Short notes for revision

簡易温習筆記
Unit 6 (Bilingual version)
第 6 課（中英對照版）
 6 Matter as particles

6.1 Matter and particle theory (Book 1B, p. 164–177)

1 Matter is anything which has mass and takes up space.

2 The particle theory can be summarized as follows:

• All matter is made up of particles.
• The particles are tiny.
• The particles are moving randomly all the time.
• There are empty spaces between the particles.
• Different substances are made up of different particles.
• Different particles have different sizes and masses.

3 The particles that make up matter can be atoms or molecules.

4 Atom is the basic unit of matter.

5 Most molecules are formed from two or more atoms. The atoms in molecules can be of the
same kind or of different kinds.

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 6 物質的粒子觀

6.1 物質與粒子理論（第 1B 冊，p. 164–177）

1 任何具有質量和佔有空間的東西都是物質。

2 粒子理論有以下要點：
• 所有物質都由粒子組成。
• 粒子非常細小。
• 粒子不停在隨機運動。
• 粒子與粒子之間有空間。
• 不同種類的物質由不同種類的粒子組成。
• 不同種類的粒子各有不同的大小和質量。

3 組成物質的粒子可以是原子，也可以是分子。

4 原子是物質的基本單位。

5 大多數分子由兩個或以上原子組成，每個分子內的原子種類可以相同，也可以不同。

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 6 Matter as particles

6.2 Particle model (Book 1B, p. 178–185)

1 Matter commonly exists in three states: solid state, liquid state and gas state.

2 The particle model helps describe the arrangement and movement of particles in solids,
liquids and gases.

3 Key features of particles in the three states of matter:

State of matter Arrangement of particles Movement of particles

Solid • Particles are closely packed and • Each particle vibrates
arranged in a regular pattern. about a fixed position.
• The spaces between particles
are small.

Liquid • Particles are closely packed but • Particles move around

not arranged regularly. easily.
• The spaces between particles
are small.

Gas • Particles are far apart. • Particles move freely

• The spaces between particles in all directions.
are large.

4 Properties of solids, liquids and gases:

• Solids have a fixed shape because their particles are in fixed position and cannot move
around.
• Liquids and gases do not have a fixed shape because their particles can move around.
• Solids and liquids have a fixed volume because their particles are closely packed.
• Gases do not have a fixed volume because their particles are far apart.

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 6 物質的粒子觀

6.2 粒子模型（第 1B 冊，p. 178–185）

1 物質有三態，分別是固態、液態和氣態。

2 粒子模型有助描述粒子在固態、液態和氣態中的運動和排佈方式。

3 三態中粒子的關鍵特點：

不同物態的物質 粒子的排佈方式 粒子的運動方式

固體 • 粒子排列得緊密而 • 每個粒子只能在固定
有規律。 的位置上振動。
• 粒子與粒子之間的空間
很小。

液體 • 粒子排列得很緊密但 • 每個粒子能輕易地在
不規律。 其他粒子之間移動。
• 粒子與粒子之間的空間
很小。

氣體 • 粒子相距很遠。 • 每個粒子能向各方
• 粒子與粒子之間的空間 自由移動。
很大。

4 固體、液體和氣體的特性：
• 固體中的粒子位置固定，它們不能到處移動，因此固體有固定的形狀。
• 液體和氣體中的粒子能移動到其他位置，因此液體和氣體都沒有固定的形狀。
• 固體和液體中的粒子互相緊靠，因此固體和液體都有固定的體積。
• 氣體中的粒子相距很遠，因此氣體沒有固定的體積。

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 6 Matter as particles

6.3 Dissolving (Book 1B, p. 186–193)

1 During dissolving, the solute particles move apart and become evenly distributed among
the solvent particles.

crystal
particle

water
particle
The crystal particles are The crystal particles The crystal particles are
surrounded and collided move apart and mix evenly distributed
by the water particles. with the water particles. among the water particles.
The colour of the solution
becomes uniform.

2 The total mass of the solute and solvent does not change in dissolving. In other words, mass
is conserved.

Mass of solute + mass of solvent = mass of solution

3 The volume of the final solution may be different from the sum of the volume of the solute
and the solvent.

6.4 Thermal expansion and contraction (Book 1B, p. 194–204)

1 Most substances expand when they are heated. They contract when they are cooled. This is
called thermal expansion and contraction.

2 The movement of particles is affected by temperature. At higher temperature, the particles

move faster; at lower temperature, the particles move slower.

low high
temperature

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 6 物質的粒子觀

6.3 溶 解（第 1B 冊，p. 186–193）

1 溶解發生時，溶質的粒子在溶劑中散開，並均勻分佈在溶劑粒子之間。

晶體粒子

水粒子

水粒子包圍並不斷 晶體粒子逐漸散開， 最終晶體粒子均勻分佈

碰撞晶體粒子。 並且與水粒子混和。 在水粒子之間，溶液的
顏色變得均勻。

2 溶解發生時，溶質和溶劑的的·總質量不變，即質量守恆。

溶質的質量 + 溶劑的質量 = 溶液的質量

3 最終溶液的體積或不等於溶質和溶劑體積的總和。

6.4 熱脹冷縮（第 1B 冊，p. 194–204）

1 大多數物質受熱時會膨脹，遇冷時會收縮，這個現象稱為熱脹冷縮。

2 粒子的運動會受温度影響。在較高温度下，粒子運動得較快；在較低温度下，粒子運
動得較慢。

較低 較高
温度

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 6 Matter as particles

3 The particles of a substance move faster during heating. This causes the spaces between the
particles to increase. As a result, the substance expands.
The particles of a substance move slower during cooling. This causes the spaces between the
particles to decrease. As a result, the substance contracts.

heating

cooling

The particles lose energy The particles gain energy

and move slower. The and move faster. The
spaces between particles spaces between particles
become smaller. become larger.

4 Thermal expansion and contraction only changes the volume of a substance, not its mass.

5 The size of the particles of a substance does not change during thermal expansion and
contraction. The substance expands because the spaces between its particles increase; the
substance contracts because the spaces between its particles decrease.

6 Different substances expand to different extents when heated. In general, gases expand more
than liquids and liquids expand more than solids.

7 Daily applications of thermal expansion and contraction:

• Liquid-in-glass thermometers
When temperature increases, the liquid (e.g. alcohol) inside the narrow tube of the
thermometer expands and rises. The temperature can then be read from the scale.
• Dental filling materials
They should expand and contract at a similar rate as the teeth. Otherwise, cracks might
occur in the fillings when they come in contact with cold or hot food or drinks.
• Opening jar lids
The jar is inverted and just the lid is dipped in hot water. After some time, the lid can be
opened easily as the lid gets slightly expanded.

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 6 物質的粒子觀

3 物質受熱時，物質粒子的運動加快，導致粒子與粒子之間的距離增加，物質因為膨脹。
物質冷卻時，物質粒子的運動減慢，導致粒子與粒子之間的距離減少，物質因而收縮。

受熱

冷卻

粒子的能量減少，運動減慢。 粒子的能量增加，運動加快。
粒子與粒子之間的距離減小。 粒子與粒子之間的距離增加。

4 物質的熱脹冷縮現象只會改變物質的體積，而不會改變物質的質量。

5 物質粒子的大小在熱脹冷縮的過程中不會發生變化。物質受熱膨脹是因為它的粒子之
間的距離增加；物質冷卻收縮是因為它的粒子之間的距離減少。

6 不同物質受熱的膨脹幅度各異。整體來說，氣體受熱時的膨脹幅度比液體大。

7 熱脹冷縮的日常應用：
• 玻管液體温度計
温度上升時，温度計玻璃幼管內的液體（例如酒精）會膨脹，液面因而上升。液面
在刻度上的位置顯示當時的温度。
• 填補蛀牙的物料
填補蛀牙的物料的膨脹和收縮程度必須與牙齒相同。否則，當牙齒接觸冷熱食物
或飲品時，填補蛀牙的物料與牙齒之間便可能出現裂縫。
• 打開瓶蓋
先把玻璃瓶倒置，再把金屬蓋浸入熱水一會兒，待金屬蓋稍微膨脹後，便可以輕
易地打開玻璃瓶。

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 6 Matter as particles

• Fire sprinklers
The glass bulb blocks and holds the water inside the water pipe hiding in the ceiling.
The increase in temperature makes the alcohol in the bulb expand and breaks the glass
bulb. This allows water to flow out of the sprinkler for putting out the fire.
• Thermostats
Thermostats can turn the appliances on or off when they reach a certain temperature.
Some thermostats contain a bimetallic strip. When the strip is heated, it bends because
the two metals in the strip expand in different amounts. This separates the contacts and
cuts the power. For example, in an electric iron:

• The bimetallic strip straightens when cooled.

The circuit is completed. The iron is turned on.

power cable

heater

bimetallic strip

• The bimetallic strip bends when heated.

The circuit breaks. The iron is turned off.

8 Problems caused by thermal expansion and contraction:

• Roads may crack when they expand in hot weather or contract in cold weather.
Expansion gaps are left on road surface to allow for expansion and contraction of
the road.
• Overhead power cables are kept slack to allow for contraction. This makes sure that the
cables will not become too tight or break in cold winters.
• Oil pipelines are made bent to prevent cracking when hot and cold oil flows through
them. Same bending can be found in water and gas pipelines.

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• 消防自動灑水器
灑水器與藏在天花板的水管相連，靠玻璃泡堵住水管的出口，防止水管噴水。一
旦火警發生，灑水器周圍的温度上升，玻璃泡會因內裏的酒精受熱膨脹而破裂。
水於是從灑水器噴灑出來，把火撲滅。
• 恆温器
恆温器可以在設定的温度下開關電器。
部分恆温器裝有雙層金屬片。遇熱時，雙層金屬片的兩種金屬以不同程度膨脹，
金屬片因而彎，它與電路的接觸點便會鬆開，從而截斷電路，把電器關掉。例如
在電熨斗內：

• 温度下降時，金屬片變直，截斷電路，
使電熨斗運作起來。

電線

電熱器

雙層金屬片

• 温度上升至設定值時，金屬片變彎，
截斷電路，把電熨斗關掉。

8 熱脹冷縮帶來的問題：
• 道路表面通常設有伸縮縫，以避免道路因熱脹冷縮而變形或破裂。
• 高架電纜要保持鬆弛，不能拉得太緊，以免在冬季因遇冷收縮而扯斷。
• 把石油管道製成彎曲的形狀，可避免加熱或冷卻了的石油流經管道時，管道因熱
脹冷縮而破裂。水管和天然氣管道也因這個原因，而製成彎曲的形狀。

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 6 Matter as particles

E 6.5 Gas pressure (Book 1B, p. 205–216)

1 Bombardment of gas particles on a surface exerts a gas pressure on the surface.

2 When the volume of a closed container decreases, the gas becomes compressed. The gas
particles bombard the container walls more often and thus the gas pressure increases.

gas particle

particles bombard the walls

particles bombard of the bottle more often when
the walls of the the gas is compressed
bottle

3 When the gas temperature increases, the gas particles move faster and bombard the
container walls harder and more often. As a result, the gas pressure increases.

4 When the gas temperature decreases, the gas particles move slower and bombard the
container walls less hard and less often. As a result, the gas pressure decreases.

5 Atmospheric pressure is the gas pressure exerted by gas particles in the atmosphere.

6 The atmospheric pressure acts on our body. The matter in our body also exerts a pressure on
our body. This balances the atmospheric pressure.

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E 6.5 氣 壓（第 1B 冊，p. 205–216）

1 氣體粒子不斷撞擊物體表面，向該表面施加氣壓。

2 如果密封容器的體積減小，氣體會被壓縮，氣體粒子會更頻繁的撞擊容器內壁，導致
容器內的氣壓上升。

氣體粒子

壓縮氣體時，氣體粒子
氣體粒子撞擊 更頻密地撞擊瓶子內壁
瓶子內壁

3 當氣體温度上升時，氣體粒子運動加快，對容器壁的撞擊變得更猛烈和頻密，氣壓因
此上升。

4 當氣體温度下降時，氣體粒子運動減慢，對容器壁的撞擊變得較温和，而且頻密程度
減低，氣壓因此下降。

5 大氣層內的氣體粒子施加的氣壓，稱為大氣壓強。

6 大氣壓強時刻都施加於我們身上，但我們身體內的物質也會對身體施加壓強，這個壓
強與體外的大氣壓強互相抵消了。

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 6 Matter as particles

7 We can observe the existence of atmospheric pressure when the gas pressure inside and
outside a container is imbalanced:
• When the can is heated, the water boils and changes to
steam. The steam pushes the air out of the can. The can (filled
with water)
number of air particles in the can decreases.

When the can is cooled, the steam condensers. There

are fewer air particles bombarding the inside of the
can. The gas pressure inside the can becomes much
lower than the atmospheric pressure. The higher
cold water
pressure outside crushes the can.

• When air is drawn out of the Magdeburg hemispheres

hemispheres, the number of gas particles
inside the hemispheres decreases.
valve

rope
rubber tubing
(to vacuum pump)

Much fewer particles then bombard the inside of the hemispheres. The gas pressure
inside the hemispheres becomes much lower than the atmospheric pressure. The higher
pressure outside presses the two hemispheres firmly together.

gas particles

atmospheric pressure
gas pressure inside the
to vacuum
Magdeburg hemispheres
pump

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7 當容器內外的氣壓不相等時，我們便可觀察到大氣壓強的存在：
• 汽水罐受熱，罐內的水沸騰，變成蒸汽。蒸汽把
罐內的空氣排走。這導致罐內的空氣粒子數目大 汽水罐
（內有水）
幅減少。

汽水罐遇冷，蒸汽凝結。這導致罐內撞擊內壁的空氣
粒子數目大幅減少。汽水罐內的氣壓變得遠低於大氣
壓強，罐外高得多的壓強把汽水罐壓扁。

冷水

• 當真空泵抽出兩個半球內的空氣時， 馬登堡半球
球內的空氣粒子數目減少。

活門

繩
橡膠管
（連接真空泵）

撞擊兩個半球內壁的粒子數目大幅減少。球內的氣壓變得遠低於大氣壓強。外面
高得多的壓強緊緊壓住兩個半球，使它們難以分開。

氣體粒子

大氣壓強
馬登堡半球內的氣壓
連接真空泵

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 6 Matter as particles

8 Applications of atmospheric pressure in daily life:

• Drinking with a straw
• Sucker on a wall
• Vacuum cleaner

6.6 Density (Book 1B, p. 217–232)

1 The density of a substance is its mass per unit volume.

2 Objects of the same volume can have different masses. These objects have different
densities.

mass
3 Density =
volume

4 The unit of density is g/cm3 or kg/m3.

5 If the density of an object is higher than that of its surrounding medium, it sinks in the
medium.

6 If the density of an object is lower than that of its surrounding medium, it floats in the
medium.

7 Why a steel ship floats in the sea:

a A steel ship holds a large volume of air.

Air is much less dense than water.

b The overall density of the ship is lower than

that of sea water, so the ship floats in the sea.

E 8 In general, the density of a substance decreases as its temperature increases.

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 6 物質的粒子觀

8 大氣壓強的日常應用：
• 用吸管吸啜飲料
• 吸附在牆上的吸盤
• 吸塵機

6.6 密 度（第 1B 冊，p. 217–232）

1 物質的密度就是每單位體積的質量。

2 體積相同的物體可以有不同的質量，它們的密度也不同。

質量
3 密度 =
體積

4 密度的單位是 g/cm3 或 kg/m3。

5 如果物體的密度比周圍的介質高，物體便會在介質中下沉。

6 如果物體的密度比周圍的介質低，物體便會在介質中浮起。

7 為甚麼鋼造的輪船能夠浮在海上：

a 輪船的船艙內有很多空氣，
而空氣的密度遠低於水。

b 輪船的整體密度低於海水，
所以輪船能浮在海上。

E 8 一般來說，物質温度愈高，密度愈低。

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