CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

A map is a visual representation or a graphical depiction of a specific area, region, or

concept. It provides a simplified and scaled-down representation of the physical features,

geographical boundaries, landmarks, and other relevant information of the depicted area.

Maps are created using cartographic techniques and can take various forms, including

paper maps, digital maps, or interactive online maps. They serve multiple purposes, such

as navigation, spatial analysis, planning, communication, and understanding the spatial

relationships between different elements.

Maps typically include various elements such as:

1. Geographic features: These represent the physical characteristics of the area,

including landforms (mountains, rivers, lakes), vegetation, and terrain.

2. Boundaries: Maps often include political or administrative boundaries, such as

national borders, state or province lines, or city limits.

3. Symbols and legends: Maps utilize symbols and colors to represent different

features, such as roads, buildings, landmarks, bodies of water, or natural resources.

A legend or key is provided to explain the meaning of these symbols.

1
 4. Scale: Maps include a scale to indicate the ratio between distances on the map and

actual distances on the ground. This helps users understand the relative size and

distances between different features.

5. Coordinates: Maps often provide latitude and longitude coordinates or grid systems

to enable precise location referencing.

6. Labels and text: Maps include labels to identify and provide information about

specific features, such as cities, towns, rivers, mountains, or other points of interest.

Maps can be created for different purposes and at various scales, ranging from global

maps that show the entire planet to localized maps that focus on a small area or

neighborhood. They are used in fields like geography, urban planning, navigation,

environmental studies, and many others.

It's important to note that maps are representations and interpretations of reality, and they

may vary in accuracy, level of detail, and specific information depending on the purpose

for which they are created and the data sources used.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Databases: GIS databases contain a wide

range of geospatial data, such as satellite imagery, elevation models, transportation

networks, or land use information. Researchers can access these databases to

gather data, analyze spatial relationships, or validate their map findings.

Expert Interviews and Surveys: Researchers may conduct interviews or surveys with

subject matter experts, such as cartographers, geographers, or professionals

familiar with the specific geographic region. These firsthand accounts can provide

valuable insights, context, and additional references for the research project.

2
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The map of school of vocational and Libra studies, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria , were

produced several years ago, and new features have being constructed which are not depicted on

those map Thus making such an existing map absolute and outdated. Map revision is essential

here because once a map is produced, the graphic image is static, and there is a constant need to

update the map with new information while at the same time reducing defects. Hence, there is a

need to digitize and update the analogue map of the school of liberal studies at Nuhu Bamalli

Polytechnic Zaria.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 Aim

The aims of the project is to produce and update the existing map of school of liberal studies,

Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic Zaria

1.3.2 Objectives

 To update map of school of liberal studies.

 To obtained spot height of the area.

 Acquisition of base map of the study area

 Digitizing the acquired map

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

3
Maps are produce to show natural and artificial features information especially to visitors and

researchers, considering this, there is need to produce maps from data that can be portray reality

as accurate as possible , in order for the rapid nature of change is to be accommodated in the

map. GIS, an acceptable method of keeping inventory of the earth's resources offer such

powerful data gathering tools.

1.5 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA

The study area is located from the first gate to the second gate, features at left at Nuhu Bamalli

Polytechnic, Zaria, with a geographical location latitude 11 0 01” 59 North and longitude 7° 40’

23” E.

4
1.7 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY

Development is not static, it is progressive in nature and this has made it such that the

infrastructural system of the area has to be made more complex duration and palatable. This

could be a map graphical base. It is recognized that there is need to have the positional

information of all element of the infrastructure as useful tool for the department, school and any

operation management for decision making.

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This literature review aims to explore the topic of topographical map revision, focusing on the

existing research and advancements in this field. Topographical maps play a vital role in various

domains, including cartography, geology, urban planning, and natural resource management.

However, due to changes in the environment and the need for accurate representations, periodic

revisions of topographical maps are necessary. This review examines the current state of research

on topographical map revision, including the methods, technologies, challenges, and applications

involved. By analyzing relevant studies, this review provides insights into the advancements and

trends in topographical map revision.

Literature review is of paramount important for every project hence it deals with the

background information of previous survey made in accordance with specification to provide

clear evidence to what is already known or still to be known and it provide guide line for further

studies and serve as a valuable guide to define the problem, recognizing it’s significance

suggestion to relevant data collection to produce appropriate design study and source of data.

Topographic survey are three dimension which employ the techniques of both plane table

surveying and other special techniques to establish both horizontal and vertical control through

the combination of contour lines, colour, symbol, labels and other graphical representation. Map

revision portrays the shape and location of natural and man-made feature on the earth surface

which includes mountain, forest, rivers, buildings vegetation, road etc. (enchanter encyclopedia,

2007).

6
A map is a geographical representation of a portion of the earth's surface drawn to scale. It uses

colors, symbols and label to represent features found on the ground. Much of town planning is

done using map, therefore any operation requires a supply of maps; however, the finest maps

available are worthless, the map user knows how to read them (kraal and ormeling, 1996).

where changes are likely to be extensive and rapid, notably urban and highly developed areas.

2.1 DYNAMIC WORLD OF SURVEYING AND MAP UPDATE

the dynamic world of surveying and map update, focusing on the advancements and

challenges in this field. With the constant evolution of our environment and the need for

up-to-date and accurate maps, surveying and map update processes have become essential.

This review examines the current state of research on surveying techniques, map update

methodologies, technological advancements, and the applications of dynamic maps. By

analyzing relevant studies, this review provides insights into the latest trends and

innovations in surveying and map update.

We are in a dynamic world, as time changes, we change in them similarly techniques change

with time and with acquisition for extra knowledge by human beings. This change manifests

itself in almost every field of human endeavor. However, the rate of change differs significantly

with situation and events. Therefore, there are no doubts that the rate of change in technological

areas such as surveying, engineering etc is faster than other areas.

Surveying and mapping profession has taken a new shape and new looks due to the recent

development in electronic computer capacities digital technology and survey instrumentation.

The development of surveying instrument which is a particular point of interest changed the

wages in which topographic and land related information are acquired, stored and managed.

7
These developments have in form provided a dramatic change from analogue method to move

modern digital system. Its mentioned earlier, all operation are regard to this project is digital in

nature in which its underlying principles application are taken into consideration. In the

technological world, physical measurement or quantization data may be represented in one or

two alternative ways, namely analogue and digital.

Maps Aerial topography increased dramatically during World War II when it used proved crucial

for gathering military intelligence. Surveying and mapping profession of Geographical

Information System (GIS) and modem survey institution. These improvements drastically

changed the acquisition of topographic and land related information. Its computation, processing,

storage, production and management, this improvements allow conversion of analogue method

and maps into modern digital system and maps. In the modern world of technology physical

measurements or quantitative data may produce in either ways namely; analogue or digital.

Analogue method is less accurate and considered to avoid mistakes and inaccuracies in handling

result for measurement. They are also flexible and versatile. Digital are regarded as the most

accurate of map making and consider no mistake in all readymade product and they are flexible

and versatile.

On October 14, 1977, a group of surveyors met during the animal ACSM/ASP (American

Congress on Surveying and Mapping) California Conference: Their Interest-the preservation of

history of the science of surveying. Their purpose to form a society that would realize that

purpose, thus, the Surveyors Historical Society (SHS) was formed.

The surveyors Historical Society is dedicated to the public purpose of preserving historical

surveying instruments, artifacts, records and memorabilia. SHS is also dedicated to educating the

8
general public about the history of surveying. The Society has developed programs to honor

historical surveying points, and the surveyors who have made significant contributions to the

profession through the implementation of a public market program. SHS cooperates at all

opportunities with persons and organizations that share the public benefit purpose of education

concerning the history of all branches of the since of surveying.

Acceptance of SHS objectives has grown rapidly and membership has spread around the world.

Exhibits have been set up on numerous occasions at state, regional and national meetings of

surveyors and photogrammetrists.

As a member of the Society you have access to the society-owned book collection together with

access to other private collections, totaling seven thousand entries, which provide the ability to

identify and describe instrument for others. Recognizing the Society’s capabilities in this area,

Teledyne Gurley has designated Surveyors Historical Society as it is official referral source for

responding to inquires about old Gurley instruments.

Future efforts will be directed toward displays of surveying history of the world, to develop local

surveying history, to help establish regional museums, and to search out of surveying records and

instrument for a computerized database catalog.

Additional membership benefits include:

Washington Map Society

The Washington Map Society was founded in 1979 as an informal organization of people

interested in cartography, its history, and collecting maps, both old and new. Our membership

include current and former employees of federal, state, and private map repositories; collectors

9
with scholarly knowledge gained through years of study; and many who simply love to learn

about or collect maps. Membership is Open to anyone who shares this common interest”.

The Portola, the Society’s newsletter, was originally established to keep members informed of

upcoming meetings, exhibition, and conferences; to provide listening and review books dealing

with the history of cartography; to publish articles written by our member and review of

speaker’s lectures; and to provide information of specific interest to our membership. Examples

of feature articles include the following: Hassler’s Filst Chart by Charles Burroughs; projection

by John Snyder; A Necca Map by Jonathan Lanman; The Seutter/Lotter Map of Pennsylvania by

John W. Doctor; Johnann Georg Kohl and American History Cartography by Michael Conzen”.

In 1990 the society sponsored the Eighth Annual international symposium of the international

map collector’s society (IMCoS) with the theme “Mapping America”. In 1994 the society

introduced the Walter W. Ristow Price which is awarded each year to an upper level

undergraduate or graduate paper in the field of the history of cartography or carto-bibliography.

In addition to a cash award the successful paper is published in the Porto land”.

Over the last twenty years of its existence, the Society has hosted a wide range of Speakers at our

meeting held in the Library of Congress, Geography and Division, including both local and

international experts, academics, conservators, map dealers and collectors drawn from the

society’s membership. Some example include: Helen Wallis, “The Amusement of my Leisure

Hours”; Dr. Norman Thrower, “Historical Map Collection in California”; Robert Augustyn,

“Manhattan in Maps”; Christine Smith, “Proper Care and Feeding of a Map Collection”; David

Woodward, “The History of Cartography: An Update”; Dennis Reinhartz, “The World of

Hermann M011”, and many more”.

10
Field Trips have included visits to view map collections at: Colonial Williamsburg, The Mariners

Museum, The Library of Virginia, The Valantine Musuem, Virginia Historical Society, The

National Geographic Society, The National Archives, The Historical Society of Pennsylvania,

The Maryland Historical Society, and the New York Public Library”.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 PREAMBLES

Methodology is a body of methods, rules, procedures and postulates that are adopted for
the successful execution of a research project. In this research methodology, a brief description
of the methods and procedure for the study is given.

3.2 Office Planning/Reconnaissance

3.2.1 Office planning

Office planning involves adequate preparations and taking decisions that will aid the

11
realization of the set objective in order to achieve the aim of the project. All necessary
information that will help in the execution of the project was collected and carefully analysed.
This will serve as a guide in knowing the configuration of the hardware and software system
required for the work and in the choice of appropriate model and structure to be used.
3.2.2 Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance survey is the preliminary field inspection of the entire area covered by the
project in this aspect. The project study area was visited with a view of having an overall picture
of the area and noting the features that exist in the area and all information available including
the challenges that are likely to be faced in the course of executing the project.
3.3 Hardware Requirement

The following hardware was used during the execution of the project:
I. Total Station
II. GPS
III. Laptop computer
IV. HP printer
V. Tripod stand
VI. Reflector
VII. Steel band
VIII. Custlass
IX. Small hammer
X. Mold for capping
XI. Field book
i. Total Station: It combines on EDM device and electronic digital the odilite and a computer in
on unit. This device can automatically observe horizontal and vertical angle as well as slope
distance earns a single set up. From this data instantaneously compute horizontal and vertical
components/ elevation and co-ordinate of point sighted and displayed the result on the liquid
crystal display (LCD). The total station used was (Stonex).

ii. Gps:The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based

satellite navigation system that provides location and

12
time information in all weather condition.

iii. Tripod Stand:" This is here legs stand set up over a station point on which total station is
mounted upon before any observation is carried out.

iv. Reflector: This is an instrument use in line with a total station. The reflector is kept at the
point or station where the co-ordinate is needed and the total station transmit a carrier. Signed of
electromagnetic energy to the reflector and the reflector return the signal to the receiver and the
coordinate of the point display on the Liquid. Crystal Display (LCD).oreading was found to be
180o' 03". This implies that the instrument is good for the project work.

3.4 Software Requirement

The following hardware was used during the execution of the project:
I. Auto CAD
II. Surfa
III. Microsoft Office 2016
III.5 Data Acquisition
There are two major sources of data acquisition adopted namely:
i. Spatial Data
ii. Attribute Data
III.5.1 Spatial Data
This is the direct acquisition of data on the site. It comprises the location data (X, Y, Z) of
entities. These data were obtained through field survey using the survey instrument called Leica
T15.
III.5.2 Attribute Data
This is the data acquired from existing information. The base map of the study area consists of
roads, buildings and facilities which was acquired from the Department of Surveying and
Geoinformatics , Nuhu Bamalli polytechnic zaria.
3.5.3 VERTICAL INDEX ERROR TEST
This test was carried out by sighting to a target on both face (FL) and (FR) vertical circle reading
were taken and recorded as show below
Vertical angle

13
00°14'58"
00° 14' 237'
Vertical circle reading
89° 45 '02"
270°14'28"
From the reading above, it was deduced t0 angle on both face (FL) and (FR) the difference of
30" is negligible.
3.6 DIAPHRAGM ADJUSTMENT TEST
This test is to ascertain the true perpendicular of the horizontal and vertical hairs/ instrument was
set up on a point/ they leveled. The telescope cross hair was then used to bisect a well-defined
mark on a well. The horizontal movement was damped and depressed; following this procedure
the cross hair remained on the well define mark. This proves that vertical cross hair were truly
perpendicular to the horizontal cross hair. Horizontal Cross Hair' Vertical cross hair
3.6.1 OPTICAL PLUMMET TEST
This test required setting up a total station, making the vertical axis of the total station must pass
through the ground (Station position) mark. The total station was centered using a plumb bob in
conjunction with optical plummet. The test is done using tripod stand, unclamping it to go up or
down then clamp. Then check is made if the plumb bob is staff defining the station point.
3.6.2. FIELD WORK
Field work means the making of necessary measurement and observation of the necessary
information of the site in survey i.e. collection of data while on field that will be used to produce
a map or plan
3.7 IN-SITU CHECK 0N CONTROL POINTS
Before any control can be used in survey work, It has to be properly checked to ensure that they
are in their proper and correct position in terms of angles and it's distances. Global Positioning
System (GPS) is use to obtain the coordinate of the control point of the following station. PB
NDl, PB ND2, PBMD3 and a total station instrument was also used to run a traverse on this
beacon. The horizontal circle reading was computed and deduced to horizontal angle and the
distance and angle also computed from the data obtain with the (G.P.S) Global Positioning
System was compared and discovered to be the same. This means that the three controls is still in
their real position and can be used for the

14
 N E
2001 1220104.033 355023.572
2002 1220022400 355028.800
2003 1219931252 35047.148
Ø 2002-2001 DE = E2002 – E2001
DN N2002 N2001

Tan -1 = 355028.800-355023.572
1220022.400-1220104.033
= 5.228
81.633
Tan -1 = 0.064042727÷3.664373706
=0.999999987
Hecters =10,000
0.999999987÷10,000=9.99999987`×10-06 Hecters

TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING OF SCHOOL OF VOCATIONAL AND LIBRI

STUDIES OF NUHU BAMALLI POLYTECHINC, MAIN CAMPUS ZARIA

BY

MAIMUNATU MUHAMMAD AUWAL

15
 N/SGI/20/202000309

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYINGAND

GEO-INFORMATICS, SCHOOL OF ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES NUHU
BAMALLI POLYTECHINIC, ZARIA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE A WORD OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
SURVEYINAND GEO-INFORMATICS

JULY 2023

DECLARATION
I MAIMUNA MUHAMMAD AUWAL, hereby declare that this project was
compiled by me under the supervision of SIR. SULAIMAN USMAN of the
department of surveying and geo-informatics, Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnics
Zaria and all sources of information used have been acknowledged.

--------------------------------- -----------------------
MAIMUNA MUHAMMAD AUWAL DATE
N/SGI/20/200309

16
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work was carried out by the student himself.

----------------------------- --------------------
USMAN SULAIMAN DATE

17
---------------------------- --------------------
THADDEUS ABUI DATE

---------------------------- -------------------
SURV. ISHAYA M GOJE DATE

ACKNOWLEDGEMANET
I sincerely express my gratitude to god almighty, who gave me life, good
health, finance and literary ability to carry out this research project.
I wish to convey my deep appreciation to my supervisor SIR USMAN
SULAIMAN who despite his tight schedule in the office made out time to read
and correct my manuscript. His contribution will always be an imprint in my
mind.
I express my gratitude to my H.O.D SURV. ISHAYA M GOJE and my other
Lecturers Survey and Geo-informatics for their truthful contribution in
making me who I am today.
18
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - -
Declaratin - - - - - - - - - - -
Certification - - - - - - - - - - -
Dedication- - - - - - - - - - -
Acknowledgement- - - - - - - - - -

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

19
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY- - - - - -1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - - - - - -2
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE - - - - - - - -3
1.4 SINGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT - - - - - -3
1.5 LOCATION OF THE STUDY AREA- - - - - -3
1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY - - - - - -4

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW- - - - - - - -5
2.2 DYNAMIC WORD SURVEYING MAP UPDATE- - - -5

CHAPTER THREE
3.1 METHODOLOGY - - - - - - - - -10
3.2 PRELIMINARY PLANNING - - - - - - - -10
3.3 OFFICE PLANNING- - - - - - - - -10
3.4 FIELD RECONNAISANCE - - - - - - -11
3.5 INSTRUMENT USED - - - - - - - -11
3.6 INSTRUCMENT TEST AND ADJUSTMENT - - - -11
3.7 FIELD WORK - - - - - - - - -12
3.8 IN SITU CHEECK ON CONTROL POINTS - - - -12
3.9 MONUMENT AND NUMERING OF PILLARS - - - -12
3.10 DETAILING USING A TOTAL STATIC - - - - -13
3.1 MWTHOD USE DURING DETAILING - - - - -13

20