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Classical Conditioning or Associative Learning

The document discusses associative learning, focusing on classical conditioning, which is a process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. It details key experiments by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson, outlining the principles and components of classical conditioning, including acquisition, extinction, and stimulus generalization. Additionally, it introduces concepts like conditioned emotional response and vicarious conditioning.

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Rejoy Mathew
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14 views23 pages

Classical Conditioning or Associative Learning

The document discusses associative learning, focusing on classical conditioning, which is a process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response. It details key experiments by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson, outlining the principles and components of classical conditioning, including acquisition, extinction, and stimulus generalization. Additionally, it introduces concepts like conditioned emotional response and vicarious conditioning.

Uploaded by

Rejoy Mathew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A SS O C I AT I V E

LCLASSICAL
EARNING-
CONDITIONING

Associative learning is a learning process in


which a new response becomes associated with
a particular stimulus.
OUTLINE

• Types of learning
• Classical Conditioning
Theory
• Basic Experiment by Ivan
Pavlov
• Experiment by John B.
TYPES OF LEARNING:

I. Associative Learning
• Classical Conditioning
• Operant Conditioning (Instrumental Conditioning)

II. Cognitive Learning

Learning is any relatively permanent


change in behavior brought about by
experience or practice.
IVAN PETROVICH
PAVLOV

Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist


who won a Nobel prize in 1904 for his
work on digestion, is best known for his
research on classical conditioning. His
principles have been applied to
behavior therapies for educational
classrooms and for reducing phobias via
systematic desensitization.
Pavlov initially conducted experiments on dogs to study
their digestive systems. However, he accidentally
discovered classical conditioning when he noticed that
the dogs started salivating not only response to the
food they were given, but also to other cues like the lab
assistant’s footsteps. This led him to formulate the
theory of classical conditioning.
CLASSICAL
- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
CONDITIONING
Classical Conditioning is a type of associative learning
where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an
unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response.
First attempt in this field was done by Pavlov, that is why
this theory is termed as Classical Conditioning theory.

This theory is also known as:

• Respondent conditioning Ivan Pavlov with his research assistants and his
experimental subject (the dog).
• Pavlovian conditioning
CLASSICAL
- Basic
CONDITIONING
Experiment
Pavlov done this experiment
on dogs.

Generally, when meat (unconditioned stimulus) is given to


dogs, they salivate which is a natural (unconditioned)
response. Pavlov started ringing a bell just before giving meat
to the dog. After some days dog started salivating by hearing
bell even meat is not given. Here, bell is a conditioned stimuli.
CLASSICAL
- Basic
CONDITIONING
Experiment
Before Basic Terms or Key Componen
Conditioning :
UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus
Food Salivation
UCR - Unconditioned Response
(UCS) (UCR)
CS - Conditioned Stimulus
Bell
During
CR - Conditioned Response
Conditioning :
Bell
Salivation
Food
(UCS)
After
Conditioning :
Bell Salivation (CR)
(CS)
Experiment by John B. Watson:
Little Albert experiment

The Little Albert Experiment, conducted by


psychologist John B. Watson and his assistant
Rosalie Rayner in 1920, is a highly controversial
study that aimed to investigate the conditioning
of fear in humans. The experiment involved a
nine-month-old infant named Albert, who was
initially unafraid of a white rat. However,
Watson and Rayner repeatedly paired the
presentation of the rat with a loud noise,
creating an association between the two stimuli.
Over time, They found that Albert’s fear
response generalized to a variety of stimuli,
including a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, a Santa
CLASSICAL
in LIT TLE ALBERT
CONDITIONING
Before Basic Terms or Key Componen
Conditioning :
UCS - Unconditioned Stimulus
White rat
UCR - Unconditioned Response
Loud noise Fear (UCR)
CS - Conditioned Stimulus
(UCS)
During
CR - Conditioned Response
Conditioning :
Loud noise
Fear
White rat

After
Conditioning :
White rat Fear (CR)
(CS)
Key Components of Classical Conditioning :

 Neutral Stimulus : It is a stimulus that does not produce an

automatic response.

 Unconditioned Stimulus : A stimulus that naturally triggers an

unconditioned response. (Food)

 Unconditioned Response : An unlearned response to an unconditioned

stimulus. (Salivation)
Basic Principles of Classical
Conditioning :
1) Acquisition
2) Higher Order Conditioning
3) Extinction
4) Spontaneous Recovery
5) Generalization
6) Discrimination
1.
ACQUISITION
• Acquisition refers to the process by which a conditioned stimulus (CS)
acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response (CR).

• This is the initial stage of learning in which responses are established and then
strengthened as a result of repeated pairing.
• Eg: In Pavlov’s experiment, the time till the dog starts salivation at ring of bell can be
called as the stage of acquisition.
Temporal Arrangements in Classical Conditioning

• Temporal Arrangement of CS-UCS pairings refers to the timing and


sequence in which a CS is presented in relation to an UCS in Classical
Conditioning.
1 . Forward Conditioning
- Delayed Conditioning
- Trace Conditioning

2 . Simultaneous Conditioning

3 . Backward Conditioning
Temporal Arrangements in Classical Conditioning
 Forward
Conditioning
The presentation of the CS always precedes the presentation
of the UCS

Delayed Trace
Conditioning Conditioning
Presentation of the UCS Onset of the CS precedes
begins while CS is still the onset of the UCS.
present.
Temporal Arrangements in Classical Conditioning

 Simultaneous  Backward
Conditioning Conditioning

Form of conditioning in Form of conditioning in


which the CS & UCS begin which the presentation of
and end at the same time. the UCS precedes the
presentation of the CS
2. HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING

• Higher Order Conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which a


neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with
another conditioned stimulus.

st
• Eg: 1 you conditioned a dog to salivate in response to the sound of a tone by pairing the tone with meat
powder. Once the tone is firmly established as a CS, you pair the tone with a new stimulus, a red light.
Then, if we present the red light alone, without the tone, the dog will salivate in response to the red
light.
3. EXTINCTION

• Extinction is referred to the disappearance or weakening of a learned


response following the removal or absence of the Unconditioned Stimulus
(US).

• Eg: When Pavlov stopped giving the food, the dogs gradually stopped salivating to the
sound of the bell.
4. SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

• The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called


Spontaneous Recovery.

• After extinguishing the conditioned salivation, Pavlov waited a few weeks, putting the
bell away. Later when Pavlov took the bell back out and rang it, the dogs all began to
salivate.
5. STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

• The tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar


conditioned response.

• Pavlov found that similar sounding bells would produce the same conditioned response
from his dogs.

• Eg: Dog and Bell, Phobias, etc.…


6. STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION

• The process by which the organism learns to respond to certain stimuli but
not to others is called Stimulus Discrimination.

• Pavlov did not give the dogs any food after the similar bell sounded. They only got food
following the correct conditioned stimulus.
• It did not take long for the dogs to stop responding to the fake bell sounds and to respond
correctly to the real ones.
 CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
(CER)
• It is an emotional reaction that occurs when a previously neutral stimulus
becomes associated with an emotional or aversive stimulus through a process
of Classical Conditioning.

• Eg: Fear of dentist’s drill, emotional response to music, fear of all dogs if a person who
has been attacked by a dog in the past etc..
 VICARIOUS CONDITIONING

• An involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another


person.

• Also known as Observational learning or Social learning.


• Eg: Children learning from parents, Learning from public figures etc..
THANK
YOU

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