidirectionalswitch with neat circuit diagram
and waveforms
18 Describe the working of a ,single phase full bridge inverter K3 CO4
with relevant circuit and waveforms.
19 What is PWM ? List the various PWM techniques and explain CO4
any one of them
20 Explain the <armonic reduction by transformer corner lines CO4
and stepped wave inverters
 REALTIME APPLICATIONIN DAYTODAYLIFE
AND INDUSTRY
APPLICATIONS OF AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLERS
• Lighting / Illumination control in ac power circuits.
• Induction heating.
• Industrial heating & Domestic heating.
• Transformer tap changing (on load transformer tap changing).
•Speed control of induction motors (single phase and poly phase ac
induction motor control)
. • AC magnet controls.
What are the applications of cyclo converter?
A cycloconverter converts an AC waveform, such as the mains supply, to another AC
waveform of a lower frequency, synthesizing the output waveform from segments of
the AC supply without an intermediate direct-
current link. Cycloverters are used in very large variable frequency drives, with ratings of
several megawatts. They are used in the induction heating, and in high power
applications. A cycloconverter is a type of power controlled in which an alternating
voltage at supply frequency is converted directly to an alternating voltage at load
frequency without any intermediate d.c stage. A cycloconverter is to controlled through
the timing of its firing pulses, so that it produces an alternating output voltage. By
controlling the frequency and depth of phase modulation of the firing angles of the
converters, it is possible to control the frequency and amplitude of the output voltage.

The Power Quality Impact of Cycloconverter Control Strategies

Review of Isolated Matrix Inverters: Topologies, Modulation Methods and
Applications
 CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS

SNo CONTENTDELIVERY OUT COME

1. Topologies of matrix converter Research ideas for projects

 18. Assessment Schedule
(Proposed Date & Actual Date)

Sl Examination Proposed Date Actual Date

No
1 First Internal Assessment Test As Per Academic
calender

2 Second Internal Assessment As Per Academic

Test calender

3 Model Exam As Per Academic

calender
 PRESCRIBED TEXT BOOKS & REFERENCE BOOKS

TEXT BOOKS:

1.M.H. Rashid, ‘Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices and Applications’, Pearson

Education, Third Edition, New Delhi, 2004.

2. P.S.Bimbra “Power Electronics” Khanna Publishers, third Edition, 2003.

3.Ashfaq Ahmed ‘Power Electronics for Technology’, Pearson Education, Indian

reprint, 2003.

REFERENCES

1.Joseph Vithayathil,’ Power Electronics, Principles and Applications’, McGraw Hill

Series, 6th Reprint, 2013.

2.Philip T.Krein, “Elements of Power Electronics” Oxford University Press, 2004

Edition.

3. L. Umanand, “Power Electronics Essentials and Applications”, Wiley, 2010.

4.Ned Mohan Tore. M. Undel and, William. P. Robbins, ‘Power Electronics:

Converters, Applications and Design’, John Wiley and sons, third edition, 2003.

5. S.Rama Reddy, ‘Fundamentals of Power Electronics’, Narosa Publications, 2014.

6.M.D. Singh and K.B. Khanchandani, “Power Electronics,” Mc Graw Hill India,
2013.

7.JP Agarwal,” Power Electronic Systems: Theory and Design” 1e, Pearson
Education, 2002.

8. Mehrdad Ehsani, Texas A&M University, Yimin Gao, Texas A&M University,
Sebastien E. Gay, Texas A&M University and Ali Emadi, Illinois Institute of,
Technology ‘Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles’
Fundamentals, Theory, and Design’ , CRCPress, 2004
 MINI PROJECTS SUGGESTIONS

 High Power Car Voltage Regulator

 12V Voltage Regulated Charger
 12V to 6V Converter.
 Thank you

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