[VALVE USERS MANUAL 01 - TYPE OF VALVES,TYPES OF VALVES Ball Butterfly Check Diaphragm Gate Globe Plug Pressure control—reducing and retaining Safety, relief and safety relief Automatic process control Some design variants Thermostatic and mixing Float operated Air Bellows sealed Solenoid Cryogenic Pinch Gas duct isolators page i) 14 16 20 22 28 32 34 36 39 44 44 47 48 50 51 3 saatTYPES OF VALVES BALL VALVE ‘Some confusion still exists concerning the proper term- {nology for this valve, The circumstances causing this are (1) that the valve is basically a member of the plug valve family, and (2) that the term “ball valve" is fre- quently used when referring in fact to the ball float ‘operated valve. Names such as ‘spherical plug valve’ and “pall plug valve’ are still sometimes used but the simple term “ball valve’ has now become dominant and will be used here ‘The ball valve is an adaptation of the plug valve. It has the same 90° rotary movement and the rotary mem- ber is in constant contact with the seats. The plug is in the form of a ball with a circular hole or flow way through one axis. The proportions of the ball and flow way are such that when the ball is given a quarter turn 1 full spherical face is presented to the inlet and outlet ports of the valve, thus shutting off the flow. Ball valves offer positive tight shut-off with a quarter turn operation and low operating torque. Full parallel bore valves provide steaight through flow with a min- imum of resistance and even with reduced bore valves the pressure drop across the valve is still extremely small Consequently, and for economic reasons, the majority of ball vaives today have a reduced bore through the ball, the most common exception to this being when some form of ‘pigging’ of the pipeline is required. Ball valves are generally considered to be most suited for straight on-off duties but recent developments have introduced ball valves specially designed for throttling and flow control. ‘An important aspect of the ball valve is the inherent compactness of the design, making for easy handling and ‘maintenance. ‘Most standard ball valves have an operating tempera~ ture range of between ~30°C and 230°C at pressures from a coarse vacuum (25 torr) to 51 bar, depending on size, Specialized valves are available, however, for ser~ vices below ~200°C and above 500°C and from very high vacuum (10? torr) to above 400 bar. “The applications of ball valves are as wide and varied as industry itself. They range from simple services such as water, solvents, acids, and natural gas to more difficult and dangerous services such as gaseous oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, methane, and ethylene. Limitations of use are governed by the temperature and pressure characteris of the seat material, but research and development of new materials make it foreseeable that the future will see an extended use of the ball valve for an even wider range of applications than at present BODY TYPES “These may be divided into one-piece bodies and multi~ piece bodies and Fig. | illustrates the variations available. “The one-piece body type provides a very rigid con- struction, In the top entry version (Fig. 2), it is possible to remove the ball and seats from the valve without taking the valve out of the line, an advantage where maintenance in-situ is permitted and where valves are ‘welded into the line. The one-piece body withyend entry (Fig. 3) provides a compact design which dispense’ with the need for a body joint, hence eliminating a potential leak path. Here the valve must be removed from the pipe line to obtain access to the working parts. This can be an essential requirement in some industries where it is often forbidden to do maintenance in-situ. sf) Multi-piece bodies, two-piece or three-piece (sand- wich), offer greater scope for ingenuity of design. For ‘example, in the sandwich type (Fig. 4), the central portion containing all the working parts can be removed as a unit from the valve, leaving the two body end con- rectors in position in the line. Again, this is useful in the case of welded ends and it also makes possible the provision of interchangeable end connectors. SEATING MATERIALS Although ball valves with all metal seats are used on certain applications, the most general seating combination ‘a metal ball contained between plastic or elastomer seatings, Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), either virgin or ‘filled’, is commonly used for seats but a number of other ‘materials are used from time to time for particular appli- cations. These include nylon, ‘Buna N’, graphite and PCTFE. BALL SUPPORT DESIGN AND SEALING ‘Two design concepts are used for supporting the ball, namely floating ball and trunnion mounted. In the float= ing ball arrangement the ball is supported by the seat~ ings but is free to float laterally when the valve is closed. Sealing is obtained by the action of the line pressure urging the ball against the downstream seating. In the trunnion mounted design the ball is held in a fixed posi tion top and bottom by trunnions and bearings. ‘The seal is made by the line pressure acting on the back of the upstream seat ring and pressing it against the ball. For applications where the line pressure is insufficient to ensure a positive leak-tight seal some kind of built-in seat loading is incorporated. This may take the form of springs arranged behind the seatings or the seatings them- selves may be preloaded on assembly. In another method the seatings are specially shaped so as to obtain a designed deformation which ensures a seat loading force irrespec~ tive of line presTYPES OF VALVES MULTI-PIECE BODY (ONE-PIECE BODY “shila Fig. 1. Ball valve constructional types Fig. 3. Ball valve with one-piece body, end entry and floating ball. Full bore illustrated, reduced bore also available Sento ney om Fig. 2. Ball valve with one-piece body, top entry and trunnion mounted ball ee Assety — anal sen ney Seaton Fig. 4. Ball valve with three-piece (sandwich) body and floating bail 131¥PES OF VAL! BUTTERFLY VALVE ‘The name comes from the wing-like structure and action of the valve disk which is arranged on the pipe diameter principle. The circular shaped disk turns about a dia- metrical axis within the cylindrical bore of the valve body and a quarter turn rotation of the disk opens or closes the valve. ‘The basic simplicity of the design provides a compact and relatively low weight valve having few component parts. The quarter turn action offers quick opening or closing with ease of operation and the valve has good flow control characteristics. In the wide open position the only obstruction to flow is that due to the thickness of the disk, so the pressure drop across the valve is small. During the closing move- ‘ment the rate of cut-off of the flow diminishes as the disk moves towards the closed position, making the valve well suited for flow regulation purposes. Butterfly valves are usually either resilient or metal to metal seated. Resilient seated valves may have the resilient seating arranged in the body or attached to the periphery of the disk. ‘Metal seated valves will normally provide longer life than resilient seated designs but are more difficult to make completely leak-tight. They are better suited for higher temperature duties as they do not have the temperature restrictions imposed by resilient scatings. ‘An extensive range of synthetic elastomer and plastic materials for use as resilient seatings has been developed as a result of close co-operation between valve designers and specialists in the metallurgical, rubber, and plastics industries. Positive shut-off with repeatability of per- formance is assured and the wide choice of seating materials provides the butterfly valve with an expansive range of service applications. If the valve is required for flow control purposes it is essential that there should be correct selection of size and type to give satisfactory and effective operation, ‘The design concept of the butterfly valve is particularly well suited to large size manufacture. Sizes up to 10 metres diameter have been produced and even larger sizes are presently being considered for tidal and ocean thermal energy conversion schemes. In general industrial applica- tions butterfly valves have found wide acceptance in the il, gas, chemical, water treatment and process in- dustries and are used in the condenser and circulating water systems of thermal power stations, TYPES Wafer A valve for clamping between pipe flanges using through bolting. The body may be ‘single flange’, flangeless, or “U" section, as illustrated in Figs 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Double Flanged ‘Avalve having flanged ends for connection to pipe flanges by individual bolting (Fig. 1). ‘A wafer type of valve with a “U’ section body will also come within this category ifitis suitable for the individual bolting of each flange to the pipework.rye OF VALVES Fig. 2. Butterfly valve, wafer/single flange, with rubber lined body. Fitted with gear operating unit ‘Operating Mechanism (Gearbox of Wrench) . 1, Butterfly valve, double flanged, fitted with gear operating unit Fig. 4. Butterfly valve, wafer U-section rubber seated, with gear operating unit Fig. 3. Butterfly valve, wafer/flangeless, with replaceable body seat 15TYPES OF VALVI CHECK VALVE Check valves are also described as reflux, non-return, back pressure, retaining and clack valves. In some areas of usage the term ‘reflux’ is reserved for the swing disk type of valve and the description ‘check’ is largely asso- ciated with the lifting disk type of valve. Current British Standards use the term ‘check valves’ and this includes both swing and lift types. ‘The purpose of a check valve is to permit flow in one direction and to prevent it in the reverse direction. Com- monly such valves are automatic in operation, the pressure of the fluid flowing in one direction holding the valve disk open and reverse flow, together with the weight of the disk, acting to seat the disk and so cut off the flow. TYPES ‘Most check valves are based on either the swing concept or the lift concept. There are many variants and some of the more commonly used of these are referred to in the following. A brief description is also given of a new con- cept in this field, the cone and diaphragm check valve. ‘Swing Check (conventional) In this design (Fig. 1) a hinged, gatelike disk is free to swing against a body seating face which is silted. To ensure that the disk takes up a satisfactory se: posi- tion at all times, the disk to hinge connection is designed so thatthe disk has suficient freedom to swivel and make true and full contact with the body seat. Disks may be all metal or may be fitted with leather, rubber, or com- position facings, depending on the nature of the service. In the fully open position there is little obstruction to flow in a swing type check valve and consequently the pressure drop across the valve is relatively smal Swing Check with Outside Lever and Weight In this arrangement (Fig. 2), the disk hinge pin is ex- tended through the body and fitted with an outside lever and weight, which can be set in various positions. In the position illustrated the weight will assist the disk to close quickly once forward flow ceases. Quick closing action is desirable in systems where sudden reversals of flow may occur and accumulate considerable momentum before an ordinary unweighted valve disk would close. Quick closing minimizes possible damaging shock and disk chatter. ‘The lever and weight may be mounted so that the weight balances or partly balances the weight of the disk. ‘The valve will then be more sensitive to low pressures and velocities. Swing Check with Outside Lever and Quadrant (Fig. 3) The lever has a drilled hole and a locking pin fastens the lever to a quadrant, thereby holding the valve disk in the open position. Used mainly to assist in line pressure testing, Swing Check with Fusible Link (Fig. 4) The disk is held in the open position by means of 1 fusible link attached to the lever. The fusible link has a predetermined melting point and the valve is used mainly as a fire control device Swing Check with Shock-free Operation This is a type of swing valve (Fig. 5) in which the design criteria are directed particularly towards the prevention of shock closure in conditions of very rapid reversal of flow, for example in the case of discharge by electrically driven centrifugal pumps. Special features are incorpor- ated to achieve valve closure in the shortest possible time ‘combined with low head loss. , Tilting Disk Check A sophisticated design (Fig. 6) of swing check valve in which a specially shaped disk is pivoted at a selected point, instead of being hinged as in the conventional type of swing check valve. The seat faces on the disk and in the body are bevelled and in the closed position the valve resembles a simple ‘lift’ valve with conical seat. Characteristics are low pressure drop at low velocities and, depending on the design, a quick response to flow reversal. Dual Plate Check (Eig. 7) The valve body is cylindrical in shape and the disk is in the form of two semicircular plates attached to a central hinge pin located in the body. The disk plates are acted upon by one or more torsion springs mounted on the hinge and these hold the plates against a flat seating in the body. The pressure of reverse flow ‘on the plates causes the springs to deflect and allow the plates to move to an open position. Each plate may be acted upon by a spring or springs independently of the other plate, and on larger valves each plate may be independently supported. The incor- oration of such features improves plate response when rapid changes of flow rates are experienced and reduces the severity of pressure surges. Lift Check (Fig. 8) The disk sits on a seat face provided on a hori- zontal bridge wall across the valve body, rather as in a globe valve except that in this case the disk is free to rise. Flow pressure lifts the disk from its seat and back flow, or no flow, causes the disk to drop back on to the seat and so shut off the flow ‘The disk is usually guided in both the body seat open- ing and the body cap but sometimes within the seat ‘opening only. For some applications a spring may be fittedPYPES OF VALVES. Fig. 2, Swing check valve with outside lever and weight | check valve with Cover Cover Gasket Cover Bolt Hinge Pin Hinge Disk Body Seat Ring Body Fig. 3. Swing check valve with outside lever and quadrant Fig. 4. Swin fusible link for holding openTYPES OF VALVES above the disk to ensure that the valve is normally closed. Depending on the service conditions, disks may be of all metal construction or may be in the form of @ disk holder fitted with a rubber or composition disk ring. Like the globe valve the flow path through a lift check valve follows a twisting course. Consequently the pressure drop across the valve is greater than in the swing type of check valve where the flow is less restricted. In this design (Fig, 9) a dashpot is arranged above the disk so as to provide a cushion effect on services where pulsations in the line may cause an ordinary check valve to hammer. Lift Check with Dashpot at She Ball Check Similar to the normal lift type check valve but utilizing ‘a ball as the disk. The ball is guided in the body cap but free to rise and rotate. Screw-down Stop and Check Also known as a screw-down non-return (SDNR) valve (Fig. 10). This is a globe type of valve except that the isk is not attached to the screwed stem. The stem is ‘used to regulate the lift of the disk when it is acting as a check valve, oF, to hold the disk closed in the same manner as an ordinary globe valve. Cone and Diaphragm Check ‘This is a modern development (Fig. 11) and a new con- cept in the field of check valves, The essential elements are a stainless steel perforated cone and a flexible dia phragm of natural or synthetic rubber. Service fluid ‘passes through holes in the cone and deffects the rubber diaphragm inwards. As the flow increases the diaphragm is progressively deflected inwards until the valve is fully ‘open. When flow is reduced the diaphragm tends to open outwards to its original shape and when flow ceases the diaphragm snaps shut, closing the valve. ‘There are no metallic moving parts in the valve, which is extremely lightweight and can be installed in horizontal or vertical pipes even where the flow is vertically down- ‘wards, Operating temperatures and pressures are limited to the capabilities of the diaphragm material. Sizing of Check Valves Care should be taken to avoid oversizing of conventional swing and life check valves. To obtain the minimum velocity required to lift the disk to the full open and stable position it may be necessary on some applications to fit valves smaller in size than the pipe in which they are installed. Fig. 5. Swing check valve with shock free ‘operation Fig. 6. Tilting disk check valve with pressure seale xd top closure Fig. 7. Dual plate check valveTYPES OF VALVES _—stem }—cover DISK Fig. 9. Lift check valve with dashpot Fig. 10. Screw-down stop and check valve Fig. 11. Cone and diaphragm check valveTYPES OF VALVES DIAPHRAGM VALVE A general description of this valve is one in which a flexible diaphragm is, or is associated with, the closure member and in which the diaphragm isolates the valve operating mechanism (bonnet) from the fluid passageway of the valve. A typical design of diaphragm valve is illustrated in Fig. 1 ‘The separation of operating mechanism from pipeline content guarantees the purity of the line fluid and con- versely prevents any possibility of attack by the line fluid on the working parts. In addition, the need for any form of separate sealing for the stem is eliminated, except as a safeguard on applications where dangerous fluids are being handled. As the fluid contacts only the diaphragm and the body, both of which are available in many different materials, the valve is ideally suited for controlling a wide range of fluids, especially the chemically aggressive or abrasive. ‘Operating temperatures of diaphragm valves are gener- ally limited by the material used for the diaphragm or body linings. Depending on this, temperature conditions from around — 50°C to 175°C can be accommodated. ‘The simplicity of the construction of the diaphragm valve, in which there are only three main parts ~ body, diaphragm, and bonnet assembly — permits easy and quick dismantling for maintenance. Should a diaphragm require changing, this can be done in-situ and in a relatively short time. ‘Separation of operating mechanism from pipeline con- tents makes the diaphragm valve ideally suited for use with edible and medical products as well as ‘hard to handle’ and dangerous fluids. More generally, the many srades of elastomers and plastics available for diaphragms and the wide choice of materials for bodies and linings have enabled the diaphragm valve to find acceptance and application in practically every aspect of modern industry. TYPES Although there are a number of design variants the two main forms of diaphragm valves in use today are the ‘weir and the straight-through types. Weir The weir type (Fig. 1) is the most widely used; tight shut-off is obtained with comparatively low operating force and short diaphragm movement, which minimizes the amount of flexing required of the diaphragm, so lengthening diaphragm life and reducing maintenance, downtime, and costs. ‘The diaphragm is made either of an elastomer or of PTFE with an elastomeric backing, and is connected to a ‘compressor component which is attached to the threaded, stem. To close the valve, the diaphragm is pressed down, to make a tight seal against a weir formed in the body, or the contour of the body or a portway in the body, depending upon the particular design of valve. Straight-Through Figure 2 shows a typical diaphragm valve of the straight through flow type. There is no weir, so flow through the valve is in a straight line along a full bore passageway. ‘This feature makes the valve particularly well suited to handling viscous fluids, thick slurries, and fluids contain- ing deposits. The stroke of the diaphragm is appreciably longer than in the weir type of valve and this limits the choice of materials for the diaphragm to elastomers.FYPES OF VALVES Handwheel Bonnet Body Studs Body Nuts Body Felt Washer Stem Stem Nut Compressor Diaphragm Fig. 1. Weir type diaphragm valve Fig. 2. Diaphragm valve with straight through flow 21TYPES OF VALVES GATE Of all the many different types of valves available to industry the gate valve is by far the most widely used. In this valve a gate-like disk is moved at right angles across the line of flow between matching seats in the valve body, thus opening or shutting off the flow. It is intended for duty as a stop valve and in the fully open position provides straight through full bore flow with consequent minimum loss of pressure of the service fiuid. VALVE Conventional types of gate valves are generally ideal for services that require infrequent operation and where the disk is kept fully open or fully closed. They are not intended for modulating or throttling purposes. Velocity of flow against a partly opened disk may cause vibration and chattering with possible damage to the seating sur- faces and throttling can subject the disk to the erosive effects of wire drawing, ‘TYPES ‘The principal variation in the design of gate valves is in the type of sealing element employed and reasonably the valves are often described in terms of the sealing clement, €.g., solid wedge, parallel slide, parallel double disk, and split wedge. There are many other types, some of which are included in the examples shown on pages 25 and 27, but the designs in most common use are the wedge gate valve and parallel slide valve. Wedge Gate Valve The fluid controlling element in this design of gate valve (Fig. 1) is a rigid one-piece, wedge shaped, disk con- taining no loose parts. The disk is accurately guided in the valve body to ensure that contact between the disk seat faces and body seat faces is limited to only 2 small portion of the closing and opening movements. Because of the wedge action, tight sealing can be achieved without assistance from the fluid pressure. Parallel Slide Gate Valve The design feature of this valve (Fig. 2) is a parallel and flexible sealing element containing two half-disks which slide between two corresponding parallel seat faces in the body. A. spring is usually contained between the two halves of the disk. ‘This spring has three functions: to provide a flexible closure member, to hold the disk halves in sliding contact with the body seats under zero DESIGN Flexible Wedge Disk he wedge type disk can also be obtained in a flexible design, developed primarily to overcome sticking on high temperature services subject to great temperature changes. In one form the single piece construction of the disk is maintained but the two seating faces are separate from cach other except for a short connecting axle or spud at the centre of the disk (Fig. 5). In this way each disk face is permitted a certain degree of independent movement which, besides eliminating the possibility of sticking in the closed position, facilitates tightness on both the upstream and downstream sides of the disk over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, Soft Sealing Soft sealing is a recent development in which plastic or or near zero pressure so that a wiping action is obtained, and to dampen down any tendency to vibrate of the disk parts. Closure sealing is achieved by the thrust of the line pressure forcing the disk against the seating face on the downstream side of the body and the resultant contact pressure secures fluid tightness. The closure member of a parallel slide valve has a high degree of flexibility, which is particularly. useful on services subject to appre- ciable variations of temperature. Expansions or contrac- tions of working parts can be accommodated without affecting the operation of the valve. Parallel Double Disk Gate Valve ‘This valve (Fig. 3) has two parallel disk halves which are forced outwards against the body seat faces by means of a spreader or wedge when contact is made with a stop in the bottom of the valve body. The first opening move- ‘ment releases che disk halves and continued operation raiges them clear of the body seat openings. Split Wedge Gate Valve Similar to the parallel double disk valve but the disk wedge shaped (Fig. 4) Again a spreader device is used to force the disk halves against matching tapered seats in the valve body and the first opening movement releases the disk halves from contact with the body seats FEATURES synthetic rubber rings are inserted into the faces of the disk or body seat rings to provide soft sealing backed up by contact of the metal to metal faces. Soft seals pro- vide improved sealing characteristics over a very useful range of temperatures for a great variety of fluids. The resilience of the seal gives good recovery from deforma- tion by accumulated ‘dirt’ and solid particles in the service fluid, Another asset is the reduction in effort required to operate the valve For block and bleed control, sometimes known as double blocking, the use of soft seals can secure the requirement for positive tight closure on both sides of the disk with the aid of only one valve. ‘Phis may avoid the possible use of two conventional valves to obtain the same results Another development in soft sealing offering positive tight shut-off wich high resilience is the wedge gate valveTYPES OF VALVES =D Honamnect = A fi — Bridge Pillar Gland Gland Packing | en Bonnet OST Giana (! Gland Packing ee || ——— Bonnet 1— Body Body Seat Ring ‘I SS N Disk Body Seat Ring Disk fet Disk Spring Disk-Facing Ring il s |— Disk Facing Ring Fig. 1. Typical solid wedge Fig. 2. Parallel slide gate valve gate valve with outside Screw and rising stem Fig. 5. Flexible Fig. 4. Split wedge wedge disk Fig. 3. Parallel double gate valve disk gate valve 23TYPES OF VALVES which a facing of synthetic rubber is bonded to the 4k casting. Both upstream and downstream faces and also the lower periphery of the disk are covered with the rubber. Sealing round the upper two-thirds of the disk is axial by wedge action while round the lower one- third of the disk the seal is achieved by radial contact between the rubber covered lower part of the disk and the base of the body. Stem Arrangement ‘There are three basic designs of stem arrangements (2) Inside screw, rising stem (Fig. 6) (2) Inside screw, non-rising stem (Fig. 7). (3) Outside screw, rising stem (Fig. 8). “The first mentioned is relatively the least expensive and is most commonly found on the smaller sizes of valves. A useful feature is that the position of the stem serves to indicate the position of the disk. Because the stem threads are inside the valve body and so open to attack by the service Huid, inside serew valves are not usually used for fluids having corrosive or erosive proper~ ties or for high temperature services where consequent expansion and contraction may cause binding of the threads. In the case of the inside screw, non-rising stem design, the stem does not move axially but merely rotates. This arrangement is particularly useful where headroom is limited. Also, the elimination of the up and down move~ ment of the stem reduces the amount of wear on the gland packing. ‘On the outside screw, rising stem valve, the stem threads are situated outside the valve body and so are not subjected to possible effects of the pipeline fiuid. ‘The stem threads are accessible for lubrication and the position of the stem provides an indication of the amount of valve opening. Adequate headroom is required for the rising stem, for which some form of protection should be arranged to guard against possible damage. Fig. 6. Inside screw, rising stem non: Fig. 7. Inside screw, Fig. 8. Outside screw, rising stemTYPES OF VALVES OTHER GATE VALVE DESIGNS Lever or Quick Acting In one design (Fig. 9) of quick acting gate valve a lever takes the place of the handwheel and operates a sliding stem. In another design (Fig. 10) a lever is connected to the disk by a shaft and link arrangement and a quarter- turn rotation of the lever opens or closes the valve. Clamp or Clip The body and bonnet are held together by means of a single ‘U? clamp (Fig. 11). This arrangement is ideal ‘where frequent inspection and cleaning of lines are neces- sary ; by removing two nuts the complete bonnet assembly is easily removed. The slimness of the valve reduces space requirements and cuts down on weight. 9. Quick acting type of gate valve ~ Ing stem Fig. 10. Quick acting type of gate valve — shaft and link (quarter turn) Fig. 11. Clamp gate valve 25TYPES OF VALVES Conduit This type of valve (Fig. 12) employs a parallel faced disk that is lengthened to include a circular part of the same diameter as the valve bore. The valve is characterized by its body design, which is extended above and below the centre line to provide the necessary cavities for the vir- tually double length disk. A full bore smooth and con- tinuous flow path is obtained and the use of product separators is made convenient. Penstock A single faced gate or door is moved vertically or hori- zontally between guides attached to a frame (Fig. 13) that is fixed toa wall or bulkhead. The guides may be parallel to the frame, in which case sealing is in one direction only and dependent on the fluid pressure, or they may be tapered to provide a wedge effect between frame and guides, thereby obtaining gate tightness in both direc tions. Tt is used for handling large volumes of water in water~ works and sewage schemes, also as a watertight door on ships. Line-Blind, Spectacle, or Goggle A spectacle shaped plate with one end blank and an orifice in the other end is rotated about its centre be- tween two flanges (Fig. 14). When the flange bolts are tightened the spectacle plate is sealed between the flanges in either the open or the closed position. In another design the spectacle or goggle plate is raised and lowered by a threaded stem and handwheel or other means, As one end of the spectacle plate is always visible outside the valve body this provides an indication of whether the valve is open or closed. Pulp Stock, Knife, or Plate A valve of rugged construction to meet the requirements of pulp stock handling. Usually has a plate disk with a knife-like cutting edge at the bottom (Fig. 15) to assure complete shearing and positive shutoff.Bw RR AOR A Al WELTEK TECHNOLOGIES CO. LTD. Evaluation of Ventilation Effectiveness in ICLS C.D. at PWR Block 2 6/F Sampling Floor The contents of this guideline are created by Weltek Technologies Co.., Ltd. in response to | the Evaluation of Ventilation Effectiveness in ICLS C.D. at PWR Block 2 6/F Sampling | Floor. It shall neither be used, reproduced in whole or in part, nor passed to any | organization or person for any other purposes without specific permission in writing to the | Managing Director of Weltek Technologies Co., Ltd. Itek Technologies Co,, Ltd, 2024 Allright reserved. SeeTYP) S OF VALVES GLOBE VALVE In this screw-down stop valve, or globe valve as it is commonly called, the axis of the stem is at right angles to the body seat face. The relatively short movement required of the stem to open or close the valve and the very positive seating action combine to make this type of valve well suited for duties as a stop valve or for the close regulation or throttling of flow. ‘All contact between body seat and disk ends as soon as the disk is moved from the closed position so that mechanical wear of the sealing faces is minimized. What- ever wear may occur during service does not create major problem as the body seat and disk in most globe valves can be repaired or replaced with a minimum of difficulty and without having to remove the valve from the pipe line, a distinct advantage where welded-in valves are concerned. ‘The minimum resistance to flow of a globe valve is higher than in most other valves because of the changes in direction of flow as the fluid passes through the valve. ‘This may vary considerably, however, depending on the body design and the disposition of the stem relative to the inlet and outlet ports. STEM ARRANGEMENT In common with gate valves, both inside and outside screw arrangements are used for globe valves. The larger valves are usually of outside screw design, while the inside screw arrangement predominates for the smaller ones. SEATINGS Various seating designs are available to suit different service requirements and provide different flow charac teristics. ‘The conventional narrow seat type (Fig. 1) hasa tapered or spherical shaped surface on the disk and a flat angled surface on the body seat and there is narrow line contact, between disk and seat, Provided suitable materials are used for disk and seat, this line bearing breaks down hhard deposits that may form on the seat on some ser~ vices and assures pressure-tight closure. ‘There is little protrusion of the disk into the valve orifice so that full bore flow is obtained with only a short lift of the disk, which makes this form of seating un- suitable for close regulation of flow. Preferably, such a valve should be used wide open or fully closed, ‘To achieve better flow characteristics the disk is made to project into the body seating orifice. The disk may be of the plug type (Fig. 2), which is conical in shape with matching conical seat in the body, giving reasonable flow control and exceptional resistance to galling, erosion, and wire drawing under throttling conditions, or it may be contoured to provide specific flow characteristics, ©.8.» percentage flow equal to percentage lift. Other specialized designs may use hollow disks with vee shaped or con- toured body seatings to achieve a variety of flow con- ditions, ‘Soft’ forms of seating are also employed, including PTFE (or other plastic) seat or disk inserts and the very popular composition disk (Fig. 3), which is used fre~ quently for steam and gas services, particularly in low pressure bronze valves. ‘Soft’ seatings provide tight shut- off with the minimum of effort but they are not suitable for throttling duties as they can be quickly damaged by wire drawing. Disk replacement is a simple matter and, providing the body seat face is undamaged, seating per~ formance can be quickly restored to ‘as new’ condition. Also, by using disks of different materials a valve may be made suitable for other classes of service. Generally the disk and stem are separate components and connected together in such a manner that the disk is free to revolve independently of the stem and is able to swivel. This allows the disk to sit squarely on its seat and avoids frictional contact that might damage the seat- ing surfaces. In some small valves, e.g., needle valves, the disk and stem may be integral, and while these will give close and stable regulation of flow under high pressure drop conditions, they are not best suited for use as shut-off valves. ‘Although much larger sizes are made, standard lines of globe valves do not usually extend beyond 200 mm or 250 mm, Beyond this, depending on the service pressure, the axial load imposed on the stem by the pressure of the fiuid acting over the whole of the exposed area of the disk can make direct manual operation very difficult or even impossible. To overcome this problem some form of additional mechanical advantage can be provided, such as hammer-blow wheels, gearing, or power operators. Spec- ial designs are also available which incorporate means for balancing or partially balancing the axial load on the disk. ‘TYPES Angle Valve In the angle type of globe valve (Fig. 4) the flow has to make only one change of direction so that the pressure drop across the valve is much less than in a conven- tional design of globe valve. When installed to the best advantage angle valves can reduce the number of fittings ima pipe system by serving as a valve and a 90° elbow: Oblique Valve In the oblique or ‘Y’ type globe valve (Fig. 5) the orifice in the body is arranged at an incline to the normal flow line. ‘This results in less disruption of the flow pattern than in a conventional globe valve and a correspondingly smaller loss of pressure across the valve.TYPES OF VALVES Fig. 12. Conduit vaive Fig. 14. Line-Blind valve Fig. 15. Pulp stock or knife valve 27TYP! — Handwhee! 23 Yoke Bush ea Yoke A Z — Stem 3 a Gland Bonnet — Gland Packing TIN |___ Bonnet Gasket ( Back Seat 4 Disk Stem Nut Disk Body Seat Ring WS Body Fig. 1. Globe valve with outside screw and conventional disk 2. Globe valve with 3. Globe valve with Fig. 4. Angle globe valve inside screw and plug inside screw and disk composition disk 29TYPES OF VALVES Needle Valve The needle valve (Fig, 6) is designed to provide fine control of flow and is generally restricted to small sizes of pipes. The disk, commonly integral with the stem, has a needle shaped end which fits very accurately into the body seat and the threads on the stem are made of finer pitch than usual to obtain close regulation of flow. Usually needle valves have a reduced size of orifice in relation to the pipe size. Piston Type ‘This type (Fig. 7) is a variant of the conventional globe valve in which the usual form of disk and seating is replaced by a design of scating based on the piston pri: ciple. A precision ground piston is connected to the ste and the seal is formed by two resilient sealing rin, surrounding the piston. The rings are separated by lantern ring and are compressed firmly around the piste by the load exerted on the cover by the cover nuts. ‘The resilient rings are replaceable and can be provide. in various materials including PTFE. The valve is intended primarily for ‘open’ and ‘shu: duties but can be fitted with a specially shaped pisto: or special lantern ring for close regulation of flow.TYPES OF VALVES Fig. 5. Oblique or ¥ type globe valve Fig. 6. Needle valve Stainloss stee! piston Upper valve ring Laniorn bush Lower valve ring Fig. 7. Piston type globe valve etTYPES OF VALVES PLUG VALVE “The plug valve is a development of the simple cock. It has a plug, tapered, or cylindrical, which can be rotated to move its ports relative to the body ports, thus con trolling the fluid flow. Construction is simple and com- pact with few basic components. The quarter-turn opera~ tion from fully open to fully closed provides quick action, and flow is straight through the valve with no sudden alterations in shape or section, so that loss of pressure head due to the valve is low. ‘An important characteristic of the valve is the ease with which it can be adapted to multi-port construction, 50 that one valve will provide two, three, or even four different flow ways. This can simplify the piping layout ‘and reduce the number of valves and fittings required in an installation. ‘The primary service of a plug valve is positive open— lose operation but they can be used for coarse throttling fon some low flow services. TYPES Plug valves may be divided into two categories, non lubricated and lubricated. ‘Non-lubricated sleeved plug valves are used in the chemical and petrochemical industries and have many other service applications, particularly on installations where lubricants are unacceptable. ‘Lubricated plug valves are used extensively in oilfield production, distribution, and refinery installations. They are also widely used in the petrochemical and heavy chemical industries, in the gas distribution, heating, and ventilating industries, and for general services. Non-lubricated Valves ‘The basic example is the simple plug cock. An adjust able gland may be incorporated and in some designs the plug may be spring loaded to provide a means of com- pensating for wear, to assure tightness, and to permit easy operation. ‘A significant advance has been the introduction of the sleeved plug valve in which a ‘soft’ sleeve is arranged between the plug and the body (Figs 1 and 2). The sleeve material may be one of the fluorocarbon group of plastics, such as PTFE, or some kind of composition, depending on the service potential of the valve, The whole flow passage can also be lined with the same fluorocarbon material. Sleeved plug valves, with tapered or parallel plugs, assure stick-ftee operation with improved scaling and require less maintenance. Additionally, the self lubricat~ ing properties of plastic materials of the PTFE type make the valve particularly suitable for applications where conventional valve lubricant is unacceptable. ‘The pressure—temperature range of sleeved valves is, limited by the seat material used and with the present fiuorocarbons is about 29 bar and 220 C to 230 C. ‘A variant of the non-lubricated plug valve is shown in Fig. 3. In this design the plug takes the form of two segments that are pressed against the body by the action of a central wedge piece. This wedge is attached to the valve stem and contains the flow way through the plug. Instead of a body sleeve the design incorporates the feature of preformed PTFE seal inserts in the plug segments. Lubricated Valves ‘These are made with either tapered or parallel plugs (see Figs 4 and 5). An insoluble lubricant/sealant is injected under pressure to form a film between the plug and body surfaces. The special lubricant or compound is fed into ‘the operating stem of the valve by means of a pressure serew or grease gun, passes through a non-return valve, ‘and reaches the seating surfaces via a system of ducts and ‘grooves in the plug and body. ‘As well as facilitating valve operation, the special lubricant also perfects the seal between the accurately matched seating surfaces and assures positive leak tight- ness. Additionally it serves to protect the scating surfaces from corrosion and erosion. To overcome any initial resistance to operation of tapered plug valves after a long period of inactivity, the lubricant pressure can be built up in the chamber at the small end of the plug so that the plug is lifted slightly in its seat and easy operation restored. Lubricant/sealants have been greatly developed in recent years and are now available to meet the require- ments of nearly every type of service. Plugs and body seating surfaces can also be coated with a fluorinated plastic, such as PTFE, to increase the lubricosity and hence the valve performance. ‘Depending upon materials and design, lubricated plug valves are available for pressures up to 690 bar. The lubricant/sealment used limits the temperature range to approximately —40 C to 325 C.HYVES OF VALVES Fig. 1. Sleeved plug valve with parallel plug C Lubricant Screw —fj ig. 3. Split non-lubricated plug valve with preformed PTFE seal inserts in parallel segmented plug Cotona a Gland Packing. Cover Body | | Z Lubricant | Grooves. | FF | Plug Fig. 4. Lubricated plug valve with Fig. 5. Lubricated plug valve with tapered plug parallel plug 33TYPES OF VALV PRESSURE CONTROL — REDUCING AND RETAINING VALVES ‘The reference here is to self operated valves used to con- trol pressure in a system and which do not require an external power source. When valves equipped with power actuators are used for this purpose they come within the field of ‘automatic process control valves.” PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE ‘This is installed where itis required to reduce from one level of pressure to another and to maintain the reduced pressure on the downstream side within limits, irrespec- tive of fluctuations in the inlet pressure or change in flow demand, The valve is automatic in operation. PRESSURE RETAINING VALVE Also known as a surplus valve and used to maintain a level of pressure in the line upstream of the valve, the valve opening with rising upstream pressure. It is usually a reverse acting version of the pressure reducing valve. TYPES Self operated pressure reducing or retaining valves fall {nto two main categories, direct acting and pilot operated. Direct Acting Valve The controlled pressure acts directly through a phragm, piston, or bellows, on an imposing force from a compressed helical spring, weight, or weighted lever, or from compressed air. The construction is simple and robust and such a valve can provide long life with main- tenance free operation even under adverse working con- ditions. Although the pressure control provided by direct acting valves is not so accurate as with pilot operated valves they are less costly and have many applications for which the fine control offered by the latter would be unnecessary ‘A typical example of a direct acting valve is shown in Fig. 1. Pilot Operated Valve The main valve is either assisted or completely con- trolled by the operation of a pilot valve, which may be itself a small direct acting reducing valve. ‘The precise method of operation depends on the par- ticular design of valve, but essentially the pilot valve acts So as to regulate the amount of opening of the main valve in a way that will maintain the flow at the desired level of pressure. Pilot operated valves provide very close accuracy of pressure control, are compact in design, and are usually much smaller than direct acting valves for the same duty. ‘The pilot valve may be integral with the main valve or may be a separate unit suitable for remote pressure sens- ing. It can also be used for remote on-off control, i.e, as part of a complex system governed by a central control. Further, the facility of direct control by tem- perature can be provided by fitting the appropriate type of pilot valve, Because of the complexity of design, pilot operated valves require regular maintenance and clean working conditions, the latter often being ensured by the fitting of a strainer immediately upstream of the valve. Figure 2 illustrates a typical pilot operated valve of the diaphragm and piston design. Valves can be designed with a single seat, which usually indicates the ability to close tight under ‘no flow’ or ‘dead end? conditions, or they can be of double seat construction, which improves the maximum flow rate and accuracy of pressure control but incurs the penalty of the Joss of ability to control pressure at zero or very low flow rates, Duties vary over a wide field of applications, including steam, compressed air, industrial gases, water, oil, and many other liquids. Consequently, and in view of the many possible design variations, it is essential when con- sidering selection that the exact duty to be performed is first fully explored to ensure satisfactory operation. Full and comprehensive information should be supplied to manufacturers whose specialized assistance is readily available,