Revision Notes

Class-9 Mathematics

Chapter 14 – Statistics

Statistics
1. Introduction
It is a branch in Mathematics related with collection, organisation, analysis and
interpretation of data or information is called statistics.
Statistics is mainly about the communication and analysis of facts and figures
using statistical methods. Collection, classification, tabulation, representation,
reasoning, testing and drawing inferences are all things done in the statistical
method. Graphs, tables, reasoning, estimation and prediction are the means of
statistical methods.
DR. P.K. Bose and Prof. C.R. Rao are eminent Indian statisticians.
Statistics helps in making predictions and estimates. With the help of figures
(data) collected over a period of time, rainfall patterns of a specific city over a
given period of time can be analyzed and a fair estimate about next season can
be made.
The word statistics can be used with two meanings.
● Collecting data in systematic form and presenting numerical data
● Processing the numerical data and finding conclusions
The following figure shows some information about population. See the figure
and try to answer the questions below it.

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What information about population does the figure represent?
● Find the time interval in which the information has been collected.
● The time interval is divided into how many parts? How many years does
each part contain?
● From the figure can you say that the birth rate is constantly declining?
● From the figure can you say that the death-rate is constant declining?
● Write the census year which shows the maximum birth rate. How much is
it?
● Find the time interval in which the death-rate has fallen suddenly.
We realize that the figure contains a variety of useful information that is easy to
understand and analyze and this is what statistics helps us in.
Today, statistics has become a part of all branches of knowledge that we study
or know. It is used to study problems in Biology, Psychology, Economics,
Education, Sociology, Trade, Industry etc.
The statistical method of studying a problem mainly consists of the following
steps:
● To collect numerical data about the situation or problem
● To present the collected data systematically
● To analyze the data
● To interpret the data and conclude conclusions from it
The numerical expressions that represent the characteristic of a group (a large
number of numerical data) are called measures of central tendency (or
averages).
An average which is used to represent a whole series should not have either the
lowest value or the highest value in the group but a value which is somewhere
between the two extremities, preferably in the centre, where most of the items
of the group cluster.

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There are many types of statistical averages, for example mean, median and
mode.

2. Numerical data and its representation

A class consists of 64 students. The teacher gives a test in English. The scores
each student obtained out of 100 are as follows:
Table 1
40 72 14 40 68 46 62 58 37 40
58 38 52 47 16 50 61 37 44 55
38 49 44 52 67 51 33 48 23 51
56 61 46 41 65 43 71 29 50 56
68 25 55 49 44 73 23 63 41 42
66 59 52 28 50 56 60 38 40 73
45 30 47 40

These marks are the numerical data called raw data collected with the purpose
of knowing attainment of the class in English.
The way in which the scores are presented hardly gives any idea about
attainment of the class in English. It is necessary to present any such numerical
data in a systematic manner so as to know some meaning of it.
There are different methods of presenting numerical data in systematic form.

a. Arranged data
Arranged numerical data
In Table 2 the same data is arranged in ascending order. Observe the table.
Table 2
14 16 23 23 25 28 29 30 33 37
37 38 38 38 40 40 40 40 40 41
41 42 43 44 44 44 45 46 46 47
47 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52
52 52 55 55 56 56 56 58 58 59
60 61 61 62 63 65 66 67 68 68
71 72 73 73

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Information gathered from the table:
The minimum and maximum marks are 14 and 73 respectively. Some students
have scored equal marks. The score 40 has occurred five times which is the
maximum repetition.
Drawbacks of this method:
● The method is very tedious.
● Often the numerical data is large and arranging them in the ascending
order would take a lot of time.
● Even after doing it, we do not get any prominent information from it.
Therefore, to get more information, it becomes necessary to put it in a
concentrated form.

b. Ungrouped frequency distribution table

The table 3 given below is the ungrouped frequency distribution of the data of
table 1 . The table is prepared as follows:
Start from the smallest number in the data and then write the numbers one
below the other till the last. Now to track the repeated occurrence of numbers
make a tally mark like this '|' next to that number. The fifth mark is drawn
diagonally crossing the first four marks (||||in this way). This makes counting of
tally marks easy. Make the sixth tally mark at a small distance from the first
five. The total number of tallies or count corresponding to a number in the data
is called the frequency of the number.
Table 3
Tally Frequency Marks
Marks
14 | 1
15
16 | 1
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 || 2
24
25 | 1
26

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 27
28 | 1

Tally Frequency Marks

Marks
29 | 1
30 | 1
31
32
33 | 1
34
35
36
37 || 2
38 ||| 3
39
40 |||| 5
41 || 2
42 | 1
43 | 1

Tally Frequency Marks

Marks
44 ||| 3
45 | 1
46 || 2
47 || 2
48 | 1
49 || 2
50 ||| 3
51 || 2
52 ||| 3
53
54
55 || 2
56 ||| 3
57
58 | 1

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 Tally Frequency Marks
Marks
59 | 1
60 | 1
61 || 2
62 | 1
63 | 1
64
65 | 1
66 | 1
67 | 1
68 || 2
69
70
71 | 1
72 || 2
73 || 2

Such a frequency distribution table makes it very easy to observe and also the
numerical data is more informative. Just by looking at the table it can be
concluded that the number of students scoring marks between 44 and 58 is very
large.
Drawback
The table has a large span.
This drawback can be removed by creating a grouped frequency distribution
table.

c. Grouped frequency distribution table

In this method, the numerical data is distributed into convenient groups or
classes using tally marks.
In the table given below, the data is classified into groups 11 to 20 , 21 to 30
,…., 71 to 80 .
Table 4
Class Tally Marks Frequency
11 − 20 || 2
21 − 30 |||| | 6
31 − 40 |||| |||| | 11

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 41 − 50 |||| |||| |||| ||| 18
51 − 60 |||| |||| |||| 14
61 − 70 |||| |||| 9
71 − 80 |||| 4
Total 64

The important points of this table are:

● The method of preparing this type of table is easy.
● The numerical data is in a concise form.
● The individual nature of the data has disappeared and now the table
represents the nature of the group.
● With the help of this table, the data can be analysed to some extent.

3. Some terms used in statistics

a. Raw numerical data
Table 1 shows marks of each student in a class. In terms of statistics, they are
the scores of individuals of a group. This is the primary information collected.
Such information is called Raw numerical data.
b. Range of the data
In table 2 , the numbers are written in order which can be called as the data
presented in order. Range of the data is defined as difference between the
largest and the smallest number of the data. The range of data in table 2 is
73 −14 = 59 .
c. Class limit
In table 4 , the numerical data are presented dividing into groups. Each of them
is called a class. The end values of a class are the limits of the class or the class-
limits. The smaller of the two values is called the lower class-limit and the
larger is called the upper class-limit.
d. Class interval
Class interval is the range of that class.
e. Frequency of the class
The number of tally marks or count corresponding to a class is called the
frequency of the class.
f. Cumulative frequency table

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The cumulative frequency less than the upper limit of a certain class is equal to
the sum of the frequency of that particular class and the frequencies of all
classes preceding it.
Table 5 is a cumulative frequency table prepared from table 4 .
Table 5
Cumulative Frequency
Frequency
Class (Less than the upper
(No. of students)
class limit)
11 − 20 2 2
21 − 30 6 2+6 =8
31 − 40 11 8 + 11 = 19
41 − 50 18 19 + 18 = 37
51 − 60 14 37 + 14 = 51
61 − 70 9 51 + 9 = 60
71 − 80 4 60 + 4 = 64

In this table, the column of cumulative frequency shows the number of scores
less than the upper class limit of the corresponding class. Hence such a table is
called 'a cumulative frequency less than' table.
Similarly the cumulative frequency more than the lower limit of a class is equal
to the sum of the frequency of that particular class and the frequencies of all the
class succeeding to it. The table 6 given below shows the cumulative frequency
of this type.
Table 6
Cumulative Frequency
Frequency
Class (More than the lower
(No. of students)
class limit)
11 − 20 2 62 + 2 = 64
21 − 30 6 56 + 6 = 62
31 − 40 11 45 + 11 = 56
41 − 50 18 27 + 18 = 45
51 − 60 14 13 + 14 = 27
61 − 70 9 4 + 9 = 11
71 − 80 4 4

In this table, the column of cumulative frequency shows the number of scores
more than the lower class limit of the corresponding class. Hence, such a table
is called a cumulative-frequency-more-than table.

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To frame a table like this, record classes and their corresponding frequencies in
a table. Write the cumulative frequencies from bottom to top of the table. The
last class is 71 to 80 and its corresponding frequency is 4 so, the cumulative
frequency class 71 to 80 is 4 . The class preceding is 61 to 70 and its frequency
is 9 .
Hence the cumulative frequency of class 71 to 80 is 4 + 9 = 13 .

4. Representation of statistical data

Numerical data can be represented in two forms:
• Diagrammatic representation
• Graphical representation

a. Diagrammatic representation
There are two different forms of diagrammatic representation of numerical data.
● Bar diagram
● Pie diagram

b. Graphical representation
Some graphical methods of representing numerical data are
● Histogram
● Frequency polygon
● Ogive curve

5. Graphical representation of statistical data

a. Histogram
A 2D representation in graphical form of a continuous frequency distribution is
known as histogram, also a special type of bar diagram.

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A histogram summarizes data pictorially and shows the distribution of the data.
They are constructed from a frequency table that is a summary of the data. The
general format for a histogram is a vertical scale which demonstrates
frequencies and a horizontal scale which represents the individual intervals also
known as classes. Bars are used to represent each individual interval where the
height of the bar corresponds to the frequency.
A histogram is drawn by the steps given below.
• Draw a grouped frequency distribution table of the given data.
• Show class-limits on X -axis with a suitable scale.
• Show frequencies on Y -axis with a suitable scale.
• Draw rectangles joined to each other having base equal to the class limits
and heights proportional to the frequencies.
A frequency distribution table is shown below.
Frequency
Class
(No. of
(Cost of Saree in
Sarees sold
Rs.)
in a week)
100 − 200 12
200 − 300 28
300 − 400 37
400 − 500 23
500 − 600 20
600 − 700 14
700 − 800 09

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From the above histogram the following points can be inferred.
• It is not necessary that the scale on the X -axis and the Y -axis be the
same, it can be different considering the nature of the data, size of the
paper etc and it should look neat and attractive.
• The position of origin on the Y -axis is according to the scale, which is
not so on the X -axis. This is indicated by drawing mark on the X -
axis near the origin and if necessary, the mark can be made on the Y -axis
or on both axes.
• In a histogram, it is necessary for the adjacent rectangles to be to each
other. Therefore, if the given classes are non continuous, it becomes
important to make them continuous e.g.; if the classes are 2 to 5 , 6 to 9 ,
10 to 13 ,…. It should be as 1.5 to 5.5 , 5.5 to 9.5 , 9.5 to 13.5 …

b. Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a way of picturing data in which the class mark is
plotted on the horizontal axis and the frequency of the class on the vertical axis
and the points are connected. It is completed by extending the class marks one-
class width on either end with a frequency of zero for both.

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A frequency polygon can be drawn by following the given steps.

● First draw a histogram from the given data.

● Join all the mid-points of the upper horizontal sides of the rectangles in
the histogram in a straight line.
● It is assumed that the class before the first class and the class after the last
class in the classification exist and the frequency of each of them is zero.
Class marks of those classes are combined with the mid-points of the
upper horizontal sides of the extreme rectangles of the histogram.

The figure above is the frequency polygon drawn with the help of the
histogram. Observe it carefully. A frequency polygon can also be drawn without
drawing a histogram.
By applying the method of point plotting, a frequency polygon can be drawn as
follows:

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6. Recap
Graphical representation of statistical data implies construction of -
a. Histogram
Class-intervals on the x-axis and cumulative frequencies on the y-axis, the
corresponding rectangles are drawn.
b. Frequency polygon
Draw a histogram and then join the midpoints of the rectangles by straight lines.

7. Arithmetic Mean
a. Arithmetic mean for ungrouped data
The arithmetic mean of a set of raw data is the division of the sum of all the
values of the variable given by the total number of values.
Let ' n ' be the total number of values and x1 , x2 , x3 ...xn be the values recorded in
the data. Then the arithmetic mean is written as follows,
x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn
Arithmetic Mean = x =
n

or x = 
xn
n
The symbol  denotes: ' Sum of '

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b. Direct Method for arithmetic mean of ungrouped data
In the previous example, all the 50 marks are not distinct, for example, 3
students have 7 marks each, 4 students have 19 marks each etc.
Therefore, the sum can be written as
x n = 3  7 + 4  19 + ... + 4  91

Marks Frequency fixi

fi
7 3 21
19 4 76
31 5 155
40 7 280
49 9 441
62 7 434
73 6 438
83 5 415
91 4 304
n = 50  fi xi = 2624

Arithmetic Mean = 
fx 2624
= = 52.48
n 50

c. Direct method for arithmetic mean of grouped data

Example:
Find the arithmetic mean for the given frequency distribution.
Marks F Mid-pt xi fx
5 −15 3 10 30
15 − 25 4 20 80
25 − 35 5 30 150
35 − 45 7 40 280
45 − 55 9 50 450
55 − 65 7 60 420
65 − 75 6 70 420
75 − 85 5 80 400
85 − 95 4 90 360
n = 50 2590

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Mean =
 fx
N
2590
=
50

Mean = 51.80

8. For calculating the mean assumed Mean or short-cut method

a. Short cut method for ungrouped data
In this method, an assumed mean ( A ) is taken from the scores, usually about the
middle. If there are two middle scores, the one which has the higher frequency
is taken as the assumed mean and then the arithmetic mean is obtained by using
the formula.

Mean = A +
 fd
f
where A is the assumed mean, d is the deviation of x from the assumed mean
A.

b. Shortcut method for grouped data

In this method, an assumed mean ( A ) is taken from the mid-values near about
the middle of the table and then the Arithmetic Mean is obtained by using the
following formula,

Mean = A +
 fd
f
where, ' A ' is the assumed mean, ' d ' is the deviation of ' x ' from assumed mean '
A '.

c. Step-deviation method
According to this method,

Mean = A +
 fd  i
f

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 x− A
where, A = Assumed Mean , u = and
i

i = class size [i.e., upper limit - lower limit]

d. Median and Mode

Median
When the given statistical data is arranged in ascending or descending order of
their values, then the value of the middle term is called the median.
Let ' n ' be the number of scores in ascending or descending order.
th

Then, Median=  + 1 term , ' n ' is odd

n
2 
th th
n n 
  term +  + 1 term
Median=   2 
2
, when ' n ' is even
2
Mode
The number which appears the highest times in the given statistical data is
called mode or it is the number whose frequency is maximum.

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