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Carbon Family

The document discusses the carbon family, including elements such as carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium, detailing their properties, isotopes, and chemical behavior. It highlights the significance of these elements in various applications, particularly in electronics and materials science. Additionally, it outlines their physical and chemical properties, including oxidation states, reactivity, and electronic configurations.

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19 views2 pages

Carbon Family

The document discusses the carbon family, including elements such as carbon, silicon, germanium, tin, lead, and flerovium, detailing their properties, isotopes, and chemical behavior. It highlights the significance of these elements in various applications, particularly in electronics and materials science. Additionally, it outlines their physical and chemical properties, including oxidation states, reactivity, and electronic configurations.

Uploaded by

shikhareshravani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CARBON FAMILY

1. Carbon, silicon, germanium, tin lead and flerovium.


2. In elemental state it is available as coal, graphite and diamond; however, in combined state it is present as
metal carbonates, hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide gas (0.03%) in air.
3. Naturally occurring carbon contains two stable isotopes:12C and 13C.
4. In addition to these, third isotope, 14C is also present. It is a radioactive isotope with half-life 5770 years and
used for radiocarbon dating.
5. Silicon is a very important component of ceramics, glass and cement.
in nature in the form of silica and silicates
6. Germanium exists only in traces.
7. Tin mainly as cassiterite, SnO2
8. lead as galena, PbS.
9. Flerovium is synthetically prepared radioactive element
10. Ultrapure form of germanium and silicon are used to make transistors and semiconductor devices.
11. Symbol of Flerovium is Fl. It has atomic number 114, atomic mass 289 gmol-1 and electronic configuration
[Rn] 5f146d10 7s2 7p2. It has been prepared only in small amount.
12. The valence shell electronic configuration of these elements is ns2np2. The inner core of the electronic
configuration of elements in this group also differs.
13. 11.5.2 Covalent Radius
a. C <Si< Ge <Sn <Pb
b. This is due to the presence of completely filled d and f orbitals in heavier members.
14. 11.5.3 Ionization Enthalpy
a. 14>13
b. C >Si>Ge >Pb >Sn reason: consequence of poor shielding effect of intervening d and f orbitals and
increase in size of the atom.
15. 11.5.4 Electronegativity
a. 14>13 reason: Due to small size
b. C> Pb >Si=Ge=Sn
16. 11.5.5 Physical Properties
a. All members of group14 are solids
b. Carbon and silicon are non-metals, germanium is a metalloid, whereas tin and lead are soft metals with
low melting points.
c. Melting and Boiling point 14>13
d. MP C> Si> Ge>Pb> Sn
e. Electrical resistiity is same for germanium and silicon
17. 11.5.6 Chemical Properties
a. The group 14 elements have four electrons in outermost shell.
b. . The common oxidation states exhibited by these elements are +4 and +2.
c. Carbon also exhibits negative oxidation states.
d. compounds in +4 oxidation state are generally covalent in nature.
e. In heavier members the tendency to show +2 oxidation state increases in the sequence Ge<Sn<pb inert
pair effect
f. Carbon and Silicon: Predominantly exhibit the +4 oxidation state.
g. Germanium: Prefers +4 but forms some compounds in the +2 state.
h. Tin (Sn): Shows stability in both +2 and +4 states. In the +2 state, it acts as a reducing agent.
i. Lead (Pb): Stable in the +2 state. Compounds in the +4 state are strong oxidizing agents.
j. the species like, SiF6 2–, [GeCl6 ]2–, [Sn(OH)6 ]2– exist where the hybridisation of the central atom is
sp3d2.
18. Reactivity towards oxygen

 Dioxides:

CO₂, SiO₂, GeO₂: Acidic in nature.

SnO₂, PbO₂: Amphoteric in nature.

 Monoxides:

 CO: Neutral.
 GeO: Distinctly acidic.
 SnO, PbO: Amphoteric in nature.

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