UNIT -1

I. Basics of Construction : Unique features of construction,

construction projects- types and features, phases of a project,
agencies involved and their methods of execution.
II. Planning and organizing construction site and resources : Site:
site layout including enabling structures, developing site
organization , Documentation at site; Manpower : planning,
organizing, staffing, motivation; Materials : concepts of planning,
procurement and inventory control. Equipment : basic concepts of
planning and organizing; Funds : cash flow, sources of funds;
Histograms and S-Curves. Earned Value. Resource Scheduling :
Bar chart, line of balance technique, resource constraints and
conflicts; resource aggregation, allocation, smoothening and
leveling.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Unique features of construction Industry :-
1. Each structure is unique :-
• Availability of material and labour
• Type of sub stratum
• Atmospheric condition
• Natural condition
2. Each structure is commissioned :-
• Each civil engineering works is commissioned i.e order is
placed for each structure before construction works
commences.

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3. Each structure is built - in - situ :-
• The civil engineering structure is built at a place of its final use.
• Sometimes components may be fabricated or built elsewhere.
What are construction Projects ?
• The organized effort to create a building or structure is known
as a construction projects.
• Construction projects in civil engineering and architecture refer
to physically putting together infrastructure or a building.
• A construction project comprises several smaller projects as it
is not a single activity .

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• A design engineer , a construction engineer , or a professional
architect oversees these types of larger construction projects.
• Effective planning is necessary for building projects to be
completed cost effectively.
• To avoid work related injuries or financial difficulties , a
construction management team participating in the design and
execution of infrastructure must incorporate different safety
measures and examine the project’s entire cost.
All construction projects require detailed planning centered on the
following elements :
• Budgeting
• Logistics
• Bidding
• Building material availability

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

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• Construction site safety
• The discomfort the project will cause to the general public.
Types of Construction Projects :-
 Residential Building Project :- Residential housing construction
is the first type of construction and is comprises building ,
maintaining , and modifying structures for housing peoples ,
supplies or equipment .
 All housing types are included , including apartments ,
townhomes, nursing homes.
 Residential Building Projects are usually designed by engineers
and architects with the mechanical , structural , and electrical
work completed by sub contractors hired by construction
companies.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
 Private Project :- Construction projects owned , controlled or
commissioned by a private entry are known as private
construction projects.
 Individuals , corporations , hospitals , privately supported
schools , hospitals are examples of private project.
 Commercial Project :- Construction projects include schools ,
sports arena , commercial centers , hospitals , stadiums.
 A company or a private owner usually comprises constructing
structures that require a high level of specialization and
technical planning , construction , and design skills.
 For ex : a chemical company can build oil refineries , whereas
a power generation company can build hydroelectric power
plants and nuclear power plants , both are industrial structures .

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
 State construction project :- State funded construction projects
come in a range of shapes and sizes . It could be something as
simple as constructing a public school or a government
building .
 These buildings can also be quite complex , such as building a
bridge , sewer line etc.
 Infrastructure and heavy construction project :- These types of
construction projects include constructing and updating
railways , communications, roads and railways .
 This form of development is typically carried out in the public
interest by government institutions and significant commercial
firms.
 Tunnels , bridges , highways , transport system , drainage
systems and pipelines are examples of other projects that fall
under this category.
MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
BIT DURG
Characteristics of a construction project :-
• The Project should have a specified target.
• The Construction project should satisfy the owners requirement and
expectations from the project.
• The Time limit for completion of project shall be defined.
• The Construction project is complex and it involves a number of
individuals from different departments. So, right coordination shall be
setup within departments.
• The Project manager must be flexible to accommodate any change that
might occur during the project.
• The Total cost of construction project shall be defined and project
shall be completed within the given budget.
• The project should provide unique opportunities to acquire new skills.
• There are risks with each step of the project, and the project manager
should manage those risks to reach the project goal.
MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
BIT DURG
Phases of a
construction project :-
Different agencies involved in any construction project :-

A construction project requires many different people with

different skill sets to execute it.
1. Owner
2. Construction Contractor
3. Construction Management Consultant / Consulting Engineer
4. Architect
5. Suppliers

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 PROJECT EXECUTION STEPS :-
1. Delegate tasks to get work done effectively.
2. Empower your team to make decisions.
3. Be open to new ideas.
4. Manage the communication.
5. Measure progress regularly.
6. Control the scope.
7. Ensure the quality of the output.
Site Layout / Job Layout at Building Site :-
 “ Factors to considered while designing site layout “

Parking of
Quantity of material to workers
Construction
being stored
sequence

Security

Sanitary Offices
facilities
Soil Information
conditions signs

Batch plant and

Accomodation Safety fabrication shops
Material
handling

Storage and site

Water supply
cleaning
Developing Site Organisation ?
• Create a Road map for your project
• Utilize the latest tool
• Keep daily checklists
• Track your progress and goals
• Stay in constant communication

What is Site Documentation :-

Site Documentation means all manners of work contract
documents , papers , drawings, images , charts .
Here are some of the most important construction documents for
commercial construction projects ?

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• Bidding documents
• Construction Contractor Agreement
• Architectural Drawings
• Specifications
• Bill of Quantities
• Schedule
• Work orders
• Subcontractor application
• Insurance Requirements/
Certificate of Insurance
• Daily Reports
• Safety Reports
• Workers Compensation Waiver
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What is Manpower planning process :-
Manpower Planning is essentially the process of getting the
number of qualified employees and seek to place the right
employees in the right job at the right time, so that an organisation
can meet its objectives.
How Manpower organizes resources in construction works :-
Construction manpower planning is a continuous process that
involves regularly reviewing the organization’s current resources,
forecasting future recruitment needs, ensuring that the supply of
manpower and skilled workers meets the demand of projects, and
also ensuring the opposite – that the supply of projects meets the
demand of your manpower.
Staffing :-
Staffing can be defined as one of the most important functions of
management. It involves the process of filling the vacant position
of the right personnel at the right job, at right time.
• It is a truth that human resource is one of the greatest for
every organization because in any organization all other
resources like- money, material, machine etc. can be utilized
effectively and efficiently by the positive efforts of human
resource…
• Therefore , it is very important that each and every person
should get right position in the organization so, as to get the
right job, according to their ability, talent and specializations so
that it will help the organization to achieve the pre-set goals in
the proper way by the 100% contribution of manpower.
• Thus it can be said that it is staffing is an essential function of
every business organization.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
How you Motivate Your Construction Staff :-
• In the construction industry, a lack of motivation is an urgent
problem for many project managers in construction and
engineering projects.
• Lack of motivation affects the quality and productivity of jobs,
reducing profits and growth for companies, businesses,
contractors or organizations that rely on human resources.
Manpower Motivation :-
• Create a friendly work environment.
• Acknowledge employees' achievement.
• Rewarding employees.
• Positive communication is the key.
• Encourage friendly competition.
• Have a meaningful and worthwhile goal.
• Create a career path.
• Be a leader worth following.
• Encourage creativity
• Encourage team work
• Welcome all ideas
• Don’t let employees become bored
Material planning :-
Materials Planning has been defined as the scientific way of
determining the requirements of raw materials, components and
other items needed for production within the economic investment
policies.
The objectives of material management are sometimes referred to
as the ‘Five Rs of Materials Management : ’
1. The right material
2. At the right time
3. In the right amount
• And of the quality that is :
1. At the right price
2. From the right sources
Materials Procurement and Inventory Control :-
• Procurement is a term describing the purchasing process
for goods and services.
• In building construction, material procurement is the process by
which the materials required to construct a building are
selected, ordered, invoiced, paid for and delivered to the site.
Flow Chart Of Purchasing Procedure :-

1. Recognition of Needs
2. Description of Needed Items
3. Authorization of Purchase Requisition
4. Negociation with Supplier
5. Evaluation of proposal and Placement of Order
6. Fellow up
7. Verification of Invoice and Delivery of Material
8. Closure of Purchase Records & Payment

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Purchasing Procedures :-
Materials inventory control :-
• Construction inventory management is a means by which
construction companies and suppliers can keep track
of materials, work force, equipment and plant.
• This is particularly important when a construction company has
multiple projects to manage, as efficient scheduling can become
very complicated.
• A project timeline, planned in advance, with a full inventory of
the required materials, labour, equipment and so on is a
vital part of the project planning process.
• It is planned approach to determine what to order, how much to
order and how much to Stock. So that cost associated with
buying and storing will be optimal without interrupting
production and sale. Inventory control deals with the two
problems,
1. When should an order to be placed.

2. How much should be ordered

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Equipment planning :-
Equipment planning is process where by all key equipment
requirements are identified , analysed and proactively planned for
accordingly. Selection of vendors, storage, allocation of acquired
resources and so on – all considerations that must be addresses in
detail.
Equipment Organizing :-
Keeping your equipment room organized saves you time, energy,
and money.
• Label All the Equipment You Own
• Make the Most Out of the Space You Have
• Make Room for Each Type of Asset
• Create an Overview of Where Inventory Is Stored
• Implement a Check-in and Check-Out System
• Ensure There Is Enough Room for Spare Parts
• Control the Room’s Conditions.

Cash flow in Construction :-

• It is the movement of cash related to a specific construction
project.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
• A project accountant is typically responsible for analyzing a
project’s cash flow to predict cash needs and creating a
payment schedule to ensure there’s enough cash for each phase
of a project.
Resource Scheduling :-
Bar chart :-
• This tool is a graphical representation of a timeline for each
activity. It was developed by Hanry Gantt in 1916.
• They are used for planning , scheduling and then recording
progress against these schedules.
• The bar chart is an effective tool for the management of work
in a project.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

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Following steps are involved in preparing the bar chart :-

• Divide the project into many activities.

• List out the activities.
• Find the interrelationship among these activities
• Arrange the activities in a systematic way.
• Calculate the quantity of work and the time required
• Draw it accordingly to the scale as shown in figure.

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From the above bar chart , we conclude that :-
• activities A and B can start simulataneously , since they are
independent of each other.
• activity C can start only when activity B is completed.
• activity D is independent of C , It starts earlier than C and is
also completed earlier .
• activity E starts only when D is completed.
• activity F starts when B is completed.
• activity G is the last activity and is dependent on the
completion of D.
• The total duration of project is 28 days.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Line of balance (LOB) technique :-
• Line of balance (LOB) is a management control process used
in construction where the project contains blocks of
repetitive work activities.
• such as roads, pipelines, tunnels, railways and high-rise
buildings.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Resource constraints :-
A resource constraint is any limitation or risk related to resources
allocated to projects.
Resource constraints are real-world limiting factors. You know
how many people you have in your project team, what skills your
team has, what tools and software you can use, the ready materials
you have at your disposal, and how much money you can spend.
Resource allocation :-
Resource allocation is a process of planning, managing, and
assigning resources in a form that helps to reach your
organization's strategic goals. It can make a project manager's
work effective and significant.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Resource conflicts :-
• When two projects need the same resources at the same time, a
resource conflict arises. Sometimes it can be the case of two
projects wanting to have access to a specific individual, and in
other cases there is a shortage of a certain competence.
• Project A may need 3 mechanical designers at the same time as
project B needs 2 in an organization where there is only 3 of
them. The simplest and the most common solution is to share
that resource, i.e. to let each project have access to the resource
half of the time.
• If a third project should then need the same resource, this can
also be provided by letting each project have access to one third
of the capacity of the resource.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Resource aggregation :-
Resource aggregation is the sum of the resources used per activity
and per project in a specific timeframe.
Resource Leveling :-
Resource Leveling is performed to balance the demand and supply
of resources.
Resource Smoothing :-
Resource Smoothing is performed to achieve a more uniform
resource utilization over a period of time.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG
Earned Value (EV) :-
Earned Value (EV) is the percent of the total budget actually
completed at a point in time.
Resource histogram :-
A resource histogram is a stacked bar chart that is used for
resource allocation in project management. It's basically a
resource planning graph that displays the amount of time a
resource is scheduled to work over a period of time.

MRS DEEPA SAHU (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

BIT DURG