DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD SECURITY FRAMEWORK THROUGH

SMART TECHNOLOGIES

Vipin Jain1, Pankaj Goel2, Muraree Lal Meena3, Anusha Linda Kostka J E4, Ravishankar
Tiwari5, Dharam Buddhi6, Agyei Antwi Bismark7
1
Teerthanker Mahaveer Institute of Management and Technology, Teerthanker Mahaveer
University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Applied Science and Humanities, G. L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Gr.
Noida, India
3
Department of Geography, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
4
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education,
Kumaracoil, Tamil Nādu, India
5
Department of Electrical Engineering, GLA University Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
6
Division of Research & Innovation, Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand, 248007, Dehradun,
India
7
Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Abstract

Food insecurity has been related to a broad variety of unfavorable health effects, including
infertility, human health problems, hastened ageing, improper insulin management, and more.
The implementation of innovative practices led to improvements in both the quantity and
quality of the food that was made available. The societal acceptance of such technology leads
to the creation of bioorganic food products. Agriculture is important to the economy in many
different ways, including the provision of food, raw materials, fibres, and the maintenance of
economic autonomy. Agriculture has significant challenges in the areas of irrigation,
fertilization, and crop rotation. It is vital to focus on inputs like fertilizers, seeds, and other
such things in order to increase agricultural yields. It is necessary to develop a new approach
because there is a need to fill a hole that cannot be filled by using old techniques. Farmers
have been experimenting with their crops ever since the dawn of agriculture. Precision
agriculture contributes to the resolution of these issues by cutting down on the amount of
water that is consumed during agricultural production, as well as by increasing crop yields
through the ongoing monitoring of soil moisture, humidity, temperature, and pH. Because
precision agriculture is able to prescribe the appropriate ratio of water to fertilizer to paste, it
may be possible to link increased crop yields to this technique. This article presents design and
development of food security framework through smart technologies to suggest fertilizer in
correct quantity and at appropriate time. Data Acquisition phase collects input data including
soil temperature, soil moisture, soil humidity, regions weather data, crop details. Features are
selected using Sequential Forward Floating Selection algorithm. Data classification is
performed by Multi linear Regression. Performance of SFSS-MLR is compared to Random
Forest, C4.5, Naïve Bayes algorithm. Performance of SFSS MLR is better in terms of
accuracy, precision, recall and F1.

Keywords: Smart farming, Food Security, Fertilizer Quantity management, Internet of

Things, Sensors, Machine Learning, SFSS MLR

1. Introduction

Agriculture is important to the economy in many different ways, including the provision of
food, raw materials, fibres, and the maintenance of economic autonomy [1]. The agricultural
sector makes a strategic contribution to a country's economic growth. It has already had a
significant impact on the economic prosperity of developed countries, and its contribution to
less developed countries' economic growth is critical [2, 3]. Agriculture is the primary source
of food for all nations, whether underdeveloped, developing, or developed. Food demand is
rapidly increasing as a result of the population stress and rapid growth in underdeveloped and
developing countries [4, 5]. Agriculture's ability to meet rising food demand has been found to
have a negative impact on the economy's growth rate [6, 7]. Agriculture has significant
challenges in the areas of irrigation, fertilisation, and crop rotation. Farmers have been
experimenting with their crops ever since the dawn of agriculture. This practise dates back to
the earliest days of human history. The search is on to find plants that have desired
characteristics, such as resistance to drought or pests. As a result of an increase in population,
urban regions are experiencing an increasing amount of difficulty dealing with water scarcity.
Agriculture already has a number of challenges, and environmental issues such as soil erosion
and inappropriate irrigation only serve to make the situation more difficult. The consequences
of global warming on changes in temperature, weather, and precipitation patterns may also
have a negative impact on agricultural productivity. Many businesses today consider
agriculture to be a significant part of their production activities. Businesses operating in the
agriculture industry often attempt to maximize the revenues generated by production [8]. A
crop's physiological and phenological traits can influence potential yields. These
characteristics can be shaped by the physical environment as well as management. However,
the crop's answer and, as a result, potential yield under ideal conditions are genetically
determined [9, 10]. The plant organ weights and chemical makeup are used to calculate the
amount of oxygen required for maintenance and growth. Deducting respiration requirements
from gross assimilation yields the net daily growth rate. The dry matter produced is divided up
among the various plant organs [11, 12]. To track phenological development, the daily
average ambient temperature is used. Because it is assumed that carbohydrate production is
not limited to leaf expansion, the leaf area increment before canopy closure is calculated using
the daily average temperature [13, 14]. Over the course of the last ten years, farmers have
depended on the characteristics of the soil to identify seasonal crops based on variations in the
fields. As a result of a lack of appropriate technology, the use of this information was found to
be unsuccessful in terms of targeting and optimizing the agricultural inputs, especially in
farming on a big scale. Since the industrial revolution, manufacturers have modelled their
manufacturing processes after agricultural practices. When it comes to agricultural practices,
the majority of companies are only concerned with one thing: maximizing their profits. Over
the course of the last ten years, farmers have depended on the characteristics of the soil to
identify seasonal crops based on variations in the fields. On the other hand, given the absence
of the appropriate instruments, it was impossible to put this knowledge to good use in order to
locate and optimize agricultural inputs, in particular on a large scale [15].

Precision farming necessitates the use of specialised tools, software, and IT support. The
strategy makes use of real-time data on crop, soil, and air quality, as well as other relevant
details such as labour costs, machine utilization, and hyper-local weather forecasts [16, 17].
Precision agriculture contributes to the resolution of these issues by cutting down on the
amount of water that is consumed during agricultural production, as well as by increasing crop
yields through the ongoing monitoring of soil moisture, humidity, temperature, and pH [18].
Because precision agriculture is able to prescribe the appropriate ratio of water to fertilizer to
paste, it may be possible to link increased crop yields to this technique. In many industrialized
countries, precision farming relies heavily on the use of equipment that are connected to the
Internet of Things (IoT). Smart farming is represented in Figure 1.
 Figure 1: Smart Farming

Machine learning refers to the capability of gaining knowledge via experience. In order for the
algorithms to learn from the input datasets, progressively train the samples, and increase their
performance, the equations need to be modified [19]. The use of ML approaches has been
deemed preferable by industry professionals for the purpose of addressing nonlinear problems
that are based on data from sensors or other sources. By modelling hypothetical outcomes on
real ones, it provides individuals with the ability to make judgments with little input from
other humans. Machine learning-based algorithms are increasingly being used in every sector
of the economy. However, the accuracy is impacted by the data quality, which is described
below. As a direct consequence of this, the techniques of machine learning substantially
depend not only on the representations of datasets but also on target variables.

A number of plant diseases, as well as the lack of a pesticide control mechanism that is both
effective and efficient, have a substantial influence on crop yield. The Internet of Things
enabled sensors to take a picture of diseased plants and provide a solution that was both
appropriate and timely for the purpose of protecting the plant's existence. The Internet of
Things (IoT) and image preprocessing come together to provide plant pathologists with the
assistance they need to make precise diagnoses of disease [20, 21]. The amount of fertilizer
that is applied during an agricultural operation has a significant impact on the yield that is
obtained. When it comes to the use of pesticides, every farmer has to make careful decisions
based on the specific features of their crops. The usage of fertilizers has a detrimental impact
on the nutritional level of a plant and continues to be a key contributing factor in the
development of a wide variety of unexpected ailments.

Because the soil is responsible for the bulk of the success that may be achieved in agriculture,
it is considered to be an essential component of farming. Within the framework of precision
agriculture, the moisture content of the soil is automatically detected and monitored. To keep
an eye on the state of the soil, some of the most cutting-edge agricultural monitoring devices
available today include gamma-radiometric soil sensors, a soil moisture sensor, and an
electrical conductivity sensor. The additional sensors that are used to monitor the climatic
conditions also keep a tally of the physiological state of the crops.

The farmer has to determine as soon as possible the rough estimate of the quantity of water
that will be required for cultivation. The amount of water that a region gets is influenced by a
vast number of factors, some of which include the climate, the season, the kind of soil, the
variety of crops grown, and the stage of development. When a crop is being cultivated, water
can frequently be lost from it due to processes such as transpiration and evaporation.

The implementation of innovative practices led to improvements in both the quantity and
quality of the food that was made available. The practises that have been considered
acceptable for years, decades, or even centuries. It is vital to focus on inputs like fertilisers,
seeds, and other such things in order to increase agricultural yields. It is necessary to develop a
new approach because there is a need to fill a hole that cannot be filled by using old
techniques. Food insecurity has been related to a broad variety of unfavorable health effects,
including infertility, human health problems, hastened ageing, improper insulin management,
and more. The societal acceptance of such technology leads to the creation of bioorganic food
products. Traditional agricultural practices have been refined over the course of decades of
research, resulting in improvements that have almost little impact on output. In order to
overcome these obstacles and make progress toward cultural and urban farming, it is now
necessary to make use of cutting-edge methods that are based on sensing technology.

This article presents design and development of food security framework through smart
technologies. Data Acquisition phase collects input data including soil temperature, soil
moisture, soil humidity, regions weather data, crop details. Features are selected using
Sequential Forward Floating Selection algorithm. Data classification is performed by Multi
Layer Regression. Performance of SFSS-MLR is compared to Random Forest, C4.5, Naïve
Bayes algorithm. Performance of SFSS MLR is better in terms of accuracy, precision, recall
and F1.

2. Literature Survey

The nutrients that plants need in order to flourish may be found in the soil. If any of these
minerals in the soil are missing, growth will be significantly hampered. Regular testing of the
soil's composition is essential in order to guarantee that plants are receiving the nutrients they
need. If and when a nutrient deficiency is discovered in the soil, the problem may be corrected
by applying a fertilizer that is high in the nutrient to the soil. Fertilizers have had a
considerable positive influence on agricultural output, but their extensive usage has had a
negative effect that has been destructive to the ecology. Because of this, soil nutrient testing is
an important instrument in the field of agriculture. The conventional methods of soil testing,
despite the fact that they provide accurate data, are not suitable for use in precision agriculture
owing to the high costs involved and the protracted amount of time required for results to be
obtained. Traditional testing is restricted in its ability to measure the geographic heterogeneity
of a field since the expense increases with an increase in the number of samples that are tested.
For this reason, it is essential to have access to methods that are not only fast and portable, but
also economical and capable of producing results with a high degree of precision. A wide
variety of sensors, such as those that measure moisture levels, plant vitality, soil texture, and
so on, are used in the process of gathering information about crops and soil. One of the most
prevalent applications of distant and proximal sensing technologies is the collection of high-
density data that provides information about an area. In contrast, remote sensing technologies
utilize sensors that are installed on aerial systems or spacecrafts to collect data from a field;
proximal sensing technologies receive data from a field by situating sensors at close range or
in direct contact with the surface of the field. The use of nonrenewable resources, such as soil,
is essential to the maintenance of agricultural output. The soil is a highly dynamic and
complex system that varies substantially in both space and time. These changes may be
observed in a number of different ways. The condition of the soil is an essential component to
the practice of sustainable agriculture. When soils have reached ecological balance, they are
able to sustain plant and animal production, maintain and enhance the quality of air and water,
and nurture the well-being of both plants and animals. The presence of soil is necessary for the
development of plants, which are then used in the production of food for humans and animals,
textiles, and fossil fuels. The quality of the soil may either deteriorate over time or improve as
a result of a mix of natural and human-caused causes. Agriculture is a vital industry that
requires careful management in conjunction with expanding people. The authors [22] state
that the modern agricultural system is highly mechanized but still significantly depends on
human labor. As an example, between the years 1920 and 1970, a thirty percent investment
generated a one hundred eighty percent return. In addition, the increase in productivity was
not the result of an increase in the amount of data sources that were utilized; rather, it was the
result of advancements in productive farming. Researchers have recently shown that elements
such as sifting machines, mechanical innovation, and synthetic manures all have a role in
determining agricultural profitability. Farmers have been more reliant on different types of
technological communication and information storage over the course of the last decade. This
has allowed them to better monitor their interactions with third parties and monitor their
financial data. These days, having access to information is often seen as essential to normal
life. As a result, the horticulture industry makes it easier for farmers to compile data and
conduct statistical analyses based on field observations. Accurate information may be
effectively disseminated via the use of a wide variety of sensors, as well as agricultural and
meteorological machinery.

Authors [23] presented a number of proprietary approaches as potential ways to enhance

agricultural monitoring. Researchers uncovered more complex frameworks in their research
on the subject of keeping track of geographical regions and climatic fluctuations. Farm
Management Information Systems, often known as FMIS, have developed throughout time to
concentrate on the specific activities and needs that are typical of farms. At the moment, these
frameworks are working their way into the contemporary age of the Internet by making use of
established systems administration and replies to strengthen agricultural structures. In spite of
this, it is a commonly held belief that the Internet has a number of flaws, most notably in the
area of managing the enormous number of linked devices, whether they be devices associated
with the internet of things (IoT) or devices used by stakeholders (stakeholder devices). At the
same time, there is not a standardized solution that can guarantee reliable interoperability
between the relevant authorities and interested parties. Since that time, people have been
relying on the frameworks provided by Future Internet (FI) to fill up these gaps.

Farmers may at long last get a hold on their agricultural yield with the assistance of sensors,
allowing them to adopt the type of thorough control that has been urged for a very long time.
Researchers have outlined the fundamental purpose of sensor technology as well as its
significant contributions to the field of agriculture. The sensor is put to use in the Precision
Agriculture Monitor System (PAMS) in order to keep an eye on how farming is being carried
out. To increase production by means of reinforcing socioeconomic elements, it is advised that
farmers adopt the I Farm Framework system for monitoring and regulating water
consumption. This system may help farmers monitor and regulate how much water they use
Anisi et al. [24] categorized the sensor technology by determining how well it performed
based on a number of different characteristics. Million

According to Csoto [25] the key sources of precision agricultural information for 14 cotton-
growing southern states in the United States include farm-based equipment, crop consultants,
university extension, the media, and government organizations. The proliferation of precision
agriculture technology is influenced in a variety of different ways by data coming from a wide
variety of sources. One such example is the widespread utilization of yield monitors that come
pre-fitted with both global positioning system (GPS) and soil survey map technology.
However, input from dealers has a significant effect on the degree to which technologies such
as zone soil sampling and soil survey maps are implemented.

In a great number of emerging countries, the availability of agricultural water is decreasing.

Even the sections of the booming economy that use the least amount of water nonetheless
need a substantial amount of it. For this reason, it is vital to create effective techniques of
agricultural production, generate the required amounts of food, and execute critical plans for
collecting and distributing rainfall, as well as making arrangements for the use of artificial
irrigation systems. Rainwater collection and efficient irrigation techniques need to get more
attention if we are to preserve our available water supplies. The quantity of water that is used
by each industry has been continuously growing throughout the course of time. The length of
time rain continues to fall is mostly dependent on sporadic climate shifts and other factors,
such as evaporation and transpiration [26]. It is very necessary to evaluate the climatic factors
that are associated to the production of agricultural goods in order to prevent global water
shortages and food shortages. For a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) [27] scenario, ZigBee
[28, 29] deploy multiple sensor nodes in a restricted location. Authors also proposed a hybrid
heuristic approach that combines genetic algorithms with decision trees in order to find the
optimum decision tree for modelling farmer behaviour and predicting irrigation events. This
technique combines Decision Trees with Genetic Algorithms. The strategy was used over a
whole irrigation area. According to the findings, the best models developed were able to
accurately predict between 68 and 100% of the observed irrigation events, while also
predicting between 93 and 100% of the unexpected ones.

3. Methodology

This section presents design and development of food security framework through smart
technologies. Data Acquisition phase collects input data including soil temperature, soil
moisture, soil humidity, regions weather data, crop details. Features are selected using
Sequential Forward Floating Selection algorithm. Data classification is performed by Multi
Layer Regression. Performance of SFSS-MLR is compared to Random Forest, C4.5, Naïve
Bayes algorithm.

Data Acquisition- Soil

Temprature, Soil
Training and Testing
Humidity sensor, Soil Feature Selection - Results- Fertilizer
of Multi Layer
Temprature by SFFS Algorithm Quantity Suggestion
Regression Model
Sensor, weather
data, Crop Details

Figure 2: Food security framework through smart technologies for Fertilizer

Recommendation

Figure 2 demonstrate Food security framework through smart technologies for Fertilizer. A
large number of researchers are turning to feature selection strategies in order to hasten the
process of developing models, as well as improve the accuracy of detection and classification.
The basic objective of any feature selection algorithm is to first choose the most relevant
characteristics by using a range of selection criteria, and then to filter out any features that are
unneeded or duplicates of other features. The work that is being given here makes use of a
technique for selecting features that is known as Sequential Forward Floating Selection
(SFFS) [30]. In spite of the fact that it is not a machine learning approach, linear regression is
often used as a basis for more complicated models that are used for data prediction. The linear
regression model makes use of a number of different methodologies, one of the most
important of which is work in economics. The relationships between the independent variables
and the dependent variables are analysed, and a suitable prediction model is constructed by
applying the regression model to the collected data. In addition to that, the structural
interpretation hypotheses might be examined with the assistance of the variables. In the case
of structural interpretation, the independent factors do have an impact on the dependent
variable. MLR [31] is used to evaluate the statistical regression model, which postulates that
the usefulness of a collection of dependent characteristics in one dataset is dependent on a set
of independent features in another dataset. This is done with the intention of determining
whether or not this hypothesis is true. In order for the regression method to work properly, it is
essential that the dependent variable be of a continuous kind. On the other hand, the
independent variable might either be continuous or discrete in its presentation. One kind of
linear modelling is known as linear regression, which gets its name from the fact that the
resultant regression line is often straight. The linearity of the connections between the
variables is an important point to keep in mind. The regression model is one of the most
popular choices for predicting crop yield because of the correlation that exists between the
independent variable yield and the dependent characteristics fertilisers utilised, area of
production, weather factors, and irrigation parameters. This makes the regression model one
of the most accurate models available. In crop yield prediction models, the crop yield itself is
referred to as the dependent feature of the dataset, also known as the response feature. On the
other hand, the other important parameters are referred to as the independent features. The
MLR model is mathematically illustrated by equation 1.

yi = β0 + β1xi1 + β2xi2 + β3xi3 + ... + βik + εi (1)

where k is the number of features used in the data set, xik is the ith measure of the xk feature
in the dataset, β1, β2, β3,...,βk are the regression coefficients calculated using the independent
features,β0 is the intercept and εi are the residuals or the error.

4. Result and Discussion

A data set is created by collecting related data from [32]. This data set contains soil
temperature, soil moisture, soil humidity, regions weather data, crop details related to soya
been. Features are selected using Sequential Forward Floating Selection algorithm. Data
classification is performed by Multi Layer Regression. Performance of SFSS-MLR is
compared to Random Forest, C4.5, Naïve Bayes algorithm. Results achieved are shown in
Table 1 and Figure 3. Performance of SFSS MLR is better in terms of accuracy, precision,
recall and F1.

For the purpose of determining whether or not a classification model is effective, evaluation
metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, and the F1 measure are used. The performance of
various classifiers may be compared via the use of benchmark measurements. It is usual
practise to calculate a variety of distinct metrics while doing a binary classification job. These
metrics might include the percentage of right classifications, the number of false positives, and
the number of false negatives. When we talk about "positive instances," we're referring to the
examples that have been labelled as positive, and when we talk about "negative instances,"
we're talking about the examples that have been labelled as bad.

True positive (TP): Positive instances that are correctly classified as positive.

False negative (FN): Positive instances that are correctly classified as negative.

True negative (TN): Negative instances that are correctly classified as negative.

False positive (FP): Negative instances that are correctly classified as positive.

𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦 = (𝑡𝑝 + 𝑡𝑛)/𝑁

𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑡𝑝/(𝑡𝑝 + 𝑓𝑝)
𝑡𝑝
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑡𝑝+𝑓𝑛

𝑓_𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 2 ∗ ((𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∗ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙)/(𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙))

 Table 1: Result Comparison of SFSS MLR

Parameters SFSS MLR Random Naïve Bays C4.5

Forest

Accuracy 99.3 92.6 84.6 73.3

Precision 99 91.3 88.3 78

Recall 99 89.3 87.6 81.3

F1 99.3 92.3 84.6 73

Chart Title
120

100

80
Axis Title

60

40

20

0
C4.5 NB RF SFSS MLR
Accuracy 73.3 84.6 92.6 99.3
Precision 78 88.3 91.3 99
Recall 81.3 87.6 89.3 99
F1 73 84.6 92.3 99.3

Figure 4: Result Comparison of SFSS MLR

5. Conclusion

Precision agriculture is able to prescribe the appropriate ratio of water to fertiliser to

paste, it may be possible to link increased crop yields to this technique. Precision
agriculture contributes to the resolution of these issues by reducing the amount of
water that is used during the production of agricultural goods, as well as by increasing
crop yields through the ongoing monitoring of soil moisture, humidity, temperature,
and pH. In this article, the design and development of a food security framework
using intelligent technologies is presented. Instability in one's access to food has been
linked to a wide range of adverse impacts on one's health, including infertility, human
health issues, accelerated ageing, poor insulin regulation, and a number of other
conditions. Both the amount and the quality of the food that was made accessible
were able to significantly improve as a result of the deployment of novel practises.
The development of bioorganic food items is a direct result of society's acceptance of
the technology in question. During the phase known as "Data Acquisition," input data
such as temperature, moisture, and humidity of the soil, as well as regional
meteorological data and crop specifics, are collected. The Sequential Forward
Floating Selection algorithm is used in the process of feature selection. The
categorization of the data is accomplished by using multi-layer regression. The
performance of the SFSS-MLR method is analysed and contrasted with that of
Random Forest, C4.5, and the Naive Bayes algorithm. In terms of accuracy, precision,
recall, and F1 performance, SFSS MLR performs more admirably than its
predecessor.

Conflict of Interest
No conflict of Interest.

Data Availability Statement

Data can be made available when requested to corresponding author.

Funding Statement

No funding has been granted to this research.

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