Chapter Six

Measuring and Evaluating the

Performance of Banks and
Their Principal Competitors

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Key Topics

• Stock Values and Profitability Ratios

• Measuring Credit, Liquidity, and Other Risks
• Measuring Operating Efficiency
• Performance of Competing Financial Firms

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Value of the Bank’s Stock

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Value of a Bank’s Stock Rises When:

• Expected Dividends Increase

• Risk of the Bank Falls
• Market Interest Rates Decrease
• Combination of Expected Dividend Increase
and Risk Decline

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Value of Bank’s Stock if Earnings Growth

is Constant

D1
P0 
r-g

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Key Profitability Ratios in Banking

Net income after tax
Return On Assets (ROA) =
Total Assets

Net income after tax

Returns on Equity (ROE) =
Total equity capital

(Interest income
-Interest expense) Net Interest Income
Net Interest Margin (NIM) = =
Total Assets Total Assets

Noninterest revenue
-PLLL
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-Noninterest expenses Net Noninterest Income
Net Noninterest Margin (NNIM) = = Inc., All Rights
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Total Assets Total Assets
 6-7

Key Profitability Ratios in Banking (cont.)

Total Operating Revenues - Total Operating Expenses

Net Bank Operating Margin =
Total Assets

Net Income After Taxes

Earnings Per Share (EPS) =
Common Equity Shares Outstanding

Market price per share

Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio =
EPS

Total Interest Income __ Total Interest Expense

Earnings Spread = Total Earning Assets Total Interest Bearing Liability

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Key Liquidity Ratios in Banking

Total liquid assets

Current ratio =
Total liabilities

Total liquid assets

Liquidity standard ratio =
Total assets

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Key Leverage Ratio in Banking

Total Liabilities
Debt-to-equity ratio =
Total Equity capital

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Key Capital adequacy Ratio in Banking

 Tier 1 + Tier 2 capital

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) =
(Basel II formula) Total risk-weighted assets

Basel III formula = (Tier 1 + Tier 2 + Conservation buffer)

Total risk-weighted assets

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Breaking Down ROE

ROE = Net Income/ Total Equity Capital

ROA = Equity Multiplier =

Net Income/Total Assets x Total Assets/Equity Capital

Net Profit Margin = Asset Utilization =

Net Income/Total Operating Revenue x Total Operating Revenue/Total Assets

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ROE Depends On:

• Equity Multiplier=Total assets/Total equity capital
▫ Leverage or Financing Policies: the choice of
sources of funds (debt or equity)

• Net Profit Margin=Net income/Total operating

revenue
▫ Effectiveness of Expense Management (cost
control)

• Asset Utilization=Total operating revenue/Total

assets
▫ Portfolio Management Policies (the mix and yield
on assets)
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Determinants of
ROE in a
Financial Firm

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A Variation on ROE
Net Income Pre-Tax Net Operating Income
ROE =  
Pre-Tax Net Operating Income Total Operating Revenue
Total Operating Revenue Total Assets

Total Assets Total Equity Capital
ROE = Tax Management Efficiency 
Expense Control Efficiency 
Asset Management Efficiency 
Funds Management Efficiency
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Breakdown of ROA

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Bank Risks

• Credit Risk • Legal and

• Liquidity Risk Compliance Risk
• Market Risk • Reputation Risk
• Interest Rate Risk • Strategic Risk
• Operational Risk • Capital Risk

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Credit Risk

The Probability that Some of the

Financial Firm’s Assets Will
Decline in Value and Perhaps
Become Worthless

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Credit Risk Measures

• Nonperforming Loans/Total Loans
• Net Charge-Offs/Total Loans
• Provision for Loan Losses/Total Loans
• Provision for Loan Losses/Equity Capital
• Allowance for Loan Losses/Total Loans
• Allowance for Loan Losses/Equity Capital
• Nonperforming Loans/Equity Capital

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Liquidity Risk

Probability the Financial Firm Will

Not Have Sufficient Cash and
Borrowing Capacity to Meet
Deposit Withdrawals and Other
Cash Needs

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Liquidity Risk Measures

• Purchased Funds/Total Assets
• Net Loans/Total Assets
• Cash and Due from Banks/Total
Assets
• Cash and Government
Securities/Total Assets

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Market Risk: Comprises Price Risk

and Interest Rate Risk

Probability of the Market Value of the

Financial Firm’s Investment Portfolio
Declining in Value Due to a Change in
Interest Rates

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Market Risk Measures

• Book-Value of Assets/ Market Value of

Assets
• Book-Value of Equity/ Market Value of
Equity
• Book-Value of Bonds/Market Value of
Bonds
• Market Value of Preferred Stock and
Common Stock

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Interest Rate Risk

The Danger that Shifting Interest

Rates May Adversely Affect a Bank’s
Net Income, the Value of its Assets
or Equity

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Interest Rate Risk Measures

• Interest Sensitive Assets/Interest

Sensitive Liabilities

• Uninsured Deposits/Total Deposits

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Off-Balance-Sheet Risk
The Volatility in Income and Market Value of
Bank Equity that May Arise from
Unanticipated Losses due to OBS Activities
(activities that do not have a balance sheet
reporting impact until a transaction is
affected)

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Operational Risk
Uncertainty Regarding a Financial
Firm’s Earnings Due to Failures in
Computer Systems, Errors, Misconduct
by Employees, Floods, Lightening
Strikes and Similar Events or Risk of
Loss Due to Unexpected Operating
Expenses

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Legal and Compliance Risk

Risk of Earnings Resulting from Actions

Taken by the Legal System. This can
Include Unenforceable Contracts, Lawsuits
or Adverse Judgments. Compliance Risk
Includes Violations of Rules and Regulations

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Reputation Risk

This is Risk Due to Negative Publicity that

can Dissuade Customers from Using the
Services of the Financial Firm. It is the Risk
Associated with Public Opinion.

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Capital Risk

Probability of the Value of the Bank’s

Assets Declining Below the Level of its
Total Liabilities. The Probability of the
Bank’s Long Run Survival

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Capital Risk Measures

• Stock Price/Earnings Per Share

• Equity Capital/Total Assets
• Purchased Funds/Total Liabilities
• Equity Capital/Risk Assets

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Other Goals in Banking

Total Operating Expenses
Operating Efficiency Ratio =
Total Operating Revenues

Net Operating Income

Employee Productivity Ratio =
Number of Full Time-Equivalent Employees

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