ELE 815

Instructor POWER SYSTEM

Engr. Dr. Sabo Aliyu
ANALYSIS
s.aliyu@nda.edu.ng

090-29787708

Research gate
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aliyu-
Sabo-2
LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/in/engr-
sabo-aliyu-phd-65a52a60/
Google Scholar
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=pfzX
_m4AAAAJ&hl=en
1
BASIC CONCEPT

2
 Review of Phasors
Goal of phasor analysis is to simplify the
analysis of constant frequency ac
systems

v(t) = Vmax cos(wt + qv)

i(t) = Imax cos(wt + qI)
Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage of sinusoid
1T 2 Vmax

T0
v(t ) dt 
2
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 Phasor Representation
Euler's Identity: e jq  cosq  j sin q

Phasor notation is developed by rewriting

using Euler's identity
v(t )  2 V cos(wt  qV )
v(t )  2 V Re e j (wt qV ) 
(Note: V is the RMS voltage)

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 Phasor Representation, cont’d
The RMS, cosine-referenced voltage phasor is:
V  V e jqV  V qV
v(t )  Re 2 Ve jw t e jqV
V  V cosqV  j V sin qV
I  I cosq I  j I sin q I

(Note: Some texts use “boldface” type for

complex numbers, or “bars on the top”)
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 Advantages of Phasor Analysis
Device Time Analysis Phasor
Resistor v(t )  Ri (t ) V  RI
di (t )
Inductor v(t )  L V  jw LI
dt
1t 1
Capacitor 
C0
i (t ) dt  v(0) V 
jw C
I

Z = Impedance  R  jX  Z 
R = Resistance
(Note: Z is a
X = Reactance
complex number but
X
Z = R2  X 2  =arctan( ) not a phasor)
R
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7
8
 RL Circuit Example

V (t )  2 100cos(w t  30)
f  60Hz
R  4 X  wL  3
Z  42  32  5   36.9
V 10030
I  
Z 536.9
 20  6.9 Amps
i(t)  20 2 cos(w t  6.9)
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 Complex Power
Power
p(t )  v(t ) i (t )
v(t) = Vmax cos(w t  qV )
i (t) = I max cos(w t  q I )
1
cos cos   [cos(   )  cos(   )]
2
1
p(t )  Vmax I max [cos(qV  q I ) 
2
cos(2w t  qV  q I )]
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 Complex Power, cont’d
Average Power
1
p (t )  Vmax I max [cos(qV  q I )  cos(2wt  qV  q I )]
2
1T
Pavg  
T0
p (t )dt

1
 Vmax I max cos(qV  q I )
2
 V I cos(qV  q I )

Power Factor Angle =  =qV  q I

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 Complex Power
S  V I  cos(qV  q I )  j sin(qV  q I ) 
 P  jQ
* (Note: S is a complex number but not a phasor)
 V I
P = Real Power (W, kW, MW)
Q = Reactive Power (var, kvar, Mvar)
S = Complex Power (VA, kVA, MVA)
Power Factor (pf) = cos
If current leads voltage then pf is leading
If current lags voltage then pf is lagging
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 Complex Power, cont’d
Relationships between real, reactive and complex power
P  S cos 

Q  S sin    S 1  pf 2

Example: A load draws 100 kW with a leading pf of 0.85.

What are  (power factor angle), Q and S ?
  -cos 1 0.85  31.8
100kW
S   117.6 kVA
0.85
Q  117.6sin(31.8)  62.0 kVar
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14
 Conservation of Power
 At every node (bus) in the system
– Sum of real power into node must equal
zero
– Sum of reactive power into node must
equal zero
 This is a direct consequence of Kirchhoff’s
current law, which states that the total
current into each node must equal zero.
– Conservation of power follows since S =
VI*
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Conservation of Power Example
Earlier we found
I = 20-6.9 amps

S  V I *  10030  206.9  200036.9 VA

  36.9 pf = 0.8 lagging
SR  VR I *  4  20  6.9 206.9
2
PR  1600W  I R (Q R  0)
SL  VL I *  3 j  20  6.9 206.9
2
Q L  1200 var  I X (PL  0)
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 Power Consumption in Devices
Resistors only consume real power
2
PResistor  I Resistor R
Inductors only consume reactive power
2
Q Inductor  I Inductor X L
Capacitors only generate reactive power
2 1
QCapacitor   I Capacitor X C XC 
wC
2
VCapacitor
QCapacitor   (Note-some define X C negative)
XC
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 Example
First solve
basic circuit

400000 V
I   4000 Amps
1000 
V  400000  (5  j 40) 4000
 42000  j16000  44.920.8 kV
S  V I *  44.9k20.8 4000
 17.9820.8 MVA  16.8  j 6.4 MVA
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 Example, cont’d
Now add additional
reactive power load
and re-solve

Z Load  70.7 pf  0.7 lagging

I  564  45 Amps
V  59.713.6 kV
S  33.758.6 MVA  17.6  j 28.8 MVA

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 Power System Notation
Power system components are usually shown as
“one-line diagrams.” Previous circuit redrawn
17.6 MW 16.0 MW
28.8 MVR -16.0 MVR

59.7 kV 40.0 kV

17.6 MW
16.0 MW
28.8 MVR
16.0 MVR

Generators are Transmission lines

Arrows are used
are shown as a
shown as circles to show loads
single line
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 Reactive Compensation
Key idea of reactive compensation is to supply reactive
power locally. In the previous example this can
be done by adding a 16 Mvar capacitor at the load
16.8 MW 16.0 MW
6.4 MVR 0.0 MVR

44.94 kV 40.0 kV

16.8 MW
16.0 MW
6.4 MVR
16.0 MVR
16.0 MVR

Compensated circuit is identical to first example with

just real power load
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 Reactive Compensation, cont’d
 Reactive compensation decreased the line flow from
564 Amps to 400 Amps. This has advantages
– Lines losses, which are equal to I2 R decrease
– Lower current allows utility to use small wires, or
alternatively, supply more load over the same wires
– Voltage drop on the line is less
 Reactive compensation is used extensively by utilities
 Capacitors can be used to “correct” a load’s power
factor to an arbitrary value.

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 Power Factor Correction Example
Assume we have 100 kVA load with pf = 0.8 lagging,
and would like to correct the pf to 0.95 lagging
1
S  80  j 60 kVA   cos 0.8  36.9
1
PF of 0.95 requires desired  cos 0.95  18.2
Snew  80  j (60  Qcap )
60 - Qcap
 tan18.2  60  Qcap  26.3 kvar
80
Qcap  33.7 kvar
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whole or in part. 23
 Distribution System
Capacitors

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 Balanced 3 Phase () Systems
A balanced 3 phase () system has
– three voltage sources with equal
magnitude, but with an angle shift of
120
– equal loads on each phase
– equal impedance on the lines
connecting the generators to the loads
Bulk power systems are almost
exclusively 3
Single phase is used primarily only in
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 Balanced 3 – No Neutral Current

I n  I a  Ib  I c
V
In  (10  1   1  
Z
* * * *
S  Van I an  Vbn I bn  Vcn I cn  3 Van I an
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whole or in part. 26
 Advantages of 3 Power
Can transmit more power for same
amount of wire (twice as much as
single phase)
Torque produced by 3 machines is
constant
Three phase machines use less
material for same power rating
Three phase machines start more
easily than single phase machines
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 Three Phase – Y Connection
There are two ways to connect 3
systems
– Wye (Y)
– Delta ()
Wye Connection Voltages
Van  V  
Vbn  V   
Vcn  V   

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 Y Connection Line Voltages
Vcn Vab
Vca
-Vbn
Van
Vbn
(α = 0 in this case)
Vbc
Vab  Van  Vbn  V (1  1  120
 3 V   30
Line to line voltages are
Vbc  3 V   90 also balanced
Vca  3 V   150
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whole or in part. 29
 Y Connection, cont’d
Define voltage/current
across/through device to be phase
voltage/current
Define voltage/current j
across/through
VLine  3 VPhase 1lines
30  to
3 Vbe
Phaseline
e 6
voltage/current
I Line  I Phase
*
S3  3 VPhase I Phase

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 Delta Connection
For the Delta
phase voltages equal
line voltages

For currents
Ic Ia  I ab  I ca
Ica
 3 I ab   
I b  I bc  I ab
Ib Iab Ic  I ca  I bc
Ibc
*
Ia S3  3 VPhase I Phase
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 Three Phase Example
Assume a -connected load is supplied
from a 3
13.8 kV (L-L) source withVZab= 13.8
10020
0 kV
Vbc  13.8 0 kV
Vca  13.80 kV

13.80 kV
I ab   138  20 amps
 
I bc  138  140 amps I ca  1380 amps
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whole or in part. 32
 Three Phase Example, cont’d
I a  I ab  I ca  138  20  1380
 239  50 amps
I b  239  170 amps I c  2390 amps

*
S  3  Vab I ab  3  13.80kV  138 amps
 5.7 MVA
 5.37  j1.95 MVA
pf  cos 20   lagging

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 Δ-Y Transformation
To simplify analysis of balanced 3 systems:
1) Δ-connected loads can be replaced by
1
Y-connected loads with ZY  Z 
3
2) Δ-connected sources can be replaced by
VLine
Y-connected sources with Vphase 
330

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whole or in part. 34
 Δ-Y Transformation Proof

From the  side we get

Vab Vca Vab  Vca
Ia   
Z Z Z
Vab  Vca
Hence Z 
Ia
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whole or in part. 35
 Δ-Y Transformation, cont’d
From the Y side we get
Vab  ZY ( I a  I b ) Vca  ZY ( I c  I a )
Vab  Vca  ZY (2 I a  I b  I c )
Since Ia  I b  I c  0  I a   I b  I c
Hence Vab  Vca  3 ZY I a
Vab  Vca
3 ZY   Z
Ia
1
Therefore ZY  Z
3
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whole or in part. 36
 Three Phase Transmission
Line

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whole or in part. 37
 Per Phase Analysis
Per phase analysis allows analysis of
balanced 3 systems with the same
effort as for a single phase system
Balanced 3 Theorem: For a
balanced 3 system with
– All loads and sources Y connected
– No mutual Inductance between phases

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 Per Phase Analysis, cont’d
Then
– All neutrals are at the same potential
– All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled
– All system values are the same
sequence as sources. The sequence
order we’ve been using (phase b lags
phase a and phase c lags phase a) is
known as “positive” sequence; later in
the course we’ll discuss negative and
zero sequence systems.
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whole or in part. 39
 Per Phase Analysis Procedure
To do per phase analysis
1. Convert all  load/sources to
equivalent Y’s
2. Solve phase “a” independent of
the other phases
3. Total system power S = 3 Va Ia*
4. If desired, phase “b” and “c”
values can be determined by
inspection (i.e., ±120° degree
phase shifts)
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 Per Phase Example
Assume a 3, Y-connected
generator with Van = 10 volts
supplies a -connected load with Z
= -j through a transmission line with
impedance of j0.1 per phase. The
load is also connected to a -
connected generator with Va″b″ =
10 through a second transmission
line which also has an impedance
of j0.1 per phase.
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whole or in part. 41
 Per Phase Example, cont’d

First convert the delta load and source to equivalent

Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit
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whole or in part. 42
 Per Phase Example, cont’d

To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'

' ' ' 1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va     j  
3
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whole or in part. 43
 Per Phase Example, cont’d
To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'
' ' ' 1
(Va  10)(10 j )  Va (3 j )  (Va     j  
3
10
(10 j  60)  Va' (10 j  3 j  10 j )
3
Va'  0.9  volts Vb'  0.9  volts
Vc'  0.9 volts '
Vab  1.56 volts

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whole or in part. 44
 Per Phase Example, cont’d
*
 Va  Va 
'
Sygen  3Va I a*  Va    5.1  j 3.5 VA
 j 0.1 
 " ' *
" Va  Va
Sgen  3Va    5.1  j 4.7 VA
 j 0.1 

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whole or in part. 45