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XI - Activity Statistics 2024-25 Readout

This document explains the concepts of standard deviation and normal distribution in statistics, emphasizing their importance in understanding data variability and analysis. It details the characteristics of normal distributions, including their symmetrical bell shape and the empirical rule, while also discussing non-normal distributions and their various types, such as skewed distributions. The conclusion highlights the significance of recognizing the differences between normal and non-normal distributions for accurate data analysis.

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8 views3 pages

XI - Activity Statistics 2024-25 Readout

This document explains the concepts of standard deviation and normal distribution in statistics, emphasizing their importance in understanding data variability and analysis. It details the characteristics of normal distributions, including their symmetrical bell shape and the empirical rule, while also discussing non-normal distributions and their various types, such as skewed distributions. The conclusion highlights the significance of recognizing the differences between normal and non-normal distributions for accurate data analysis.

Uploaded by

jahnavipoddar2008
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ACTIVITY- STATISTICS

OBJECTIVE:

➢ The main and most important purpose of standard deviation is to understand


how spread out a data set is.

➢ Understand why normal distributions are important to researchers.


…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Standard Deviation:

The standard deviation is the average amount of variability in your dataset. It tells you,
on average, how far each value lies from the mean. A high standard deviation means that
values are generally far from the mean, while a low standard deviation indicates that values
are clustered close to the mean.
What is Normal Distribution?
A normal distribution, also known as a Gaussian distribution, is a fundamental probability
distribution in statistics characterized by its symmetrical, bell-shaped curve. Here are its key
features:

• Symmetry: The distribution is perfectly symmetrical around its mean, meaning the left
side is a mirror image of the right side.

• Bell-Shaped Curve: The majority of data points cluster around the mean, with the
frequency of observations tapering off as you move away from the mean. This creates
the characteristic bell shape.

• Mean, Median, and Mode: In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are
all equal and located at the center of the distribution.

• Standard Deviation: The spread of the data is determined by the standard deviation.
Approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% falls
within two standard deviations, and 99.7% falls within three standard deviations. This is
known as the empirical rule or the 68-95-99.7 rule.
• Example of Normal Distribution
• An example of a normal distribution can be found in the
distribution of human heights. If you measure the heights of a large
number of people, the data tends to cluster around a central value
(the mean height) with a symmetric distribution on either side. Most
people have heights that are close to the average, and as you move
further from the average, fewer people have those heights. This
creates the characteristic bell-shaped curve of a normal
distribution.
• IQ Scores: IQ scores are designed to follow a normal distribution
with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. This means
that approximately 68% of the population has an IQ between 85
and 115, and 95% have an IQ between 70 and 130.

What is Non-Normal Distribution?


A non-normal distribution is any statistical distribution that does not conform to the
bell-shaped, symmetrical pattern of a normal distribution. Non-normal distributions can
exhibit various shapes and characteristics, making them more complex to analyze. Here
are some common types of non-normal distributions:

Skewed Distributions:

• Positively Skewed (Right Skewed): In a positively skewed distribution, the tail on the
right side of the distribution is longer or fatter than the left side. An example is income
distribution, where a small number of people earn significantly more than the majority.

• Negatively Skewed (Left Skewed): In a negatively skewed distribution, the tail on the
left side is longer or fatter than the right side. An example is theage at retirement, where
most people retire around a certain age, but a few retire much earlier.

Examples of Non-Normal Distribution

Some examples of non-normal distributions are:

• Income Distribution:

o Positively Skewed Distribution: Income distributions in most countries are


positively skewed, with a long right tail. This means that a small number of
people earn much higher incomes than the majority, creating a skew to the right.

• Age at Retirement:

o Negatively Skewed Distribution: The age at which people retire is often


negatively skewed, with more people retiring at the common retirement age
(e.g., 65) and fewer people retiring much earlier.
o Example: In many countries, the age at retirement shows a peak around
the typical retirement age, with a longer tail towards younger ages where
fewer people retire early due to various reasons.

• In Stocks-
The more positively skewed the return distribution, the higher the long-term returns.
he negative skewness of the distribution indicates that an investor may expect frequent
small gains and a few large losses.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the difference between normal and non-normal distributions is essential for
analyzing data accurately. The normal distribution, with its symmetrical bell-shaped curve, is
common in many natural and social phenomena. It allows for straightforward statistical
analysis and prediction. On the other hand, non-normal distributions come in various shapes
and sizes, each requiring different methods of analysis.

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