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D2 Fundamentals in Algebra

The document provides a comprehensive overview of fundamental algebra concepts, including basic rules, properties of equality, zero, exponents, radicals, surds, special products, and properties of proportion. It also discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem, along with tips on Least Common Denominator, Least Common Multiple, and Greatest Common Factor. Each section includes definitions, properties, and examples to aid understanding.

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Jonathan Sayde
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12 views24 pages

D2 Fundamentals in Algebra

The document provides a comprehensive overview of fundamental algebra concepts, including basic rules, properties of equality, zero, exponents, radicals, surds, special products, and properties of proportion. It also discusses the Remainder Theorem and Factor Theorem, along with tips on Least Common Denominator, Least Common Multiple, and Greatest Common Factor. Each section includes definitions, properties, and examples to aid understanding.

Uploaded by

Jonathan Sayde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEW TUTORIAL: DAY 2

FUNDAMENTALS
IN ALGEBRA
OVERVIEW
Basic rules in Algebra Surds
Properties of Equality Special Products
Properties of Zero Properties of Proportion
Properties of Exponents Remainder Theorem
Properties of Radicals Factor Theorem

1
BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA
Let a, b, and c be real numbers, variables or algebraic expressions.

1. Closure Property : Addition a + b


: Multiplication a * b
2. Commutative Property : Addition a + b = b + a
: Multiplication a * b = b * a
3. Associative Property : Addition (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
: Multiplication (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
4. Identity Property : Addition a + 0 = 0 + a = a
: Multiplication a * 1 = 1 * a = a 2
BASIC RULES OF ALGEBRA
5. Inverse Property : Addition a + (-a) = 0 = (-a) + a
: Multiplication a(1/a) = 1 = (1/a)a with a≠0
6. Distributive Property : Left a (b + c) = ab + ac
: Right (a * b) c = ac + bc

In item no 4, 0 is called an additive identity while 1 is called a


multiplicative identity. In item 5, -a is known as additive inverse of a
while 1/a is the multiplicative inverse of a.
3
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
Let a, b, and c be real numbers, variables of algebraic expression

1. Reflexive Property : a= a
2. Symmetric Property : if a = b, then b = a
3. Transitive Property : if a = b and b = c, then a = c
4. Substitution Property : if a = b, then a can be replaced by b
in any expression involving a
4
PROPERTIES OF EQUALITY
5. Addition/Subtraction : if a = b, then a + c = b + c
: if a = b, then a - c = b - c
6. Multiplication/Division : if a = b, then ac = bc
: if a = b, then a/c = b/c with c≠0
7. Cancellation Property : if a + c = b + c, then a = b
: if ac = bc and c≠0, then a = b

5
PROPERTIES OF ZERO
Let a and b real numbers, variables or algebraic expression.

1. a + 0 = a, and a - 0 = a
2. a 0 = 0
3. 0/a = 0, a ≠ 0
4. a/0 is undefined
5. If ab = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0.
This is known as Zero-Factor Property 6
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
The exponential notation states that if a is a real number,
variable, or algebraic expression and n is a positive number, then

n
a = a * a * a ... a

{
n factors
7
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES: EXAMPLES:

1. a^m • a^n = a^m+n : 4² • 4³ = 4⁵


2. a^m/a^n = a^m-n : x⁸/x³ = x⁵
3. (a^m)ⁿ = a^mn : (y⁶)² = y¹²
4. (ab)^m = a^mb^m : (2x)⁴ = 2⁴x⁴ = 16x⁴
8
PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTS
PROPERTIES: EXAMPLES:

5. (a/b)^m = a^m/b^m : (2/x)⁴ = 2⁴/x⁴ = 16/x⁴

6. a^m/n = ⁿ√a^m : 4x^5/3 = ³√(4x)⁵

7. a^-m = 1/a^m : x^-5 = 1/y⁵

8. a⁰ = 1, a≠0 : (x⁵+2)⁰ = 1
9
PROPERTIES OF RADICALS
In the expression, ⁿ√a, n is called the index, a is the radicand which
the symbol √ is called the radical or radical symbol
PROPERTIES: EXAMPLES:

1. ⁿ√a^m = (ⁿ√a)^m : ³√8² = (³√8)² = (2)² = 4


: ³√5 • ³√675 = ³√5(675)
2. ⁿ√a • ⁿ√b = n√ab
=3√3375 = 15
3. ⁿ√a/ⁿ√b = ⁿ√a/b, b≠0 : ³√50/³√10 = ³√50/10 = ³√5
10
PROPERTIES OF RADICALS
PROPERTIES: EXAMPLES:
4. m√ⁿ√a = mn√a : √⁴√15 - 8√15
5. (n√a)ⁿ = a : (⁵√2x)⁵ = 2x
6. n√aⁿ = | a | : ⁴√(-12)⁴ = |-12| = 12
for n = even number
n√aⁿ = a : ³√(-15)³ = -15
for n = odd number 11
SURDS
Surd is a radical expressing an irrational number. The surd is
described after the index of the radical. For example, √3 is a
quadratic surd, ³√3 is a cubic surd, ⁴√3 is a quartic surd and
so on.

Pure surd, sometimes called as entire surd contains no rational


number and all its terms are surds. For example,
√3 + √2. 12
SURDS
A mixed surd contains at least one rational number. 5 √3 is a
mixed surd because 5 is rational number while √3 is a surd.
A binomial surd is an expression of two terms with at least one
term is a surd. For example, 5 + √2.
A trinomial surd is an expression of three terms with at least
two of them are surds and cannot be expressed as a single surd,
otherwise it will become a binomial surd.
Example, 5 + √2 + √3 13
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
Let x, y, and z be real numbers, variables, or algebraic expression
1. Sum and difference of same : (x+y)(x-y) = x²-y²
terms or difference of two
squares
2. Square of a binomial : (x+y)² = x² + 2xy + y²
: (x-y)² = x² - 2xy + y²
3. Cube of a binomial : (x+y)³ = x³ + 3x²y + 3xy² + y³
: (x-y)³ = x³ - 3x²y + 3xy² - y³14
SPECIAL PRODUCTS
4. Difference of Two Cubes : x³-y³ = (x-y)(x²+xy+y²)

5. Sum of Two Cubes : x³+y³ = (x+y)(x²-xy+y²)

6. Square of Trinomial : (x+y+z)² =


x²+y²+z²+2xy+2xz+2yz
15
PROPERTIES OF PROPORTION
a.) If a/y = x/d, then a:x = y/d
b.) If a/b = c/d, then a/c = b/d
c.) If a/b = c/d, then b/a = d/c
d.) If a/b = c/d, then a-b/b = c-d/d
e.) If a/b = c/d, then a+b/b = c+d/d
f.) If a/b = c/d, then a+b/a-b = c+d/c-d
16
PROPERTIES OF PROPORTION
extremes antecedent

a:x = y:d a:x = a/x

means consequent

Note: in item (a), quantities a & d are called extremes and x & y are called
means. If x = y this is known as the mean proportional. In the ratio x/y, the
first term x is called antecedent while the second term y is called the consequent.
If x = y, the means are known as mean proportional 17
THE REMAINDER THEOREM &
FACTOR THEOREM
If a polynomial in an unknown quantity x is divided by a first
degree expression in the same variable, (x - k) where k may be
any real or complex number, the remainder to be expected will be
equal to the sum obtained when the numerical value of k is
substituted for x in the polynomial. Thus,

Remainder = f(x)
x k 18
THE REMAINDER THEOREM &
FACTOR THEOREM
If the polynomial is divided by (x - k) will result to a
remainder of zero, then the value (x - k) is a factor of the
polynomialThis is known as the Factor Theorem.

Both remainder theorem and factor theorem were suggested


by a French Mathematician, Etienne Bezout (1730-1783).
19
TIPS
1. Least Common Denominator (LCD)
- refers to the product of several prime numbers occuring in
the denominators, each taken with its greatest multiplicity.
For example: LCD of 8, 9, 12 and 15 is 360

What is the LCD of 8, 9, 12 and 15?


Soln: 8 = 2³, 9 = 3², 12 = 3 × 2², 15 = 3 × 5
LCD = 2³ × 3² × 5 = 360 20
TIPS
2. Least Common Multiple (LCM)
- refers to the smallest integer that is a multiple of each of
the given numbers.
What is the least common multiple of 15 and 18?
Soln: 15 = 3 × 5
18 =3² × 2
LCM = 3² × 2 × 5 = 90
By principle, the LCD may be regarded as LCM and vice versa 21
TIPS
3. Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
- refers to the largest integer which is a factor of each of the
given numbers.
What is the greatest common factor of 70 and 112?
Soln: 70 = 2 * 5 * 7
112 = 2⁴ * 7
Taking the factors of both 70 and 112 which are 2 and 7, then,
GCF= 2x7 = 14
22
Note that 2 and 7 are the common to both 70 and 112
THANK YOU

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