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The document outlines a Soil Mechanics course for Bachelor of Civil Engineering students at Pokhara University, detailing its objectives, course content, and evaluation methods. It covers fundamental principles of soil behavior, compaction, permeability, stress distribution, consolidation, and shear strength, along with practical applications and laboratory tests. Students must achieve a minimum of 45% in assessments and maintain 80% attendance to qualify for examinations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
42 views28 pages4th SEM Syallbus
The document outlines a Soil Mechanics course for Bachelor of Civil Engineering students at Pokhara University, detailing its objectives, course content, and evaluation methods. It covers fundamental principles of soil behavior, compaction, permeability, stress distribution, consolidation, and shear strength, along with practical applications and laboratory tests. Students must achieve a minimum of 45% in assessments and maintain 80% attendance to qualify for examinations.
Uploaded by
aayushkryadab302Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 28
Pokhara University
Faculty of Seience and Te
‘Course Code: GTE 2523 Credit) — Full Marks: 100,
re s =e Pass Mark: 45
‘Nature of the Course: Theory and Practical Total Lectures: 45 hours
Level: Bachelor/ Year: 1V/ Semester: IV Program Bachelor of Civil Engineering |
1. Course Deseription:
The course in Soil Mechanics is designed for the bachelor’s degree in civil engineering, Tt is the
first series in Geotechnical Engincering course and is a core course for civil engineering in every
college/university across the globe. The course covers each and every aspect of soil mechanics
sing from the crigin of th eu phass, properties and behavior unde erent cod
y. drainage, etc.
2. General Objectives
‘© This course deals with the fundamental principles governing soil behavior, exploring critical
geotechnical properties and various geotechnical applications.
+ An understanding of these basic concepts enhances the ability of students for the design of
foundations of structures, retaining walls, tunnels, excavations, earth fills, stability of earth
slopes etc
3. Methods of Instructions:
Lecture, Tutorial, Discussion, and Laboratory tests
| Specific Objectives 4. Course Contents
‘At the end of Unit 1, students will be able | Unit 1: Introduction to soil, its Phases,
Properties, and Classification (8 hrs)
+ To know and explain about rack, soil, | 1.1 Origin of Rocks and Soils; Rock cycle
rock cycle. 1.2 Definition of soil, Soil formation process, and
‘+ Todefine the soil and describe its its types.
formation process and types. 1.3 Phase Diagram of Soil: Basic Definitions,
‘+ To visualize the Phase structure of soil | __ Functional Relations
and to derive the functional 1.4 Index Properties of soil and their determination:
relationships. Density, Specific gravity and moisture content
© Todetermine the different index of soil, Particle shape and size, Grain Size
properties of soil in laboratory Distribution: Sieve analysis and Hydrometer
© To know and explain about the types Analysis, Relative Density of Soil, Consistency
of clay minerals Limit of Soil and their Indices, Clay minerals:
+ Toclassfy the soi using various Montmorillonite, Kaolinite, and tite, and Soil
systems based on the properties.
‘Ai the end of Unit 2, students will be able
© To define and know about the definition and purpose of compaction
in the field of civil engineering,
# Torolate dry density with varying
snoisture content in soil in order to
obsain compaction curve and its:
features.
+ To conduct laboratory test to
determine the compaction
characteristics of soil,
+ Toanalyze the factors affecting the
‘compaction of soi
© To apply the different methods of
compaction based on the site
condition.
+ Todetermine different methods to
determine field density.
«To describe the behavior of soil while
compacted at dry of optimum and wet
of optimum
[2.2 Dry density
2.3 Laboratory Compaction Tests
2.4 Factors affecting compaction of soil
2.5 Effects of compaction on the engineering
behavior of soil
2.6 Methods of Field Compaction
2.7 Determination of field density: Core Cutter
method, Sand Cone method, Rubber balloon
method, Waler displacement method
ive Compaction
‘At the end of Unit 3, students will be able
Unit 3: Permeability, Capillarity, Seepage, and
Effective stress, (10 hrs)
‘+ To know the concept of permeability
+ To determine coefficient of
permeability of soil in laboratory and
field as well.
‘* To calculate equivalent permeability
of stratified soil
© To know the concept of surface
tension
+ Toknow the concept of capillary rise
through soil and to calculate capillary
rise.
+ To analyze the concept of quick sand
condition and liquefaction while
designing foundation.
+ To analyze seepage through soil
‘© To analyze failure of an earthen
structure through piping mechanism
and to apply its preventive measures
+ To calculate effective stress in soil and
its effects on the strength of soil.
3.1 Permeability, Darcy's law
3.2 Laboratory and field determination of
Permeability
3.3 Surface tension and Capillary rise of water in
soil
3.4 Quick Sand Condition and Liquefaction
3.5 Equivalent permeability in stratified soil
3.6 Definition of Seepage, and Laplace equation for
two-dimensional flow
3.7 Introduction to flow net, their characteristics,
applications, and analysis of seepage discharge
3.8 Seepage through Earthen Dam, Concept and
construction of Phreatic Line.
3.9. Piping and its Preventive Measures
3.10 Principles of Effective Stress and its effects on
strength
At the end of Unit 4, students will be able
Unit 4: Stress Distribution on Soil below the
Applied Vertical Load (6 hrs)
+ Tocalculate the vertical stress
developed at any depth or at any racial
4.1 Concept of Stress Distribution on Soil,
s and Westergaard's Theory distances due to the load applied o
the ground surface using various stress
distribution theories and related
chartsfables.
© To draw and know the variation of the
vertical stress distribution on
horizontal and vertical plane below the
ground surface
‘+ To locate the significant depth of
foundation using the concept of
pressure bulb.
4.2 Concept of Pres Bulb and Ver
Distribution on horizontal & vertical plane
4.3 Vertical Stress Distribution beneath the loaded
area (Line fond, Strip load, circular area, and
Rectangular area), Newmarks and Fadum's.
chart
4.4 Approximate Method of Stress Distribution
‘Atthe end of Unit 5. students
Unit 5: Compressi
Soil (8 hrs)
ity and Consol
+ To define and understand the
principles of consolidation, its type,
and related theories.
‘+ To know the mechanism of
consolidation given by Terzaghi’s
spring analogy model.
‘+ Tocalculate the time of consolidation
# To conduct consolidation test in the
laboratory.
«To draw void ratio pressure
relationship
+ To determine consolidation parameters,
of saturated soil
‘+ To know the types of consolidated
clay and to determine pre-
consolidation pressure
+ To determine consolidation settlement
'5.1 Definition, Principles of consolidation, its type
5.2 Terzaghi’s spring analogy model
5.3 One-Dimensional Consolidation theory
5.4 Consolidation test
5.5 Void ratio pressure relationships
Compressibitity Characteristics (i.e.
Compression Index, Coefficient of
Compressibitity, Recompression Index,
Swelling Index, Coefficient of Volume change,
etc)
5.6 Normally Consolidated Clay and Over
Consolidated Clay and determination of Over
Consolidation (i.e, Pre-consolidation) Pressure
5.7 Determination of Consolidation Settlement
5.8 Determination of Coefficient of Consolidation
by square root and logarithm of time fitting
‘method
‘At the end of Unit 6, students will be able
to understand about
Unit 6: Shear Strength Soil, and Slope
Stabilization Techniques (8 hrs)
+ To know the shear strength of soil and
governing parameters,
‘+ To understand the Mohr-Coulomb's
theory, plane of failure and principle
planes and stresses.
+ To determination the shear strength
parameters conducting different
laboratory test.
* To determine shear strength of cl
and sand,
‘+ To know the types of slope and to find
the causes and mechanism of slope
failure.
6.1 Concept of shear strength of soil
6.2 Mohr-Coulomb’s Failure Criteria
6.3 Mohr Circle, Normal Stress, Shear Stress,
Principle planes, Principle stresses, and plane of
ion of Shear Strength Parameters: (i)
Direct Shear Test, (ii) Triaxial test:
Consolidated Drained (CD) Test, Consolidated
‘Undrained (CU) test, Uncons« wed Undrained
(UU) Test, (iii) Unconfined Compression Test,
and (iv) Vane Shear Test
6.5 Shear Strength of Clay and Sand
6.6 Types of slope, cause and mechanism of slope ‘© Todetermine the FOS and critical) 6.7 Factor of safety and eritical surface
surface. 64 Slope § tion Techniques
© To stabilize the slopes using different
techniques.
SListof Tutorials
SN | Numerical problems related to
Phase relationship and properties oF soil
Soil classification
‘Compaction characteristics
Effective stresses on hydrost
condition
‘uniform seepage, Capillary, and uniform surcharge
3.__| Determination of permeability of soil
6. | Computation of pore pressure at any point of flow net and Calculation of Seepage
discharge through soil
7. | Computation of vertical stresses due to applied Toad (point Toad, Tine load, strip Toad, and
UDL on circular Rectangular area)
8.__| Use of Newmark and Fadum’s chart to compute vertical stress
Consolidation Settlement and Time Rate of Consolidation
10. | Shear strength of soil (¢, @, t, principal planes, principal stresses, etc.)
6 List of Practical
'SN | List of Practical
Determination of specific gravity and water content of soil
Grain size analysis of soil (i.e. Sieve Analysis and Hydrometer Analysis)
Determination of wet density of soil
Consistency Limits Test for fine-grained soil (i.e. LL, PL, and SL)
Direct Shear Test
| Triaxial Test (Demonstration)
Unconfined Compression Test
1,
2.
3
4
5.__| Compaction Test Gs
6
iv
8
9
Vane Shear Test
10. | Consolidation Test (Demonstration)
11. | Visual Classification Test of Soil (Demonstration)
12. | Experimental demonstration of water effect on sandeastle
5. Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibilities
Evaluation System
‘The internal evaluation of a student may consist of assignments, attendance, term-exams, lab
reports and projects etc. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as follows [Internal Evaluation |_ Weight
Theory af 30 | Semester 5
‘Attendance & Cha i 10% a cea
Assignments ae a ee ate cea]
Presentations/Quizzes z 10% a 73
Tmternail Assessment 0% |
Practical asses] 2 =n [aaa
‘Attendance & Class Participation |_10%%
Lab Repor/Project Report 20% 2
Practical Exam/Project Work 40% ‘ =]
Viva 30%
Total Internal = 30
Full Marks: 50+ 50 = 100
Students’ Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination.
Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the Semester-End
Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test, etc. and complete
all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the
requirements defined for the completion of the course.
8. Prescribed Books and References z 5 g|
Name of Authors / Name of Book / Publishers
Text Books:
1. Murthy, V.N.S. (2007). Text Book of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
(Geotechnical Engineering Series), CBS Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. India
2. Ranjan, Gopal & Rao, A.S.R. (2000), Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi, India. Referen
1. Terzaghi, Karl, Peck, R.B. & John, Wiley (1967). Soil Mechanic
York.
2. T. William Lambe, Robert V. Whitman (1969), Soil Mechanics, JOHN WILEY & SONS, New
York
3, T. William Lambe, SOIL. TESTING for Engineers, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
4, Dante Fratta, Jennifer Aguettant, Lynne Roussel-Smith (2007), Introduction to Soil Mechanics
Laboratory Testing, CRC Press, New York
3. Braja M. Das (2002), Principles of Geotechnical Engineering, ‘Thomson, Asia
4, Venkatramaiah, C. (Third Edition), Geotechnical Engineering, New Age International (P) Limited
Publisher, India
‘5, Punmia, B.C, Jain, A.K.& Jain, Arun K. (Seventh Edition 2017). Soil Mechanics and Foundation
‘engineering, Laxmi Publication Pvt, Ltd. India.
6. Adhikari P.B., Thapa HJ. A Text Book of Soil Mechanics, (2023), Sanskriti Prakashan,
Kathmandu, Nepal
in Engineering Practice, New ‘Pokhara University
Faculty of Science and Technology.
‘otal Lectures: 45 hours,
Program: Bachelor in Civil Engineering |
1. Course Description:
The course introduces concepts and economic analysis procedures to assist with decision-
making in engineering projects. Concepts include fundamentals of economics and engineering
economics, cost analysis, time value of money and cash flow diagrams; interest rates, different
techniques of evaluation, risk, replacement, depreciation and inflation. Economic analysis,
procedure includes selection and ranking of projects and analyze the associated risk including,
replacement analysis, calculation of depreciation amount and adjustment of taxes and inflation.
2. General Objectiv
The basic purpose of this course is to provide a sound understanding of concepts and principles
of economy and engineering economy and to develop proficiency with methods for making
rational decisions regarding financial analysis of engineering problems likely to be encountered
in professional practice.
3. Methods of Instructions: y
Lecture, tutorials, discussions, assignments, quizzes, project work
Specific Objective 4 Course Content
Unit 1: Basics of Engineering Economies (3 hrs)
+ Explain the meaning and 1.1 Definition of economics and principles of
principles of economics economics
* Describe the law of demand, | 1.2 Introduction to demand, supply, production, and
Law of supply, production and utility
utility theory 1.3 Definition of engineering economies,
+ Explain the meaning and of engineering economics and its appl
importance of engineering 1.4 Terminologies used in engineering economic
economics and its principles analysis,
Unit 2 Cost Concept and Analysis (3 hrs)
* Describe various elements and 2.1 Elements of cost-material, labor and expenses
types of cost 2.2 Various types of eosts: Direct cost, indirect
cost, fixed cost, variable cost, marginal cost,
opportunity cost, sunk cost, manufiucturing cost and
non manufacturing eos
1 © Define different types of interest
rates and describe their
relationship,
+ Develop interest formulas for
equivalent calculations of
different types of cashflows
Interest and Time Value of Money (6 hrs
) E : =
3.1 Simple interest, compound interest, nominal
interest rate and effective interest rates
3.2 Eeonomiic equivalence: Definitions, simple
culations, and general principles
3 Development of formulas for equivalence
calculations: Types of cashflows, single cashflow
formulas, equal payment series, linear gradient
seties, geometric gradient series, irregular (mixed
payment) series.
Unit 4: Basic Methodologies of Engineering
Economic Studies (6hrs)
‘Define and describe minimum
attractive rates of retum
‘+ Explain the process to calculate
Payback period, equivalent
worth, intemal and external rates
of retum as well as Benefit cost
ration and their interpretation
‘+ Toexplain the meaning and
differences of economic and
financial analysis
4.1 Minimum attractive rate of return (MARR) =
Concept and its calculation
4.2 Payback period: Simple and discounted
4.3 Equivalent worth: Present worth, future worth
and annual worth
4.4 Rate of return: Internal rate of return (IRR) and
External rate of return (ERR)
4.5 Benefit cost ratio: Normal, conventional and
modified
4.6 Economic and financial analysis: Basic concept
Unit 5: Comparative Analysis of Alternatives (6
hrs)
+ Tobe able to rank and select the
projects having same and
different useful lives
economically and financially
based on values obtained from
Payback period, Equivalent
worth, rate of return and benefit
cost ration
+ Tobe able to select
combinations of projects.
5.1 Concept of mutually exclusive,
contingent projects
5.2 Comparing alternatives having same useful life
5.2.1 Payback period, present worth and future
worth methods
5.2.2 IRR, ERR and BCR method using
incremental analysis,
5.3 Comparing alternatives having different useful
lives:
5.3.1 Repeatability assumptions
5.3.2 Co-terminated assumptions
5.3.3 Capitalized worth method
5.4 Selecting best project for different
‘combinations of project among mutually excl
independent and contingent project
dependent and
Unit 6: Replacement Analysis (4 ts)
+ To explain the process to
calculate the economic service
life of the machine
+ Tobe able to decide the right
time to replace the existing
6.1 Basic concept of defender and Challenger
6.2 Economic service life
6.3 Replacement strategies under finite and infinite
planning horizon Unit 7: Risk Analysis (6 hrs)_
* To define risk and their origin in
Engineering projects
+ Tocxplain different methods of
dealing with project risk and
their application
71.1 Concept and sources of risk in
project
7.2 Methods of dealing with risk:
7.2.1 Breakeven analysis,
7.2.2 Sensitivity analysis,
7.2.2 Decision iree analysis,
7.24 Scenario analysis
7.2.5 Concept of Monte Carlo simulations
Unit 8: Depreciation and Taxes (6 hrs)
= Define depreciation, depletion,
their causes and explain their
application
‘+ Explain the process to calculate
depreciation and corresponding
Book values uses various
methods.
«Define different types of taxes
‘+ Explain the process to prepare
after tax cashflow and
profitability
8.1 Depreciation and depletion, causes and
application
8.2 Methods of depreciation: Straight line method;
Units of production method; Sum of year digit
‘method; Declining balance methods; MACRS
‘method and Sinking fund method
8.3 Depletion: Cost depletion and percentage
depletion
8.4 Taxes: Direct and indirect tax, tax rates and
VAT
8.5 After tax cashflow calculation, NPV and IRR
calculations
Unit 9: Capital Budgeting Decision (3 hrs)
Define capital budgeting
de ion
© Explain sources of fund/method
of financing with their
advantages and disadvantages
+ To calculate the cost of capital
9.1 Define capital budgeting their importance
9.2 Methods of financing: Equity financing, debt
financing and Capital structure their merits and
demerits
9.3 Cost of capital: Cost of equity, cost of debt and
cost of capital
‘Unit 10: Inflation (2 hrs)
+ Define inflation, their causes and
‘explain the methods to explain
inflation
+ To derive the relationship
between inflation, Interest rate
and inflation adjusted interest
rate
‘Define constant dollar and actual
dollar, explain their relationship
10.1 Meaning and measure of Taflation
10.2 Actual vs constant dollar
10,3 Market and inflation free interest rates
10.4 Constant dollar and actual dollar analys
5. List of Tutorials
SN | Tutorials ee
1. | Application of simple interest, compound interest, nominal interest rate and effective
interest rates; Calculation of present value, future value, annual value for different types of,
3 cashflows
(Unit 3) a
Payback period (simple and discounted), Net pres Value, Net Annual
Value, IRR/ERR, Benefit Cost Ratio (Conventional and modified) calculation
(Unit 4) itis a
3._[ Ranking of project using all methods and perform incremental analysis for projects having
same useful life where applicable; Ranking of projects having different useful fives
(Repeatability, co- terminated and capitalized worth methods); Selection of combinations
of projects Unit 5)
| Find Economic service life, Finding best replacement strategy for Finite and infinite
planning horizon. (Unit 6)
3__| Breakeven analysis, Sensitivity analysis and Decision tree analysis (Unit 7)_
6. | Calculate depreciation amount and corresponding book values using different methods of
depreciation; Prepare after tax cash flow and find corresponding NPV and IRR. (Unit 8)
7 _ | Calculate cost of capital for debt and equity financing (Excluding and including tax) (Unit,
9)
| Calculate average inflation, Relationship between inflation, interest rate and inflation free
interest rates; Find NPV and IRR fot Actual dollar and Constant dollar cashflow (Unit 9)
6, Evaluation System and Students’ Responsibi
Evaluation System
The internal evaluation of a student may consist of attendance/class participation, assignment,
project report and internal Assessment. The tabular presentation of the internal evaluation is as
follows:
ies
Tnternal Evaluation Weight | Marks | External Evaluation | Marks
Theory
‘Attendance & Class Participation. 10%
‘Assignments 20%] sq | Semester End 50
ae ae examination
Tntemal Assessment 60%
‘Total Internal 30 30
Full Marks: 50+ 50 = 100
Students’ Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End Examination,
Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the Semester-End
Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test, ete. and complete
all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required to complete all the
requirements defined for the completion of the course. 8 Prescribed Books and References: iS
Text Book
1. Fundamentals of Engineering Economies by Chan § Park; Pearson
2, Rngineering Economy by by William Sullivan , Ein Wi Koclling; Pearson
References:
1. A text book of Engineering Economics by OP Giri
2. Principles of Engineering Beonomic analysis by D Adhikari,
3. Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis by SK Shrestha, Bikash Gautam eu
Course Code: STR 252 (3 Credits)
Course title: Structural Ai
Level: Bachelor
1, Course Description
sis 1 (3-2-1)
Nature of the Course; Theory & Practical
Pokhara University
iy of Science and Technology
Full Marks: 100
Pass Marks: 45
‘Total Lectures: 45 hours
Program: BE,
This course provides the basic concept and knowledge of structural analysis of statically
determinate structure. It enables students to analyze statically determinate beam, frame, truss.
arch and cable both by manual calculation as well as computer simulation.
2. General Objectives
The general objectives of this course are:
= To equip the students with the fundamental concept structural analysis and its
practical application.
- To familiarize the students with strain energy, virtual work, slope, deflection,
influence line diagram, arch, cable and space truss.
Methods of Instruction
Lecture, Tutorial, Discussion, Readings and Practical works
Contents in Detail
Specific Objectives
Contents
Know the types of structures,
linearity and non-linearity of
structural analysis, degree of static
and kinematic indeterminacy,
understand the role of ‘structural
analysis in structural engineering.
U
Introduction (3 hrs)
1.1 Introduction to structural analysis
1.2 Role of structural analysis in structural engineeri
projects
1.3 Types of structures and structural clements
1.4 Stability and determinacy of structures
1.5 Approaches of structural analysis
1.6 Linearity and non-linearity in structural analysis
1.7 Degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy
Determine the deflection of beams,
frames and truss of the structure by
work-energy method,
Unit 1: Deflection of Beams, Frames and Trusses:
Work-Energy Methods (12 hrs)
2.1 Strain energy and complementary strain energy;
‘work and complementary work
2.2 Strain energy due to gradually, suddenly applied
direct load: dynamic multipliers
2.3 Strain energy due to axial foree, shear force,
bending moment and torsion
2.4 Displacement of beam, frame and trus
‘energy method
by strain
2.5
Principle of virtual work 2,6 Deflection of beams, frames and (russes by virtual
‘work method
2.7 Betti's law and Maxwell's law of reciprocal
deflections
2.8 Castigliano's theorems and application for beams
and plane frames
Determine the slope and deflection
of beams by various geometric
methods.
Unit Ill: Slope and Deflections of Beams: Geometric
Methods (6 hrs.)
3.1 Double integration method
3.2 Macaulay's method
3.3 Superposition method
3.4 Conjugate beam method
3.5 Moment area method
3.6 Conjugate-beam method
Understand the importance of
influence line diagram for analysis
of structure, determine reaction,
shear force, bending moment at
particular point and absolute
maximum response of structure by
influence line method
Unit IV: Influence Lines for Simple Structures (9 hrs.)
4,1 Influence lines for statically determinate beams
4.2 Influence lines for statically determinate trusses
4.3 Influence lines for girders with floor systems
4.4 Response at a particular location due to a single
moving concentrated load
4.5 Response at a particular location due to a
uniformly distributed live load
4.6 Response at a particular location due to a series of
moving concentrated loads
4,7 Absolute maximum response
Understand the uses of the
statically determinate circular and
parabolic arch.
Solve problems related to
electrostatics statically determinate
arches by analytical and influence
line diagram method.
Unit V: Statically Determinate Arches (6 hrs.)
5.1 Types of arches
5.2 Three-hinged arches with support at same and
different level
5.3 Determination of support reactions, normal thrust,
radial shear and bending moment of circular and
parabolic arches
5.4 Axial force, shear force and bending
diagrams in three hinged parabolic arches
5.5 Influence line diagrams for reactions,
moments, radial shear, normal thrust,
5.6 Maximum internal forces (axial force, shear force
and bending moment) in three hinged parabolic
arches
moment
bending
Understand the importance of cable
structures, analysis of parabol
cable structures and three-hinged
stiffening girder
Determine shear force and bending
moment of three-hinged stiffening
girder by influence line diagram
Unit VI: Cable Structures (6 hrs.)
6.1 Introduction to cable structures
6.2 Elements of a simple suspension bridges.
6.3 Analysis of parabolic cables
6.4 Analysis of three-hinged stiffening
6.5 Influence line diagrams and determination of shear|
forces and bending moments for three-hinged stiffening girder
approach,
Know the practical application of | Unit VI Statically Determinate Space Trusses (3
statically determinate space truss | hes)
Determine the member foree of 7.1 Introduetion to simple space trusses
statically determinate space truss 7.2 Types of supports
7.3 Determinacy and stability
74 Analysis of space truss by tension coefficient
method
Note: The figures in the parentheses indicate the approximate periods for the respective units.
5. List of Tutorials
‘The following tutorial activities of 2 hours/ week per group of maximum 24 students should
be conducted to cover all the required contents of this course.
SN. Tutorials
1_| Determination of static and kinematic indeterminacy of various structures.
2_| Solving and analyzing the problems related to work-energy method.
3 | Determination of slope and deflection of different types of beam by various
geometric methods.
4 | Determination of angle of acceptance for working of optical fiber and finding
population of atoms in different energy states.
Solving the problems of beam and truss structures by influence line diagram
method.
3 | Solving the problems of three hinged parabolic and circular arch both analytical
and influence line diagram method
© _| Solving the problems related to suspension cable bridge
7_| Determination of support reactions and member forces of space truss.
6. Practical Works (Any Eight)
S.N. Practical works
T | To determine the deflection of beam experimentally and verify the result by
computer simulation
2 [To determine the displacement of frame experimentally and verify the result by
computer simulation.
3 | To determine the displacement of truss experimentally and verify the result by
computer simulation.
4 [To measure the effect of Influence lines for beam experimentally and verity the
result by computer simulation.
5 | To determine the horizontal thrust of three-hinged arch experimentally and verify
the result by computer simulation.
© To determine the tension in cable of suspension bridge by experimentally and
verify the result by computer simulation.
7 [To determine the support reactions and member Forces of space truss by computer
simul
jon, ‘bilities
7, Byaluation system and Students’ Respor
Evaluation System
ition to the formal exam(s), the internal evaluation of a student may consist of q
assignments, lab reports, projects, class participation, ete. The tabular presentation of the
intemal evaluation is as follows.
Taternal Evaluation Weight [Marks [External Evaluation | Marks
Theory i 30
‘Attendance & Class Participation 10%
Assignments 20%
Presentations/Quizzes 10%
Tnternal Assessment 60%
Practical 20
‘Attendance & Class Participation 10% Semester-End 50
Tab ReporvProject Report 20% examination
Practical Exam/Project Work 40% |
Viva 30% 3 |
Total Internal 30
Full Marks: 50 + 50 = 100
Student’s Responsibilities
Each student must secure at least 45% marks separately in internal assessment and practical
evaluation with 80% attendance in the class in order to appear in the Semester End
Examination. Failing to get such score will be given NOT QUALIFIED (NQ) to appear the
Semester-End Examinations. Students are advised to attend all the classes, formal exam, test,
etc. and complete all the assignments within the specified time period. Students are required
to complete all the requirements defined for the completion of the course.
8 Prescribed Books and References
Text Books
1, Kassimali, A. (2009), Structural Analysis. Cengage Learning.
2. Norris, C. H., & Wilbur, J. B. (1960). Elementary Structural Analysis. McGraw-Hill.
References
1. Bhavikatti, S. $. (2011). Structural Analysis 1. New De
Pvt. Lid.
2. Darkov, A. & Kuznetsov, V. (2011). Structural Mechanics, Moscow: Mir Publishers.
3. Hibbeler, R.C. (2009). Structural Analysis, Pearson.
4, Juin, A.K. (2012), Sirength of Materials and Structural Analysis (2012). Roorkee:
Nem Chand & Bros.
5. Reddy, C.S. (1999), Basie Structural Analysis. Tata MeGraw-Hill Education,
i: Vikas Publishing House Pokhara University
Faculty of Seience and Technology
Course Code: WRIE 211 G Credit) _
‘Course Title: Hydraulics (3 = 2 re ass Mark: 45
Nature of the Course: Theory and Practice Total Lectures: 45 hours
Program: Bachelor in Civil Engineering
This course deals with the study of hydraulic analysis and its application to hydraulic structures
(c.g. pipe network, power turbine, reservoir, dam, spillway, weir etc.) for designing water supply
system, hydropower generation, irrigation channels, flood control and other water-related
infrastructures. Specifically, this course discusses: different flow phenomena; governing laws,
applications for closed conduit flow, and open channel flow systems.
2. General Objectives:
Overall objective of this course 1s to enable students to analyze flow characteristics in pipe flow
as well as in open channel flow systems, which aims to impart the concept of hydraulic
phenomena in water resources engineering and their application in the field of civil engineering.
3. Methods of Instruction:
Lectute. Tutorial, Discussion, Readings and Practical works
4. Course Contents
Specific Objective Contents
‘© Understanding concept of laminar and | Unit 1: Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Pipes:
turbulent flow in pipes hus)
+ Enable to understand and derive 1.1 Introduction to pipe flow, Reynolds
relationships for shear and velocity _| experiment and flow based on Reynolds”
distributions in pipe flow number
+ Enable to derive equations for 1.2 Laminar flow: Steady-uniform-
estimation of major (frictional) loss in | incompressible flow in a circular pipe; Shear
pipe flow stress and velocity distribution; Loss of
head due to friction (Hagen-Poisseuille
equation)
13° Turbulent flow: Shear stress
development; Prandt"s mixing length theory:
Velocity distribution; Loss of head due to
friction (Darey- Weisbach equation)
1.4 Hydrodynamically smooth and rough
boundaries; Nikuradse's experiment,
Variation of friction factor with Reynolds
number; Resistance for commercial pipe
Colebrook-White equation; Use of Moods rsuinding and calculation of
various minor losses associated with
pipe flow
Understanding of simple and complex
pipe flow networks; and their
‘comparative advantages and
disadvantages
Understanding and calculation of
various flow variables in simple and
complex pipe network
diagram
ems (9 hes)
2.1 Introduction to pipe system (fittings,
bends, valves); Minor head losses in pipes
(losses in sudden enlargement, sudden
contraction, exit loss, entry loss, fosses due
to sudden obstruction, losses in bends and
losses due to different fitiings); HGL and
TEL lines
2.2 Three types of pipe flow problems
and their solution
2.3. Pipe Line System (Pipes in series and
parallel): Dupuit's equation, concept of
equivalent pipe length/diameter in series and.
parallel; Concept of economic diameter of
pipes
2.4 Siphons: Definition, application,
conditions for continuous supply, different
type of problem in siphon (simple and trial &
error)
2.5 Pipe network solution by Hardy-
‘Cross method for single and double loops of
pipe networks
Understanding concept of unsteady
flow and water hammer phenomena,
Enable to compute the rise in pressure
due to water hammer, and
Enable to understand the necessity and
‘working of a surge tank
Unit 3: Water Hammer in Pipes (4 brs)
3.1. Basic concept of unsteady flow:
‘Water hammer, its causes & effects in pipes
3.2 Velocity of pressure wave in a rigid
pipe; Propagation of pressure wave; pressure
variation with time at different sections
3.3 Water Hammer due to gradual and
sudden closure of valve for the cases of rigid
and elastic pipes; Equations of pressure rise
for water hammer
Understand how flow in open channels
differs from pressurized flow in pipes
Lear the different flow regimes in
open channels and their characteris
ies
Unit 4: Open Channel Flow (3 hes)
41 Introduction; Difference between
‘open channel and pipe flows
4.2 Types of open channel flows: steady
& unsteady; uniform & non-uniform flows
(gradually, rapidly and spatially varied
flows); Sub-critical, critical and super critical
flows
4.3. Classification of open channels
(natural and artificial channel, prismatic and prismatic channel, rigid boun
boundary chan
Geomettie properties of open channels,
(depth, Mov area, top width, wetted
perimeter, hydraulic radius, hydraulic mean
depth, bed slope, hydraulic or energy slope.
water surface slope), Shapes of open channel
Describe concept and conditions of
uniform flow and conditions in open
channel,
Explain equations for handling of
uniflow problems in open channel
Explain conditions and formulae for
designing efficient channel sections
Unit 5: Uniform Flow in Open Channels (6
ints)
5.1 Conditions of uniform flow in a
prismatic channel, expression for shear stress
‘on boundary of channel, velocity and shear
stress distribution in open channel and mean
velocity
5.2 Fundamental equations of uniform
flow: Manning's equation and Chezy's
equation, relationship between Chezy's
coefficients (C), Manning's and Darcy's-
Weisbach co-efficient
5.3 Factors affecting manning’s
roughness coefficient.
5.4 Conveyance, section factor and
hydraulic exponent for uniform flew
computation
5.5 Determination of normal depth,
velocity and stope
5.6 Design of economic channel sections
(rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal and
circular)
Understanding concept and derivations
of energy and momentum principles in
open channel
Explain concept and formulae of
specific energy; specific force;
conditions for critical flow, maximum
discharge
Explain various applications including
discharge measurement
Unit 6: Energy and Momentum Principles in
Open Channel (6hrs)
6.1 Specific energy, specific energy
diagram, critical depth of flow
6.2 Critical depth computations for all
kind of channel sections (prismatic) and
criteria for critical state of flow
63 Alternate depth, depth-