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Stichiometry IGCSE Chemistry

This chapter on stoichiometry covers the principles of calculating the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions, including key terms such as moles and molar mass. It outlines steps for balancing chemical equations, determining empirical and molecular formulas, identifying limiting reactants, and calculating percentage yield and concentration of solutions. Additionally, it provides practice questions and exam tips to aid in understanding and applying stoichiometric concepts.

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47 views3 pages

Stichiometry IGCSE Chemistry

This chapter on stoichiometry covers the principles of calculating the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions, including key terms such as moles and molar mass. It outlines steps for balancing chemical equations, determining empirical and molecular formulas, identifying limiting reactants, and calculating percentage yield and concentration of solutions. Additionally, it provides practice questions and exam tips to aid in understanding and applying stoichiometric concepts.

Uploaded by

gamingzonet094
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter: Stoichiometry

1. Introduction to Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the area of chemistry that deals with the relative quantities of
reactants and products in chemical reactions. It allows us to predict how much
product will form or how much reactant is needed in a chemical reaction.
Key Terms:
 Relative Atomic Mass (Ar): The weighted average mass of the atoms of
an element compared to 1/12 the mass of carbon-12.
 Relative Molecular Mass (Mr): The sum of the relative atomic masses
of the atoms in a molecule.
 Mole: One mole of a substance contains the same number of particles as
there are in 12g of carbon-12, which is (Avogadro’s constant).
 Molar Mass: Mass of one mole of a substance (g/mol).

2. Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry


Chemical equations must be balanced to reflect the conservation of mass.
Steps to Use Stoichiometry:
1. Write and balance the chemical equation.
2. Identify the known and unknown quantities.
3. Convert given information into moles.
4. Use mole ratio to find the required moles.
5. Convert back into grams, if needed.
Example:
Given: 2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O
 2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of
water.
 If you have 4 moles of hydrogen, you’ll need 2 moles of oxygen and
produce 4 moles of water.

3. The Mole Concept


Formulae:
 Moles =
 Mass = Moles × Molar Mass
 Number of particles = Moles × Avogadro’s Constant
Example:
How many moles are in 10g of H₂O?
 Mr of H₂O = 2(1) + 16 = 18
 Moles = 10 / 18 ≈ 0.56 mol

4. Empirical and Molecular Formula


Empirical Formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a
compound.
Steps to Determine Empirical Formula:
1. Write the masses (or percentages) of each element.
2. Convert mass to moles.
3. Divide by the smallest number of moles.
4. Write the ratio as the formula.
Molecular Formula: The actual number of atoms of each element in a
molecule.
 Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) × n
 Where

5. Limiting Reactants
The limiting reactant is the one that is used up first and limits the amount of
product formed.
How to Identify:
1. Convert mass to moles for all reactants.
2. Use mole ratio to compare.
3. The one that produces the least product is the limiting reagent.

6. Percentage Yield
Percentage Yield =
 Actual Yield: What you actually get from the experiment.
 Theoretical Yield: What you calculate based on stoichiometry.
Example:
Theoretical yield = 5g, Actual yield = 4g
 Yield = (4/5) × 100 = 80%
7. Concentration of Solutions
Concentration (mol/dm³):
To convert cm³ to dm³, divide by 1000.
Mass Concentration:

8. Ideal Gas and Molar Volume


At room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.), 1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm³.
 Volume (dm³) = Moles × 24
 Moles = Volume / 24

9. Practice Questions
1. Calculate the Mr of CaCO₃.
2. What is the empirical formula of a compound with 75% C and 25% H?
3. If 10g of H₂ reacts with excess oxygen, how many grams of water are
formed?
4. Identify the limiting reactant: 4g of hydrogen or 32g of oxygen in H₂ + O₂
→ H₂O.
5. Calculate the concentration of 0.5 moles of NaCl in 250 cm³ solution.

10. Exam Tips


 Always check units: grams ↔ moles ↔ cm³ ↔ dm³
 Balance equations before doing calculations.
 Know how to switch between mass, moles, volume, and number of
particles.
 Use Avogadro’s constant for particle questions.
 Label steps clearly in calculations.

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