International Journal of Environmental Design & Construction Management Vol. 20 No.

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AN OVERVIEW STREET GUIDE MAP OF BAUCHI

LOCAL GOVERNMENT METROPOLIS BAUCHI
STATE, NIGERIA.

*YUSUF M.I.; *DR. MUSA, S. I.; *ABDULSALAM, A.

O.; *DR. SHUAIBU, M. A.; ** MUSLIM BARAU. & ***ABDULAZIZ
DAUDA.
*Department of Surveying and Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
University, Bauchi State. **Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State. ***Department of
Surveying and Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tatari Ali State Polytechnic,
Bauchi State, Nigeria.

Abstract:
The implication of Remote Sensing data and Geographic Information System
techniques in map making cannot be Overemphasized, Because of its capacity
to combine spatial data with non-spatial data and also represent the result,
information in an easier to understand. More than a few works have been taken
benefit of the GIS Techniques to create and modify street maps using High
Resolution Images. It’s more reliable to utilize in street guide map expansion in
Bauchi local government metropolis street guide map, Bauchi State, Nigeria.
This work intends to overview the new development road, by updating the old
street guide map in to new digital composite map of Bauchi metropolis that will
ease navigation and help the student, visitors and tourists to their various
destinations in the town. And it will serve as a platform for decision making for
various researched that shows the needs of location, road network analysis, site
suitability analysis and extending other social amenities such as water
pipelines, roads, street lights in the town.

Key words: Geographic Information System, imagery, Digitization, Bauchi,

Metropolis, Street Guide Mapping,

Introduction
The Transportation system and property in this era are significant in physical
and new modern economic development of towns and cities all over the world.
Property and land values have a tendency to increase in areas with expanding
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transportation networks, and increase price of land and house are expected in
cities with transportation improvements and fast economic and population
growth and business activities will take place the route network fixed with
increased transport investment result in changed levels of accessibility reflected
through Cost Benefit Analysis, savings in travel time, and other benefits of
community.
Therefore, follows that stranger and residents should be able to move wherever
with minimal difficulties and less expensive, if provided there is street guides.
Unfortunately, very few cities in Nigeria has updated street guide map. In the
recent past, an effort was made by office of the Surveyor General Bauchi state
since 2011 produce a street Guide for the Bauchi metropolis. However, the
review of street guide map project did not cover Local Government is within
the Bauchi metropolis.
A map is a model of part of the earth surface showing the shape, and position
of different countries, political boarders, natural features such as rivers and
mountains, and artificial features such as roads and buildings (Kolawole 2016).
A map can also give you particular type of information about a certain area on
the surface of the earth. It can be made so simple and specific that it shows
direction of travel from one place to another. Reconnaissance technologies such
as aerial photograph and satellite based sensing have come to man’s aid in quest
to understand.
There is constant search for ways of providing the static map with information
about changes. Thus, the true aim of map revision is to keep all maps up to-date
with changes as may be witnessed over time. If the accuracy and quality of the
map is to be maintained, then the revision information must be compiled exactly
and carefully located a road map or route map is a map that primarily displays
roads and transport links rather than natural geographical information.
It is a type of navigational map that commonly includes political boundaries and
labels, making it also a type of political map. In addition to roads and
boundaries, Road maps often include points of interest, such as prominent
businesses location or buildings, tourism sites, parks and recreational facilities,
Hotels and Restaurants, as well as airports and train stations. A Road map may
also document non-automotive transit routes, although often these are found
only on transit maps it is understandable that most Nigerian cities do not have

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street guide in this 21th century we are in the computer digital age, where
information is just available.

Theoretical Framework
It also showed that some of the roads were not named according to the standard
and some were not named at all. From this study, it is recommended that the
naming system should be standardized across the study area and Oyo State at
large. It is also recommended that provision should be made for street map
revision on a yearly basis so as to account Olatunji Sharafdeen Bolaji et
al.(2016)
A street map is a type of map that contains the position and names of streets. A
street map is useful in areas such as: planning enumeration areas by
demographers; navigation for tourists; salesmen; firemen; police; security
agent; tax collectors, postal service etc.(Ezra 2007).
It can also be defined as a graphic portrayal of a town or city, showing the
positions and names of all the streets; major/minor highways and roads,
railroads, tracks and other points of interest and the general road network. It is
a form of map that details roads and transport links (Udoh 2014).
This field work revealed that a larger percentage of the roads were not paved,
while most of the paved ones have deteriorated and no new road constructed
was documented. Olatunji Sharafdeen Bolaji et al.(2016)
Due to tree canopies or weak contrast of the satellite image, Minor roads and
tracks are not easily visible with the accuracy ranging from 23 percent to 64
percent depending on categorization. It was also noted that the accuracy of
urban street mapping using satellite imageries depends on the image geometric
accuracy and extractable map scale based on adopted standards and its
information content therefore, for updating and producing road infrastructure
map, 1 - 30 m resolution imagery could be used in area of minimum tree density
but to obtain an accurate, precise and quality street map, a high resolution (0.25
- 0.5 m) image must be used. This led us to the use of Geo- eye image for this
work. Manning, J. and Evans, M. (1988)
The road network structure is made up of two main patterns: a circular and grid
topologies. Inadequate road maintenance culture and weak development control
measures are the major challenges facing road network performance and
development in Kano metropolis. The study concluded that apart from being a

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medium of mobility, road network in Kano metropolis is also a treasure to

current and future generations. Ibrahim, et al (2016).
The image was digitized. The street names and other notable futures collected
from the field work was inputted into the database and then subjected to
cartographical processes. All roads captured within the study area were put into
three (3) classes of Road Network namely Federal road, State Road and Local
Gov. Road. Olatunji Sharafdeen Bolaji et al (2016).
At urban level, Kano metropolis is also among the top four urban centers in
Nigeria that are highly endowed with road network of various categories. It is
in line with this, that some commercial actors viewed the road stock of Kano
metropolis as a treasure; political actors viewed it as political magnate; media
Commentators see it as liabilities; and social and environmental analyst such as
geographers see it as a measure of relations between areas. This paper aimed at
appraising the road network in Kano Metropolis with a view to ascertain the
standard scenario based on environmental perspectives. Ibrahim, et al (2016).

Statement of the Problem

The present system of maps documentation is analogue method at Bauchi State
Ministry of Land and Housing which is obsolete, inefficient, difficult to search
and time consuming. There are a lot of road construction and development at
Bauchi state presently which of course brought about the need to updated street
guide maps of Bauchi metropolis. This study intended to design a digital
composite map street guide map using geographical information system GIS
tool which will address the above mentioned problem.
It was observed that in Africa and Nigeria in particular, movement of goods and
services, social and economic development of the country are dependent on
good road network as road is the major means for transporting (Udoh 2014).
To solve these challenges, street maps are produced to provide updated
information about the road network in such a way that it can accommodate
changes that are rapidly occurring.
Street guides are produced to show road information that is current especially
to visitors and researchers. There is need therefore to produce street guides from
data that can portray reality as faithfully as possible, so that the rapid nature of
changes is accommodated in the guides. Remote sensing and GIS, an acceptable

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method of keeping inventory of the earth’s resources offer such powerful data
gathering tool. I.I. Abbas, et al (2010).
Infrastructural facilities especially road network is among the basic indexes of
measuring the quality of urban wellbeing. Generally, road network forms the
most basic level of transport infrastructure within urban areas, and link with all
other areas, both within and beyond the boundaries of the urban area. It
therefore facilitates social interaction through easy movement of people.
Ibrahim, et al (2016).

Aim and Objectives

The project is intended to an over view the new development of access road of
Bauchi Metropolis and to analyze the major road, network pattern in the study
area that will serve as a street guide map to students, strangers, and tourists to
their various destinations in the town. And it will serve as a platform for
decision making in extending other social amenities such as water pipelines,
roads, street lights etc. in the town.
This can be achieved through the following specific objectives
1. Capture the location of some prominent places with handheld GPS
2. Export the Outdate street guide map of Bauchi metropolis that covers the
area since 2011 and correct the positional error of the image.
3. Carry out a ground-truthing in order to reconcile between the features on
the image and the corresponding features on the ground.
4. Digitized and differentiate the street types, street names, major roads,
minor road, water canal and location of schools and some large important
place Data overlay to create the new update digital composite street
guide Map of the study area.

Scope and Limitation

This study in tails the development of a comprehensive information system of
street guide maps using GIS techniques Its requires spatial information of the
study area and the coordinate of some prominent points or futures within the
study area as well as attribute information like street name, street type social
high way major road, minor road, and water canal amenities such as water
pipelines, roads, street lights and some that will interpret map. This study
intended to cover the whole of Bauchi local government. But due to time and

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financial constraints, it is therefore, limited to Bauchi metropolis street guide

map.

Location and Extend

The study area covers the whole of Bauchi metropolis, the capital of Bauchi
State and of the Bauchi Local Government within the state. The area lies
between latitude 58°74"55" and 11° 56"02"north of equator and longitudes
52°32"34" and11°14"34" east of green witch meridian and cover a total area of
14.85 km2 as show below.

3.1 Methodology
The methodology here is referring to the systematic approach taken to
accomplish the stated aim and objectives of the entire research work. It involves
the sequential order or procedure in execute an overview of street guide map
Bauchi metropolitan.

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Data Sources

Primary Data Secondary Data

SOURCES

Attributes Data GPS coordinate

Imagery of the
of references
point in UTM Study Area/
Outdated street
Street names guide map.

Geo reference in Ground

ARGIS Truthing

Digitizing Export from the one

layer to difference
types of Road

Each and every of Digital Composite Symbolization and

individual road map of the study Segmentation
area

Figure 1: flow chart of methodology

Data Acquisition, software and hardware used

The data used in this study, Bauchi metropolitan outdated street guide map of
Bauchi metropolis and Bauchi Metropolis imagery dated April, 2013 which was
from Bauchi geographical information system with 500mm spatial resolution
based on WGS84, zone 32n spatial reference grid. The positions of some

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prominent places were captured with handheld GPS receiver; the northing and
easting of some distinct locations on the image were also captured for
georeferencing purpose. Names of street and locations of prominent building
were collected from cartography department at the Bauchi ministry of land
housing. A Handheld GPS receiver version 75x was used for navigation and
capturing the locations some points. ArcGIS version 10.4.1 were used for map
making and Microsoft accessories such as office and excel was used for
reporting and database conversion.

Georeferencing
During the process of geo-referencing, a total RMS error of 3.137m was
achieved comparing the source points with the destination control point. The
average displacement of hand-held GPS track logs off the digitization center
lines of road is estimated at 10m. This suggests that the track logs themselves
were likely in error; recognizing the fact that code-based receivers are
susceptible to errors of about 5 to 10 meters. The positional accuracies of details
shown on this street guide are within 5 to 10 meters since the hand-held
receivers were used in capturing their spatial locations. This is however
negligible since the intended purpose is to guide navigation.

Mapping
Immediately after georeferencing, three types of layers were created in the Arc
Catalog namely, points layer for digitizing the location of scattered features,
such as prominent structure, banks, school, line layer for representing some
linear features such as road, railway etc, and polygon layer for digitizing
homogeneous features respectively. These layers were used to digitizing the
location of roads, markets, water bodies’ schools etc, from the Image. After
digitizing, the digitized features were represented with their respective
conventional symbols. Map element that are related to the data were added such
North arrow, Legend, Scale, Grid, Title etc

Ground -Truthing / Field Completion

At this stage, the street guide map was printed and taken to the field for
assessment; missing details were immediately included, where blunders existed,
they were also corrected.

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Generation of digital Composite Map

The digital composite map of the study area was generated by overlaying the
Road layer in the arc map environment after which grids; names of street, new
road been updated and appropriate annotation were added to give it a
cartographic outlook.

Presentation and Analysis of Result

4.1 Collection of Geometric and Attribute Data of Study Area Looking back at
the objectives of the study, it will be seen that the first one is to collect geometric
data of the study area using ground survey method. This objective has been
achieved as can see in the table below.

Table 1: GPS Coordinates of Some Prominent Points in UTM.

S/N Points Easting(m) Northing(m) Accuracy(m)
1 Awala hotel round 592732 1143915 ±3
about
2 C.B.N round about 594235 1142650 ±2
3 Bauchi emirate council 595239 114270 ±2
4 Bauchi government 596142 114781 ±4
house
5 Bauchi club 597325 114784 ±4
roundabout

2. The second objectives of the study are Export the Outdate street guide map
of Bauchi metropolis that covers the area and correct the positional error of the
image. This objective has been satisfactorily fulfilled as can see in Figure
below.

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Figure 2: Outdate street guide map of Bauchi metropolis since 2011that covers
the area
3. The third objectives of the study are, at this stage, the street guide map was
printed and taken to the field for assessment; missing details were immediately
included, where blunders existed, they were also corrected. And correct the
positional error of the image. This objective has been satisfactorily fulfilled.
4. The fourth objectives of the study is Vectorise and differential the major roads
minor and road, water canal and location of schools and some large important
place Data overlay to Create the new updated digital composite street guide
Map of the study area. This objective has been satisfactorily fulfilled as can see
in Figure below.

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Figure 3: Digital Composite street guide map of Bauchi metropolis that

covers the area
The importance of a digital street guide map is less expensive, handy portable,
and allows for unlimited sharing of information of the soft copy, the street guide
map be denounced the risk of being destroyed by termites, bad handling or
hiding by greedy and selfish individuals, etc. Form this map mono thematic map
can be produced at any required scale very quickly and cheaply and affordable.
Therefore, the map will served as a tool for proper and effective of street guide
map as well as infrastructural management and development within the area.
The grid lines will make it possible to compute bearing and distance between
any points or feature on the map and another point or features outside the map
(if the UTM Coordinates of that point or feature are known the map is available
in soft and hard copies for future reference and update.

4.2 Queries by Attributes

The most basic of all tools provide in geographical information system are those
related to database query. Queries are specific question asked what is where and
(what the distribution of a phenomena over time is) and answers provided
through manipulation and processing of the spatial database of the link between
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the graphic (geometric) data and attributes information which must be

acceptable to the implementing software (Arc GIS) using the query builder
already predefined in the database from the arc map.

Figure 4: Queries to shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis location such
as Bauchi domestic airport, Dogon yaro round about, Bauchi club round about,
elephant round about, Awala round about, Central market round About and
Bauchi emirate round about.

Figure 5: Queries to shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis location such
as Bauchi Fadamar mada street, Mai Duguri bye pass, F.G.G.C Bauchi, Awala
round about and some part of the shada wanka Barrack Bauchi.
Figure 6: Queries to shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis location
imagery acquire from remote sensed data used during digitization.

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Figure 7: The imagery shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis street guide
before digitization.

Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary
The study shows how computer technology has come to play a vital role in
modifying the tedious and manual method of design map geo-informatics
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profession this is to say it’s time we surveyors embrace the modern

technological tools for surveying just like in every other profession today. By
embracing GIS, geomatics and ICT its will reasonably create more
opportunities to surveyors across the country.
The technique and the general procedures for digital street guide mapping and
spatial database design have been fully demonstrated in the study. The study
.proves that digital survey equipment in conjunction with geographic
information system (GIS) software can be a good and sufficient tool for
managing land and land resources because of their easy simple and automatic
operation as well as their ability to captured large amount of data in a short
period of time.

Conclusions
The study, has achieved its objectives with full information of street guide map
and shows the different between high way, major road, minor road, water canal
and some prominent area etc. Then, if this information is properly managed and
supported with the right decision and implementation would go a long way in
addressing the problem highlighted earlier in the study. Benefit of this digital
composite map are noticeable in increased catchment areas for services and
facilities like shops, schools, offices, banks, and leisure activities. Access to
unpaved roads provides relative advantages resultant upon which Commercial
users located to enjoy the advantages.

Recommendations
This research has no doubt uncovers the current condition of most land and
survey ministries, agencies, organizations, etc in terms of their non adoption
and implementation of (GIS) techniques that will help in collecting and
managing spatial information.
Therefore, it’s recommended that the bodies concerned should adopt the current
trend in order to rescue the large amount of valuable hard copy maps, plans and
other related data that are slowly decaying and eating away by the insect. The
study stops only at designing digital composite map of the study area.
Also, it is at always easier for a change to manifest if decision and directives
comes from the top to the bottom rather than the other way round. Therefore, in
order to have a change from analogue to digital system in the ministries,

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agencies, organization should adopt the new modern research tool GIS
technique is easier to deals with all outdated map record such as.
(i) Street guide map system should be embraced as it assures
dimensional stability of storage medium, eliminates loss of data or
detail by transfers from one medium to the other and maintains
positional accuracy since the data are help in numerical form.
(ii) Remote sensed data and GIS centre should be established at each and
every individual tertiary institute, military centre and paramilitary
department , so that to handle the responsibility of coordinating and
managing land related information and controlling criminal issue
using the street guide map.
(iii) Government should make it a condition or requirement for the
appointment of the heads of these ministries, agencies,
transportations system, community agency and organization etc.
knowledge of remote sensed data and GIS or any relevant field.
(iv) We try to highlight the important of GIS technique and engage their
self for GIS training in order to provide solution of environmental
problem, because GIS is bedrock of any sustainable development.
(v) It will help the student during the research project because the street
guide map is key of any sustainable project. That shows the where,
that are the location and when, that is time that problem happen and
typical view of study area with full detail of natural and artificial
feature of the area.
From the above it is evidently clear that road network density in Bauchi
metropolis is very high, well connected and evenly distributed with a high
corresponding spatial mobility index.

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List Figure
Figure 1: flow chart of methodology.
Figure 2: Outdate street guide map of Bauchi metropolis since 2011that covers
the area.
Figure 3: Digital Composite street guide map of Bauchi metropolis that covers
the area.
Figure 4: Queries to shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis location such
as Bauchi domestic airport, Dogon yaro round about, Bauchi club round about,
elephant round about, Awala round about, Central market round About and
Bauchi emirate round about.
Figure 5: Queries to shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis location such
as Bauchi Fadamar mada street, Mai Duguri bye pass, F.G.G.C Bauchi, Awala
round about and some part of the shada wanka Barrack Bauchi.
Figure 6: Queries to shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis location
imagery acquire from remote sensed data used during digitization.
Figure 7: The imagery shows some part of the Bauchi metropolis street guide
before digitization.
List of Table

Table 1: GPS Coordinates of Some Prominent Points in UTM.

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