12.

Deflections of Beams and Shafts

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
• Use various methods to
determine the deflection
and slope at specific pts
on beams and shafts:
1. Integration method
2. Discontinuity functions
3. Method of
superposition
4. Moment-area method
• Use the various methods to solve for the support
reactions on a beam or shaft that is statically
indeterminate
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 1
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1. The Elastic Curve
2. Slope and Displacement by Integration
3. *Discontinuity Functions
4. *Slope and Displacement by the Moment-Area
Method
5. Method of Superposition
6. Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts
7. Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Method of Integration

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
CHAPTER OUTLINE
8. *Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Moment-Area Method
9. Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Method of Superposition

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE

• It is useful to sketch the deflected shape of the

loaded beam, to “visualize” computed results and
partially check the results.
• The deflection diagram of the longitudinal axis that
passes through the centroid of each x-sectional
area of the beam is called the elastic curve.
v

v(x)

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE

• Draw the moment diagram

for the beam first before
creating the elastic curve.
• Use beam convention as
shown and established
in chapter 6.1.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE

• For example, due to roller

and pin supports at B and
D, displacements at B and
D is zero.
• For region of -ve
moment AC, elastic
curve concave downwards.
• Within region of +ve
moment CD, elastic curve
concave upwards.
• At pt C, there is an inflection pt where curve
changes from concave up to concave down (zero
moment).
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 6
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION

• Generally, it is easier to determine the internal

moment M as a function of x, integrate twice, and
evaluate only two integration constants.
• For convenience in writing each moment
expression, the origin for each x coordinate can be
selected arbitrarily.
Sign convention and coordinates
• Use the proper signs for M, V and w.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE
Moment-Curvature Relationship
• x axis extends +ve to the
right, along longitudinal axis
of beam.
• A differential element of undeformed width
dx is located.
•  axis extends +ve upwards from x axis.
It measures the displacement of the centroid on x-
sectional area of element.
• A “localized” y coordinate is specified for the
position of a fiber in the element.
• It is measured +ve upward from the neutral axis.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE
Moment-Curvature Relationship
• Limit analysis to the case of initially straight
beam elastically deformed by loads applied
perpendicular to beam’s x axis and lying in
the x- plane of symmetry for beam’s
x-sectional area.
• Internal moment M deforms
element such that angle between
x-sections is d.
• Arc dx is a part of the elastic curve
that intersects the neutral axis for each x-section.
• Radius of curvature for this arc defined as the
distance , measured from center of curvature O’
to dx.
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 9
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE

Moment-Curvature Relationship
• Strain in arc ds, at position y from neutral axis, is
ds'−ds
=
ds
But ds = dx = d and ds' = (  − y )d

=
( − y )d − d s 
or
d
1 
=− (12 - 1)
 y

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 10

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE

Moment-Curvature Relationship
• If material is homogeneous and shows linear-
elastic behavior, Hooke’s law applies. Since
flexure formula also applies, we combing the
equations to get
1 M
= (12 - 2)
 EI
 = radius of curvature at a specific pt on elastic curve
(1/ is referred to as the curvature).
M = internal moment in beam at pt where is to be
determined.
E = material’s modulus of elasticity.
I = beam’s moment of inertia computed about neutral
axis.
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 11
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.1 THE ELASTIC CURVE
Moment-Curvature Relationship
• EI is the flexural rigidity and is always positive.
• Sign for  depends on the direction of the
moment.
• As shown, when M is +ve,  extends above the
beam. When M is –ve,  extends below the beam.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 12

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
• Let’s represent the curvature in terms of  and x.
v
2
d 
1
= dx 2

( )
3
1 + d 2  2
v(x)
 dx 

• Substitute into Eqn 12-2

d 2
dx 2 =
M
(12 - 4)
( )
3 EI
1 + d 2  2
 dx 

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
• Most engineering codes specify limitations on
deflections for tolerance or aesthetic purposes.
• Slope of elastic curve determined from d/dx is
very small and its square will be negligible
compared with unity.
• Therefore, by approximation 1/ = d2 /dx2, Eqn
12-4 rewritten as d 2 M
2
= (12 - 5)
dx EI
• Differentiate each side w.r.t. x and substitute
V = dM/dx, we get
d  d 2 
EI = V ( x ) (12 - 6 )
dx  dx 2 
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 14
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
• Differentiating again, using −w = dV/dx yields
d 2  d 2 
2
EI 2  = − w( x ) (12 - 7 )
dx  dx 
• Flexural rigidity is constant along beam, thus
d 4
EI 4
= − w( x ) (12 - 8)
dx
d 3
EI 3 = V ( x ) (12 - 9)
dx
d 2
EI 2 = M ( x) (12 - 10)
dx
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 15
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Equation of the Elastic Curve
• From elementary calculus, simplified for beam
v parameters,

v(x) d 2v
1 dx 2 d 2v
=  2
   dv 2 
32
dx
1 +   
  dx  

• Substituting and integrating,

1 d 2v
EI = EI 2 = M ( x )
 dx
x
dv
= M ( x ) dx + C1
dx 0
EI   EI

x x
EI v =  dx  M ( x ) dx + C1 x + C2
0 0

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Direct Determination of the Elastic Curve From
the Load Distribution
• For a beam subjected to a distributed load,
dM d 2M dV
= V (x) 2
= = − w( x )
dx dx dx

• Equation for beam displacement becomes

d 2M d 4v
= EI = −w ( x )
dx 2 dx 4

• Integrating four times yields

EI v ( x ) = −  dx  dx  dx  w ( x ) dx
+ 16 C1 x3 + 12 C2 x 2 + C3 x + C4

• Constants are determined from boundary

conditions.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

9- 17
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
Boundary and continuity conditions
• Possible boundary
conditions are
shown here.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 18

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Equation of the Elastic Curve

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
Boundary and continuity conditions
• If a single x coordinate cannot be used to express
the eqn for beam’s slope or elastic curve, then
continuity conditions must be used to evaluate
some of the integration constants.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 20

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
Procedure for analysis
Elastic curve
• Draw an exaggerated view of the beam’s elastic
curve.
• Recall that zero slope and zero displacement
occur at all fixed supports, and zero displacement
occurs at all pin and roller supports.
• Establish the x and  coordinate axes.
• The x axis must be parallel to the undeflected
beam and can have an origin at any pt along the
beam, with +ve direction either to the right or to
the left.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
Procedure for analysis
Elastic curve
• If several discontinuous loads are present,
establish x coordinates that are valid for each
region of the beam between the discontinuties.
• Choose these coordinates so that they will
simplify subsequent algrebraic work.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION

Procedure for analysis

Load or moment function
• For each region in which there is an x coordinate,
express that loading w or the internal moment M
as a function of x.
• In particular, always assume that M acts in the
+ve direction when applying the eqn of moment
equilibrium to determine M = f(x).

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
Procedure for analysis
Slope and elastic curve
• Provided EI is constant, apply either the load eqn
EI d4/dx4 = −w(x), which requires four integrations
to get  = (x), or the moment eqns
EI d2 /dx2 = M(x), which requires only two
integrations. For each integration, we include a
constant of integration.
• Constants are evaluated using boundary
conditions for the supports and the continuity
conditions that apply to slope and displacement at
pts where two functions meet.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.2 SLOPE AND DISPLACEMENT BY INTEGRATION
Procedure for analysis
Slope and elastic curve
• Once constants are evaluated and substituted
back into slope and deflection eqns, slope and
displacement at specific pts on elastic curve can
be determined.
• The numerical values obtained is checked
graphically by comparing them with sketch of the
elastic curve.
• Realize that +ve values for slope are
counterclockwise if the x axis extends +ve to the
right, and clockwise if the x axis extends +ve to
the left. For both cases, +ve displacement is
upwards.
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 25
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1
Cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical
load P at its end. Determine the eqn of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 26

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Elastic curve: Load tends
to deflect the beam.
By inspection, the internal
moment can be
represented throughout
the beam using a
single x coordinate.
Moment function: From free-body diagram, with M
acting in the +ve direction, we have
M = − Px

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
Applying Eqn 12-10 and integrating twice yields
d 2
EI 2
= − Px (1)
dx
d Px 2
EI =− + C1 (2 )
dx 2
Px3
EI = − + C1x + C2 (3)
6

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
Using boundary conditions d/dx = 0 at x = L, and  = 0
at x = L, Eqn (2) and (3) becomes
2
PL
0=− + C1
2
PL3
0=− + C1L + C2
6

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
Thus, C1 = PL2/2 and C2 = -PL3/3. Substituting these
results into Eqns (2) and (3) with  = d/dx, we get

 =−
P
2 EI
( L2
− x 2
)
=
P
6 EI
( − x 3
+ 3 L 2
x − 2 L3
)
Maximum slope and displacement occur at A (x = 0),
PL2 PL3
A = A = −
2 EI 3EI

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
Positive result for A indicates counterclockwise
rotation and negative result for A indicates that A is
downward.

Consider beam to have a length of 5 m, support load

P = 30 kN and made of A-36 steel having
Est = 200 GPa.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
Using methods in chapter 11.3, assuming allowable
normal stress is equal to yield stress allow = 250 MPa,
then a W31039 would be adequate
(I = 84.8(106) mm4).
From Eqns (4) and (5),

PL2 PL3
A = A = −
2 EI 3EI

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
From Eqns (4) and (5),

 (
30 kN 10 N/kN  5 m 103 mm/m
 
3
) ( )
2 2

A = 3 2
 ( ) 6
2 200 10 N/mm 84.8 10 mm 4
= 0.0221 rad
( ( ) )

(
30 kN 103 N/kN  5 m 103 mm/m
 
) ( ) 2 3

A = − 3 2
 ( )
3 200 10 N/mm 84.8 10 mm6 4
( ( )
= −73.7 mm
)
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 33
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve:
Since 2A = (d/dx)2 = 0.000488 << 1, this justifies the
use of Eqn 12-10 than the more exact 12-4.
Also, since it is for a cantilevered beam, we’ve
obtained larger values for  and  than would be
obtained otherwise.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
SOLUTION 2
Using Eqn 12-8 to solve the problem. Here w(x) = 0
for 0  x  L, so that upon integrating once, we get the
form of Eqn 12-19

d 
4
EI 4
=0
dx
d 3
EI 3
= C '1 = V
dx

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.1 (SOLN)
Solution II
Shear constant C’1 can be evaluated at x = 0, since
VA = −P. Thus, C’1 = −P. Integrating again yields the
form of Eqn 12-10,
d 3
EI 3
= −P
dx
d 2
EI 2
= − Px + C '2 = M
dx
Here, M = 0 at x = 0, so C’2 = 0, and as a result, we
obtain Eqn 1 and solution proceeds as before.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 36

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.4
Beam is subjected to load P at its end. Determine
the displacement at C. EI is a constant.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 44

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Elastic curve
Beam deflects into shape shown. Due to loading, two
x coordinates will be considered, 0  x1  2a and
0  x2  a, where x2 is directed to the left from C since
internal moment is easy to formulate.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 45

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Moment functions
Using free-body diagrams,
we have
P
M1 = − x1 M 2 = − Px2
2
Slope and Elastic curve: Applying Eqn 10-12,
d 21 P
for 0  x1  2a EI = = − x1
dx12 2
d1 P 2
EI = − x1 + C1 (1)
dx1 4
P 3
EI1 = − x1 + C1x1 + C2 (2 )
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 12 46
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Slope and Elastic curve:
Applying Eqn 10-12,
d 22
for 0  x2  a EI = 2
= − Px2
dx2
d2 P 2
EI = − x2 + C3 (3)
dx2 2
P 3
EI2 = − x2 + C3 x2 + C4 (4 )
6

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 47

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Slope and Elastic curve:
The four constants of integration determined using
three boundary conditions, 1 = 0 at x1 = 0, 1 = 0 at
x1 = 2a, and 2 =0 at x2 = a and a discontinuity eqn.
Here, continuity of slope at roller requires
d1/dx1 = −d2/dx2 at x1 = 2a and x2 = a.

1 = 0 at x1 = 0; 0 = 0 + 0 + C2
P
1 = 0 at x1 = 2a; 0 = − (2a )2 + C1(2a ) + C2
12

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Slope and Elastic curve:
P 3
2 = 0 at x2 = a; 0 = − a + C3a + C4
6
d1(2a ) d2 (a ) 
− (2a ) + C1 = − − (a ) + C3 
P P 2
=− ; 2
dx1 dx2 4  2 

Solving, we obtain

Pa 2 7
C1 = C2 = 0 C3 = Pa2 C4 = − Pa3
3 6

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.4 (SOLN)
Slope and Elastic curve:
Substituting C3 and C4 into Eqn (4) gives

P 3 7 Pa 2 Pa3
2 = − x2 + x2 −
6 EI 6 EI EI

Displacement at C is determined by setting x2 = 0,

Pa3
C = −
EI

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
*12.3 DISCONTINUITY FUNCTIONS

• A simplified method for finding the eqn of the

elastic curve for a multiply loaded beam using a
single expression, formulated from the loading on
the beam , w = w(x), or the beam’s internal
moment, M = M(x) is discussed below.
Discontinuity functions
Macaulay functions
• Such functions can be used to describe distributed
loadings, written generally as
n
x−a ={ 0 for x  a
{ ( x − a )n for x  a (12 - 11)
n0
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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
*12.3 DISCONTINUITY FUNCTIONS
Discontinuity functions
Macaulay functions
• x represents the coordinate position of a pt along
the beam
• a is the location on the beam where a
“discontinuity” occurs, or the pt where a distributed
loading begins.
• Integrating Macaulay functions, we get
n +1
x−a
 x − a dx = n + 1 + C
n
(12 - 12)
• The functions describe both uniform load and
triangular load.
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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
*12.3 DISCONTINUITY FUNCTIONS
Discontinuity functions
Macaulay functions

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
*12.3 DISCONTINUITY FUNCTIONS
Procedure for analysis
Elastic curve
• Sketch the beam’s elastic curve and identify the
boundary conditions at the supports.
• Zero displacement occurs at all pin and roller
supports, and zero slope and zero displacement
occurs at fixed supports.
• Establish the x axis so that it extends to the right
and has its origin at the beam’s left end.
Load or moment function
• Calculate the support reactions and then use the
discontinuity functions in Table 12-2 to express
either the loading w or the internal moment M as a
function of x.
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 54
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
*12.3 DISCONTINUITY FUNCTIONS
Procedure for analysis
Load or moment function
• Calculate the support reactions and then use the
discontinuity functions in Table 12-2 to express
either the loading w or the internal moment M as a
function of x.
• Make sure to follow the sign convention for each
loading as it applies for this equation.
• Note that the distributed loadings must extend all
the way to the beam’s right end to be valid. If this
does not occur, use the method of superposition.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
*12.3 DISCONTINUITY FUNCTIONS
Procedure for analysis
Slope and elastic curve
• Substitute w into EI d4/dx4 = −w(x) or M into the
moment curvature relation EI d2/dx2 = M, and
integrate to obtain the eqns for the beam’s slope
and deflection.
• Evaluate the constants of integration using the
boundary conditions, and substitute these
constants into the slope and deflection eqns to
obtain the final results.
• When the slope and deflection eqns are evaluated
at any pt on the beam, a +ve slope is
counterclockwise, and a +ve displacement is
upward.
©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 56
 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.5
Determine the eqn of the elastic curve for the
cantilevered beam shown. EI is constant.

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd 57

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Elastic curve
The loads cause the beam to deflect as shown. The
boundary conditions require zero slope and
displacement at A.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Loading functions
Support reactions shown on free-body diagram. Since
distributed loading does not extend to C as required,
use superposition of loadings to represent same
effect.
By sign convention, the 50-kNm couple moment, the
52-kN force at A, and
portion of distributed
loading from B to C
on the bottom of the
beam are all –ve.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Loading functions
Therefore, w = −52 kN x − 0 −1 0
+ 258 kN  m x − 0
−2 0
−50 kN  m x − 5 m − 8 kN / m x − 5 m

The 12-kN load is not included, since x cannot be

greater than 9 m. Because dV/dx = −w(x), then by
integrating, neglect constant of integration since
reactions are included in load function, we have
0 −1 1
V = 52 x − 0 − 258 x − 0 −8 x −0
−1 1
+50 x − 0 +8 x−0
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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Loading functions
Furthermore, dM/dx = V, so integrating again yields
1 0 1
M = −258 x − 0 − (8) x − 0 + 50 x − 5 + (8) x − 5
2 0 2
2 2
( 2
= − 258 + 52 x − 4 x 2 + 4 x − 5 + 50 x − 5
0
)kN  m
The same result can be obtained directly from Table
12-2.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve
Applying Eqn 12-10 and integrating twice, we have

d 2 0 2
EI 2
= −258 + 52 x − 4 x + 50 x − 5 + 4 x − 5
2
dx
d 2 4 3 1 4 3
EI = −258 x + 26 x − x + 50 x − 5 + x − 5 + C1
dx 3 3
2 26 3 1 4
EI = −129 x + x − x + 25 x − 5
2
3 3
1 4
+ x − 5 + C1x + C2
3
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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
EXAMPLE 12.5 (SOLN)
Slope and elastic curve
Since d/dx = 0 at x = 0, C1 = 0; and  = 0 at x = 0, so
C2 = 0. Thus
1 2 26 3 1 4
 = (−129 x + x − x
EI 3 3
2 1 4
+25 x − 5 + x − 5 ) m
3

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts

©2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.6 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND SHAFTS
• A member of any type is classified as statically
indeterminate if the no. of unknown reactions
exceeds the available no. of equilibrium eqns.
• Additional support reactions on beam that are not
needed to keep it in stable equilibrium are called
redundants.
• No. of these redundants is referred to as the
degree of indeterminacy.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
12.7 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS AND SHAFTS:
METHOD OF INTEGRATION
• For a statically indeterminate beam, the internal
moment M can be expressed in terms of the
unknown redundants.
• After integrating this eqn twice, there will be two
constants of integration and the redundants to be
found.
• The unknowns can be found from the boundary
and/or continuity conditions for the problem.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Statically Indeterminate Beams
• Consider beam with fixed support at A and roller
support at B.
• From free-body diagram, note that there are four
unknown reaction components.
• Conditions for static equilibrium yield
 Fx = 0  Fy = 0  M A = 0

The beam is statically indeterminate.

• Also have the beam deflection equation,
x x
EI v( x) =  dx  M ( x ) dx + C1 x + C2
0 0

which introduces two unknowns but provides

three additional equations from the boundary
conditions:
At x = 0,  = 0 y = 0 At x = L, y = 0

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Sample Problem 9.3
SOLUTION:
• Develop the differential equation for
the elastic curve (will be functionally
dependent on the reaction at A).

• Integrate twice and apply boundary

For the uniform beam, determine the conditions to solve for reaction at A
reaction at A, derive the equation for and to obtain the elastic curve.
the elastic curve, and determine the
slope at A. (Note that the beam is • Evaluate the slope at A.
statically indeterminate to the first
degree)

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Sample Problem 9.3
• Consider moment acting at section D,
MD = 0
1  w0 x 2  x
RA x − −M =0
2  L  3

w0 x3
M = RA x −
6L

• The differential equation for the elastic

curve,

d 2v w0 x3
EI 2 = M = RA x −
dx 6L

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Sample Problem 9.3
• Integrate twice

dv 1 w0 x 4
EI = EI = RA x −2
+ C1
dx 2 24 L
1 w0 x5
EI v = RA x −
3
+ C1 x + C2
6 120 L
• Apply boundary conditions:
d 2v w0 x3
EI 2 = M = RA x −
dx 6L
at x = 0, y = 0 : C2 = 0
3
1 2 w0 L
at x = L,  = 0 : RA L − + C1 = 0
2 24
4
1 3 w0 L
at x = L, y = 0 : RA L − + C1L + C2 = 0
6 120
• Solve for reaction at A
1 1 1
RA L3 − w0 L4 = 0 RA = w0 L 
3 30 10

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Sample Problem 9.3
• Substitute for C1, C2, and RA in the
elastic curve equation,
1 1  3 w0 x  1
5

EI v =  w0 L  x − − w0 L3  x
6  10  120 L  120 

v=
w0
120 EIL
( − x5 + 2 L2 x3 − L4 x )

• Differentiate once to find the slope,

=
dv
=
w0
dx 120 EIL
( −5 x 4 + 6 L2 x 2 − L4 )

w0 L3
at x = 0, A =
120 EI

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Method of Superposition

Principle of Superposition:
• Deformations of beams subjected to • Procedure is facilitated by tables of
combinations of loadings may be solutions for common types of
obtained as the linear combination of loadings and supports.
the deformations from the individual
loadings

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Sample Problem 9.7
For the beam and loading shown,
determine the slope and deflection at
point B.

SOLUTION:
Superpose the deformations due to Loading I and Loading II as shown.

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Sample Problem 9.7
Loading I

wL3
( B )I = − ( vB ) I =−
wL4
6 EI 8EI

Loading II
wL3 wL4
(C )II = ( vC ) II =
48EI 128EI

In beam segment CB, the bending moment is

zero and the elastic curve is a straight line.
wL3
( B )II = (C )II =
48EI

wL4 wL3  L  7 wL4

( vB ) II = +  =
128EI 48EI  2  384 EI

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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Sample Problem 9.7

Combine the two solutions,

wL3 wL3 7 wL3

 B = ( B )I + ( B )II = − + B = −
6 EI 48EI 48EI

wL4 7 wL4 41wL4

vB = ( yB ) I + ( yB ) II =− +
8EI 384 EI vB = −
384 EI
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 12. Deflections of Beams and Shafts
Application of Superposition to Statically
Indeterminate Beams

• Method of superposition may be • Determine the beam deformation

applied to determine the reactions at without the redundant support.
the supports of statically indeterminate
beams. • Treat the redundant reaction as an
unknown load which, together with
• Designate one of the reactions as the other loads, must produce
redundant and eliminate or modify deformations compatible with the
the support. original supports.

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