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Assignment On Classical Conditioning Theory

The document discusses the classical conditioning theory, primarily associated with Ivan Pavlov, who demonstrated how a neutral stimulus can elicit a conditioned response through association. Pavlov's experiments showed that dogs could learn to salivate at the sound of a bell when it was paired with food, illustrating the process of stimulus substitution. The theory emphasizes that behaviors can be learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring one, leading to an enduring change in response patterns.

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29 views6 pages

Assignment On Classical Conditioning Theory

The document discusses the classical conditioning theory, primarily associated with Ivan Pavlov, who demonstrated how a neutral stimulus can elicit a conditioned response through association. Pavlov's experiments showed that dogs could learn to salivate at the sound of a bell when it was paired with food, illustrating the process of stimulus substitution. The theory emphasizes that behaviors can be learned by connecting a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring one, leading to an enduring change in response patterns.

Uploaded by

Ifeanyi Celestine Ekenobi Ifecotravelagency
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT

COUNSELLING AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT CENTER


(CHDEC)

ASSIGNMENT ON

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY

BY

USORO ESTHER BONIFACE


G2024/MSC/CHDEC/CP/FT/067

COURSE TITLE: BEHAVIOUR MODIFICATION


COURSE CODE: MCP 812.3
COURSE LECTURER: Dr Chinwe Chukwu
APRIL, 2025
INTRODUCTION

A theory is a reasoned supposition put forward to explain facts


and events Udokang(2010).
Conditioning is the formation of some sort of stimulus-response
sequential relation that results in an enduring change in either
the pattern of behaviour or likelihood of a response of an
organism..
Here, the theory of classical conditioning would be discussed.

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING THEORY

The classical conditioning theory is associated with the Russian


Physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936).
He began his scientific career with investigations of heart
circulation, before turning to studying the physiology of
digestion for which he was rewarded the noble price 1904
Schwartz( 1989).
Classical conditioning is usually associated with such techniques
of teaching a dog to salivate at the ringing of a bell .Thus, it is
stimulus substitution.
It involves creating an association between a naturally
occurring stimulus leading to a learned response.
Ivan Pavlov while carrying out his investigation into the
digestive system of dogs, noticed that the animal salivated not
only when food was placed in it's mouth, but also when it saw
the food.
Salivation at the sight of food involves the responding by the
animal to stimulus other than the one which should naturally
evoke the response. It seemed likely that this was an acquired
response, since, presumably, the animal would have it learnt in
the course of it's life which substances were food and which
not food.
Pavlov investigated this phenomenon and reasoned
experimental techniques until he was able to accurately
measure the strength of the acquired response. In these
experiment, the dog was placed in a harness in a specially
designed room, which cut out extraneous stimuli . A neutral
stimulus which would induce salivation in the dog. After
repeated presentations, the dog would salivate when the bell
rung. Pavlov measured the strength of the response by the
number of drops of saliva secreted. It was soon discovered that
although the neutral response of salivation to food in the
mouth was stable and unchanging acquired response of
salivation to a previously neutral stimulus was unstable and
liable to die away if not followed by presentation of the neutral
stimulus.

PAVLOV'S EXPERIMENT

Initially, Pavlov presented food to the dog and it salivated. In


that context, the food was labeled unconditioned stimulus (US)
and the salivation was labeled unconditioned response (UR).
These types of stimulus and response were found to be natural
and automatic. Thereafter, the unconditioned stimulus was
paired with the sound of the bell conditioned stimulus (CS) and
the combination still made the dog to salivate, unconditioned
response (UR).
Thus, the dog was trained to salivate by ringing the bell before
presenting the food. After a period of training, the conditioned
stimulus ( soundof the bell) was produced alone and the dog
still salivated. Hence, conditioned stimulus gave rise to
conditioned response.
Classical conditioning theory says that behaviours are learned
by connecting a neutral stimulus with a positive one such as
when Pavlov dogs heard a bell(neutral ) and expected food
( positive).
In Pavlov's case, the sound of bell occured prior to or
simultaneously with the dog's salivation caused by the presence
of food. Then, in the future , the dog salivated at the mere
ringing of the bell, even when the food was not present.
In classical conditioning, a new stimulus is presented along with
an already adequate stimulus - such as the smell of food and
just prior to the response that is evoked by that stimulus. An
organism then learns to respond to a new stimulus in the same
or similar way it responds to the old, conditioned stimulus. The
new stimulus becomes the conditioned one, and the response
that follows both stimuli becomes the conditioned response
A conditioned response then , is one that is associated with or
evoked by a new-conditioned stimulus.
REFERENCES

Enang, P.I. (2014). Educational Psychology

Murkherjee, A.(1988). Educational psychology, Idia: Basu


Publishing.

Thorndike, E. (1913). Educational Psychology: The Psychology of


Learning. New York: Teachers College Press
.
Udokang, S.J and Okoro, C.C(.2010) Principles of Educational
Psychology . Abaam Publishing Co.

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