Scribd
Upload
28 views19 pages

Separation Techniques

Uploaded by

gamingzonet094
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
28 views19 pages

Separation Techniques

Uploaded by

gamingzonet094
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

SCIENCE

DATE: 13th Nov, 2024

Teacher's name:
Elicitation
What are separation techniques at laboratory scale?

Suggest a method to purify salty water.

What is distillation?

Are you familiar with the term CHROMATOGRAPHY?


Attainment Target

• Description of separation and purification methods such as:


Chromatography, Filtration, Crystallisation, Simple distillation and
Fractional distillation
Filtration & Crystallisation
• The choice of the method of separation depends on the nature of the substances
being separated.

Separating a mixture of solids

• Differences in solubility can be used to separate solids

• For a difference in solubility, a suitable solvent must be chosen to ensure the


desired substance only dissolves in it and not other substances or impurities,
e.g. to separate a mixture of sand and salt, water is a suitable solvent to dissolve
the salt, but not the sand.
Filtration
• It is a process that separates solid particles / contaminants from a fluid by using a filter (filter paper
/ mesh / membrane)
• Process: Fluid is passed through he filter, Filter traps impurities and clean fluid comes out.
• Residue: A substance that remains after evaporation, distillation, filtration etc.
• Filtrate: A liquid or solution that has passed through a filter paper.
Process:
• Filter paper is placed in a filter funnel above
another beaker

• The mixture of insoluble solid and liquid is


poured into the filter funnel

• Filter paper will only allow small liquid


particles to pass through in the filtrate

• Solid particles are too large to pass through


the filter paper so will stay behind as a
residue
Crystallization
• The process of forming a solid from a
liquid, gas or solution, where particles
arrange themselves into a repeating
pattern, creating a crystal.

• Used to separate a dissolved solid


from a solution,when the solid is more
soluble in hot solvent than in cold
(e.g.copper sulphate from a solution of
copper (II) sulphate in water)
Process
• The solution is heated, allowing the solvent to evaporate and leaving a saturated solution behind

• You can test if the solution is saturated by dipping a clean, dry, cold glass rod into the solution.

• If the solution is saturated, crystals will form on the glass rod when it is removed and allowed to cool.

• The saturated solution is allowed to cool slowly and solids will come out of the solution as the
solubility decreases, and crystals will grow.

• Crystals are collected by filtering the solution.

• They are then washed with distilled water to remove any impurities and then allowed to dry
Chromatography
• It is a laboratory technique used to separate
mixtures into individual components.

• How it works:
Mixtures are passed through a Stationary
phase (e.g., paper)

Mobile phase (e.g., solvent) carries mixture


through the stationary phase.

Components are separated based on


interactions with Stationary phase.
Experiment
To separate the mixture of soluble components by paper chromatography
• Apparatus
Chromatographic Tank, Litmus Paper,
Clipper, Beaker, Dropper
• Chemicals:
Ink mixture, Ethanol (Solvent)
• Principle:
Mixture of inks will be separated on the
bases of their Solubility.
• Procedure:
Take filter paper and draw a Reference line
on it. On the marked places, pour drops of
mixture of inks.
• Result:
The ink mixture is separated. We have
calculated Rf factor
Results
• Rf = Distance travelled by Components / Distance
travelled by Solvent front
• Distance front =

• Black ink =
• Blue ink =
• Red ink =

• Rf value for Black ink = / =


• Rf value for Blue ink = / =
• Rf value for Red ink = / =

• Result: has the highest rate of solubility


Class room Activity
• The correct answer is D because:

• The difference in solubility in water means the first step is to make a solution.

• The magnesium chloride will dissolve, but the solid calcium sulfate will be
left behind.

• The mixture is filtered to remove the calcium sulfate and then evaporated and
crystallised to obtain magnesium chloride crystals.
Simple
Distillation
A process to separate two or more
liquids based on their boiling
points.

Also,
This is a way to obtain the solvent
from a solution. It could be used
to obtain water from salt water.

It is used for:
• Purification of water
• Making essential oils
• Producing alcohol
Process
• The solution is heated and pure water evaporates producing a vapour which rises through the neck
of the round-bottomed flask.
• The vapour passes through the condenser, where it cools and condenses, turning into pure water
which is collected in a beaker.
• After all the water is evaporated from the solution, only the solid solute will be left behind.
Fractional
Distillation
• A process to separate mixtures of
liquids with different boiling
points.

It is used for:
• Refining of oil
• Purification of chemicals
• Separation of mixtures
Process
• The solution is heated to the temperature of the substance with the lowest boiling point.

• This substance will rise and evaporate first, and vapours will pass through a condenser, where
they cool and condense, turning into a liquid that will be collected in a beaker.

• All of the substance is evaporated and collected, leaving behind the other components(s) of the
mixture.

• For water and ethanol: ethanol has a boiling point of 78 ºC and water of 100 ºC. The mixture is
heated until it reaches 78 ºC, at which point the ethanol boils and distills out of the mixture and
condenses into the beaker.

• When the temperature starts to increase to100 ºC heating shouldbe stopped. Water and ethanol
are now separated.
Fractional distillation of a mixture of ethanol and water
Homework
Suggest appropriate process

• obtain water from aqueous sodium chloridees


• ..............................................................................................................

• separate petroleum into useful substances


• ...............................................................................................................

• identify the components of a mixture of soluble coloured substances


• ...............................................................................................................

• separate a mixture of several liquids with different boiling points


• ........................................................................................

• separate an insoluble solid from a mixture of an insoluble solid and a solution


• .................................................................................

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy