WHITE PAPER

State of Policing and Law & Order in Mumbai

October 2022

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 1

 Contents
I. Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
II. Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................................................ 6
III. Summary of State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai, Status of Solving of Major Crimes and
Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Table 1 : Key Summary, Impact and Recommendation ..................................................................................... 7
IV: Crime Statistics............................................................................................................................................. 8
A. Major Crimes Reported in Mumbai............................................................................................................... 8
Table 2: Reporting of Major Crimes in Mumbai from 2012 to 2021 .................................................................. 8
Table 3 : Area-wise reporting of specific crimes (Highest reporting of category-wise cases) from Year 2017 to
2021................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Table 4: Gender wise Victims and Cases of Kidnapping and Abduction in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 .......... 10
Figure 1: Age and Gender wise Percentage of victims of Kidnapping (Sec 363, 363A) in Mumbai from 2017 to
2021................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 2: Age and Gender wise Percentage of victims of Abduction (Sec 362) in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 11
Table 5: Recovery of Victims of Kidnapping and Abduction in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 ........................... 12
B. Cases under Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act ................................................. 13
Figure 3: Percentage of Rape Cases under POCSO to Total Rapes from 2017 to 2021 .................................... 13
Figure 4: POCSO Rape Cases (Section 4 and 6) Offenders Relation to Victim in 2021 ..................................... 14
Table 6: Reporting of Sexual Crimes against Children under POCSO from 2017 to 2021................................. 15
C. Road Accident Cases .................................................................................................................................... 16
Table 7: Number of Accidents, Persons Injured and Killed from 2017 to 2021 ............................................... 16
D. Railway Crime Statistics .............................................................................................................................. 16
Table 8: Reporting of Major Railway Crimes in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 ................................................... 16
Table 9: Accidental Injuries and Deaths in Mumbai Railways from 2017 to 2021 ........................................... 17
Table 10: Reasons of Accidental Railway Deaths in 2021 ................................................................................ 17
Table 11: Reasons of Accidental Railway Injuries in 2021 ............................................................................... 18
E. Cases Registered in Anti-Corruption Bureau ............................................................................................... 19

Table 12: Number of cases registered in Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) from 2017 to 2021 ............ 19
Table 13: Department wise number of FIRs registered in ACB from 2017 to 2021.......................................... 19
F. Comparative Statement of Cyber Crime Cases (IPC & LAC Cases)................................................................ 20
Table 14 : Number of Cases registered in Cyber Crime from 2017 to 2021 ..................................................... 20
Table 15 : Status of Case registered in Cyber Crime in 2021 ............................................................................ 21
V. Investigation and Trial of Cases................................................................................................................... 22
Table 16: Status of Investigation and Trial of IPC Cases in Mumbai from 2017 to as on 2021......................... 22
Table 17 : Crime Head wise Investigation of IPC Cases from 2017 to 2021 ..................................................... 23
Table 18 : Crime Head wise Trial of IPC Cases from 2017 to 2021 ................................................................... 24

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 2

Table 19: Status of Investigation and Trial of Special and Local Laws (SLL) Cases in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021
........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
Table 20: Status of Investigation and Trial of Crime against Women Cases in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 .... 26
Table 21: Status of Investigation and Trial of Crime against Children Cases in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 ... 27
Table 22: Status of Investigation and Trial of Crimes under POCSO Act in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 ......... 28
Table 23: Duration of Pending Investigation and Pending Trials of Crimes under POCSO Act in Mumbai from
2017 to 2021.................................................................................................................................................... 29
Table 24: Cases Tried in POCSO Courts in Mumbai and Duration of Trials completion from 2017 to 2021 ..... 30
Table 25: Conviction and Acquittal of various crimes in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021 ..................................... 30
VI. Human Resources in the Policing and Law and Order System ................................................................... 31
A. Police Personnel .......................................................................................................................................... 31
Table 26: Designation wise overall number of police personnel in 2021 and 2022 ......................................... 31
Table 27: Department wise Police Personnel in 2021 and 2022 ...................................................................... 32
Table 28: Police Personnel details of Supervisory level officers in 2021 and 2022 .......................................... 33
Table 29: Police Personnel Major Causes of Death from January 2018 to December 2021 ............................. 33
B. Railway Personnel ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Table 30: Railway Police Personnel in the Railway Police Stations in 2022 ..................................................... 34
C. Separation of Investigation and Law and Order Functions .......................................................................... 35
VII. Deliberations by MLAs .............................................................................................................................. 37
Table 31: Issue wise questions related to crime asked by MLAs from Winter 2019 to Winter 2021. .............. 37
VIII. Annexures ................................................................................................................................................ 38
A. Station wise Mumbai Railway Crime Statistics ........................................................................................... 38
Table 32: Station Wise Mumbai Railway Crime Statistics from 2017 to 2021 ................................................. 38
B. Crime Head wise Investigation and Trial of IPC Cases from 2017 to 2021 ................................................... 40
Table 33 : Crime Head wise Investigation of IPC Cases from 2017 to 2021 ..................................................... 40
Table 34 : Crime Head wise Trial of IPC Cases from 2017 to 2021 ................................................................... 41
C. Key Pillars of the Criminal Justice System ................................................................................................... 42
E. Key Sections under IPC and Other Acts ....................................................................................................... 43

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 3

 I. Foreword

For a city to be a world class leader and robust, certain key services need to be managed
effectively. One of these services is to ensure the safety and security of the citizens in
accordance to the rule of law. An efficient law and order system includes a hassle-free
mechanism for the registration of a crime, a detailed investigation process and a speedy trial
proceeding for timely deliverance of justice.

In a ten-year trend, the registration of major crimes in Mumbai increased manifold by 112%
from 2012 to 2021. Although, it has become easier to register a crime, what is a matter of
concern is the rising crimes against women and children. From 2012 to 2021, kidnapping &
abduction crimes increased largely by 650%, rape crimes increased by 235% and molestation
increased by 172%. It is worth mentioning that crimes related to murder, theft and chain
snatching have decreased by 27%, 16% and 88% respectively from 2012 to 2021.

The systemic factors such as the functioning of policing and law and order is key to address
the rise in crime as well conduct a detailed investigation on crimes registered. However, as of
July 2022, there is a 28% vacancy in Mumbai’s overall police personnel, which increased from
22% in 2018 to 28% in 2022. Police inspectors and sub-inspectors play an important role
during an investigation. Although, the vacancy in these posts decreased from 30% in 2018 to
18% in 2022 respectively, with the rise in crime rate, there is a need to fill all the vacant posts
in the police personnel.

This shortage in police personnel impacts the duration and quality of investigation. When
analysing class II serious offences – including heinous crimes such as murder, rape,
molestation, riots, etc.; data shows that, the proportion of cases pending for investigation
increased from 60% in 2017 to 68% in 2021. Moreover, the pendency in investigation for
crimes registered against women and children increased from 72% in 2017 to 77% in 2021.

A step further, at the judiciary stage, there is a high pendency in trail proceedings which has
been increasing, except for a decrease during the pandemic. From 2017 to 2021, trial
pendency of class II serious offences increased from 95% to 98%. Additionally, as on December
2021, the number of trials pending for crimes against women and children was 95% and 96%
respectively.

At this rate, it would take 34 years to complete the judgement in all pending class II serious
offence trials as of 2021. This is based on the average number of judgements/withdrawals
(2,401 cases) in the last 6 (2016 to 2021) years, assuming no further cases go for trial
henceforth. Last year, Praja conducted a similar analysis of five years with an average number
of judgements/withdrawals from 2016 to 2020, which stated it would take 30 years to
complete pending trials as of 2020. With the rise in trial pendency, this average time has
increased from 30 to 34 years. The utilisation of technology and virtual platforms can provide
effective solutions to tackle the rising pendency in trail proceedings.

Taking a look at crimes registered under the POCSO (Protection of Children from Sexual
Offences) Act, in 2021, of the total 888 rape cases registered in Mumbai, 59% cases were
registered under POCSO Act. In 100% of the POCSO rape cases, the offender was known to

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 4

the victims. Hence it is imperative to conduct widespread awareness among children in
schools and other stakeholders about these crimes.

Furthermore, according to the Act, judgment of all POCSO cases should be tried in special
POCSO courts and should be completed within one year from the time of cognizance of the
offence. Although in these crimes, the delay happens both at the investigation and judiciary
stage. For instance, in 2021, 72% of POCSO cases are pending for investigation, and of the
cases investigated, 42% took more than one year to complete. While in 2021, 60% of total
POCSO trial proceedings took 1 to 5 years to receive judgement. It is noteworthy that 97% of
POCSO cases were tried in special POCSO courts in 2021 as against to only 72% in 2020.

On July 2022, the Bombay High Court issued directions that trial proceedings shall
continue daily once the examination of witnesses has begun. With this, we aim to see a speedy
functioning at the judiciary stage so that justice is delivered swiftly to the victims.

In 2015, the investigation and law and order units were separated based on the Standing
Order passed by former Director General of Police, Sanjeev Dayal. It was to ensure police
personnel involved in the investigation of cases are not diverted to perform law and order
functions. However, the data for the segregation of unit staff has not been available on record
since 2020.

Aside from this, there is a dire need to revisit the sanctioned posts in Mumbai’s police force
to tackle the rising crime rate as well as maintain law and order with in a growing population.
In addition, proper implementation of the separate investigation unit will allow for speedy
investigation of cases registered. Effective monitoring of special laws such as the POCSO Act
through the use of technology can also be an important step toward better policing and law
and order.

Citizens also play an important role in reducing crime in a city. Therefore, a multi-stakeholder
approach needs to be adopted for creating awareness and sensitising people to prevent
sexual abuse of children while also implementing community policing to improve the police-
citizen relationship. Safety and security are necessary services in a city and implementing the
reforms such as effective segregation of the police investigation unit and conducting daily trail
proceedings can ensure Mumbai to truly be a robust global city.

NITAI MEHTA

Managing Trustee, Praja Foundation

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 5

 II. Acknowledgement

Praja has obtained the data used in compiling this white paper through Right to Information Act, 2005.
Hence it is very important to acknowledge the RTI Act and everyone involved, especially the officials
who have provided us this information diligently.

We would like to appreciate our stakeholders; particularly, our Elected Representatives & government
officials, the Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and the journalists who utilise and publicise our data
and, by doing so, ensure that awareness regarding various issues that we discuss is distributed to a
wide-ranging population. We would like to take this opportunity to specifically extend our gratitude
to all government officials for their continuous cooperation and support.

Praja Foundation appreciates the support given by our supporters and donors, namely Friedrich
Naumann Foundation, A.T.E Chandra Foundation, Lal Family Foundation, Madhu Mehta Foundation,
Rohini Nilekani Philanthropies, Unichem Laboratories Ltd., Bellwether Capital Pvt Ltd. and numerous
other individual supporters. Their support has made it possible for us to conduct our study & publish
this white paper.

We would also like to thank our group of Advisors & Trustees and lastly but not the least, we would
like to acknowledge the contributions of all members of Praja’s team as well as Interns, who worked
to make this white paper a reality.

The contents of this publication are published by Praja Foundation and in no way can be taken to reflect the
views of the donors and sponsors.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 6

 III. Summary of State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai, Status of
Solving of Major Crimes and Recommendations

Table 1 : Key Summary, Impact and Recommendation

Impact on Solving of Major
State of Police Personnel Recommendations
Crimes
 There was a shortage of  There is a need for having
18% in the post of Police adequate police force and
 There was a high pendency filling the sanctioned posts for
Inspector (P.I) and
of investigation in cases of effective policing and
Police Sub-Inspector
crime against women (74%) investigation.
(P.S.I.) as of July 2022,
and children (82%) in 2021.  Police reforms such as
who also perform the
 Of the total IPC cases separation of investigation
role of investigation
investigated by Mumbai and law and order although
officers.
police in 2021 (43,176) implemented, the number of
 Police reforms such as
charge sheet was filed in 27% investigation officers required
separation of
of the cases. based on the number of cases
investigation and law
 A total of 2,92,203 cases needs to be regularly revised.
and order that ensures
were to be tried in courts for  There is need for a multi-
focus of personnel on
IPC in Mumbai in 2021 out of stakeholder approach to be
investigation has been
which judgement was given adopted for creating
implemented and there
in just 6% of cases. awareness and sensitising
are separate
 94% of total IPC cases, 97% people to prevent sexual
Investigation Units set
Crime Against women and abuse of children, by
up.
95% Crime against children engaging with all the
 The Protection of
cases were pending for trial stakeholders i.e. children,
Children Against Sexual
as on 2021. families, communities,
Offences (POCSO) Act
 59% of total rape cases (524) schools, colleges, civil society
provides for a separate
were against children (under organisations and the police.
POCSO court to try
age of 18) as registered in  The implementation of
cases of sexual crimes
POCSO in 2021. special laws such as POCSO
against children and
 Of 372 cases tried in POCSO needs to be effectively
ensure completion
Court in 2021, 60% took monitored- for example
within one year of
more than one year to ensuring that special courts
cognisance of offense.
complete, from the time of try POCSO cases and disposes
This is however not
cognizance of the offence. the cases within one year as
being properly
implemented prescribed by the Act.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 7

 IV: Crime Statistics

A. Major Crimes Reported in Mumbai

Table 2: Reporting of Major Crimes in Mumbai from 2012 to 20211

%
Change
Major Crimes 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 from
2020 to
2021
Murder 215 172 184 168 146 120 160 156 143 157 10%
Rape 232 391 609 710 628 740 773 905 695 777 12%
Kidnapping &
212 381 541 1,583 1,949 2,159 2,202 2,102 1,173 1,590 36%
Abduction2
Hurt 3,938 3,915 4,172 4,611 4,465 4,715 5,238 4,414 3,825 4,262 11%
Molestation 580 1,137 1,605 2,022 2,122 2,235 2,529 2,047 1,466 1,577 8%
Riots 340 362 415 401 467 437 538 377 316 323 2%
Chain
1,235 2,092 1,411 909 460 176 172 154 138 150 9%
Snatching
House
Breaking (Day 2,494 2,926 3,056 3,010 2,585 2,432 2,300 2,083 1,640 1,690 3%
& Night)
Robbery /
1,161 734 734 840 742 849 929 974 595 727 22%
Dacoity
Thefts 5,379 6,554 6,436 6,958 6,573 6,571 6,119 5,876 3,408 4,502 32%
Vehicle Theft 4,086 3,789 3,480 3,311 3,089 3,018 3,152 2,694 2,795 3,269 17%

Inference:
 Kidnapping and abduction, Rape and Molestation cases risen by 650%, 235% and 172%
respectively from 2012 to 2021.
 Theft, Motor Vehicle Theft, Molestation, House Breaking, Hurt, Kidnapping & Abduction are
highest Crimes offences reported in 2021.
 However, reporting of major crimes has increase from 2020 to 2021, for e.g. Kidnapping &
Abduction cases risen by 36%, murder by 10% and Rape by 12%.

1
As per RTI data

2
Crime in India, 2012 to 2021 - https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 8

 Table 3 : Area-wise reporting of specific crimes (Highest reporting of category-wise cases)3
from Year 2017 to 2021
Major 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Crimes Region Cases Region Cases Region Cases Region Cases Region Cases
NCM /
Murder NWM 30 SCM 45 SCM 42 NEM/ 39 SCM 44
SCM
Rape NWM 177 NWM 235 NCM 276 NWM 212 NWM 265

Riot NCM 135 NCM 153 NCM 126 NCM 111 NCM 108
Grievous
NWM 1,208 NCM 1,401 NCM 1,325 NCM 1,144 NCM 1,300
Injury/Hurts
Chain
NWM 66 NCM 44 NCM 55 NCM 44 NCM 55
Snatching
House
Breaking NCM 658 NCM 666 NCM 608 NCM 484 NCM 500
(Day/Night)
Robbery /
NCM 288 NCM 266 NCM 270 NCM 182 NCM 239
Dacoity
Thefts NWM 1,834 NCM 1,686 NCM 1,856 NCM 1,090 NCM 1,500

Vehicle
NWM 871 NWM 855 NCM 809 NCM 878 NCM 1,000
Stolen

Inference:
 In 2021, the highest number of rapes (265 cases) were reported in North West Mumbai.
 Of the major crime heads, highest cases have been reported in North Central Mumbai (108
cases of Riot, 1300 cases of Hurts, 55 cases of chain snatching, 500 cases of housebreaking,
239 cases of Robbery/Dacoity, 1,500 cases of theft, and 1,000 cases of stolen vehicles) for the
year 2021.
 In the last 5 years (2017 to 2021) North Central region have been reported highest number of
crime followed by North West region.

3
North Mumbai (NM) includes: Borivali, Dahisar, Malad West; North West Mumbai (NWM) includes:
Jogeshwari, Goregaon, Andheri; North East Mumbai (NEM) includes: Mulund, Ghatkopar, Shivaji Nagar; North
Central Mumbai (NCM) includes: Vileparle, Kurla, Bandra; South Central Mumbai (SCM) includes: Chembur,
SionKoliwada, Mahim; and South Mumbai (SM) includes: Worli, Byculla, Colaba, Malabar Hill

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 9

Table 4: Gender wise Victims and Cases of Kidnapping and Abduction in Mumbai from 2017
to 20214
Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Total Cases of Kidnapping and
2,159 2,202 2,102 1,173 1,590
Abduction
Girls 1,382 1,368 1,334 767 1,148
% 68% 63% 62% 67% 72%
Kidnapping Victims Boys 650 807 803 383 449
% 32% 37% 38% 33% 28%
Total 2,032 2,175 2,137 1,150 1,597
Female 25 20 15 6 10
% 10% 38% 31% 21% 33%
Abduction Victims Male 225 33 33 23 20
% 90% 62% 69% 79% 67%
Total 250 53 48 29 30
Total Victims 2,282 2,228 2,185 1,179 1,627

Inference:
 Total cases of Kidnapping and Abduction increased by 36% from 2020 to 2021.
 98% of total victims of kidnapping and abduction were children (kidnapping) in 2021.
 72% of total kidnapping victims were girls in 2021, whereas for abduction majority victims
were males (67%).

4
Crime in India, 2017, 2018, 2019,2020 and 2021 - https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 10

Figure 1: Age and Gender wise Percentage of victims of Kidnapping (Sec 363, 363A) in
Mumbai from 2017 to 20215

Figure 2: Age and Gender wise Percentage of victims of Abduction (Sec 362) in Mumbai from
2017 to 2021

Inference:
 Most victims of kidnapping were of the age group 12 to 16 years (47% in 2021) and 16 to 18
years (45% in 2021).
 77% abduction victims were of the age group 18 to 30 years in 2021.

5
Crime in India, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 - https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 11

 Table 5: Recovery of Victims of Kidnapping and Abduction in Mumbai from 2017 to 20216

Unrecover
ed Victims Un-
of Previous Persons Recovered
Years of Kidnappe Total Kidnapped
% Total
Kidnapping d& Persons Persons Persons & Abducted
Persons Recovered % Total % Un-
Criteria & Abducte Kidnapped Recovere Recovere Persons
Recovere (Alive+De Recovered Recovered
Abduction d in the & d Alive d Dead (including
d Alive ad)
(As on 31st current Abducted previous
December year years as on
of last 31st Dec)
year)

Female 772 1,407 2,179 1,654 76% 3 1,657 76% 522 24%
2017 Male 499 875 1,374 1,108 81% 7 1,115 81% 259 19%
Total 1,271 2,282 3,553 2,762 78% 10 2,772 78% 781 22%
Female 520 1,388 1,908 1,039 54% 29 1,068 56% 840 44%
2018 Male 261 840 1,101 624 57% 19 643 58% 458 42%
Total 781 2,228 3,009 1,663 55% 48 1,711 57% 1,298 43%
Female 840 1,349 2,189 1,283 59% 1 1,284 59% 905 41%
2019 Male 458 836 1,294 841 65% 4 845 65% 449 35%
Total 1,298 2,185 3,483 2,124 61% 5 2,129 61% 1,354 39%
Female 905 773 1,678 711 42% 2 713 42% 965 58%
2020 Male 449 406 855 387 45% 2 389 45% 466 55%
Total 1,354 1,179 2,533 1,098 43% 4 1,102 44% 1,431 56%
Female 965 1,158 2,123 1,114 52% 23 1,137 54% 986 46%
2021 Male 466 469 935 467 50% 4 471 50% 464 50%
Total 1,431 1,627 3,058 1,581 52% 27 1,608 53% 1,450 47%

Inference:
 The percentage of total person recovered decreased from 78% in 2017 to 53% in 2021.
 In 2021, out of 3,058 victims of kidnapping and abduction, 53% were recovered.

6
Crime in India, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 - https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 12

 B. Cases under Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act7

A long due step to protect the rights of children, acknowledging the rampant problem of Child Sexual
Abuse (CSA) in India, was enacting of the special law- Protection of Children Against Sexual Offences
(POCSO) 2012. Under this law, child rape, harassment, exploitative use of children for the purposes of
prostitution and pornography are all criminalised and severely punished. This Act also brought gender
parity- victims of all genders under the age of 18 can report a sexual crime. The Act (Section 28) also
envisioned the setting up of special courts for speedy trial and delivery of justice taking into
consideration the exposure that a child would face if proceedings took place in regular courts.
Further, the Act (Section 35) provided for the cases to be disposed within a period of one year from
the time of cognisance of the offense to ensure speedy justice to the child victims and prevent
arduous and prolonged proceedings that would have a negative impact on the victim’s health.

Figure 3: Percentage of Rape Cases under POCSO to Total Rapes8 from 2017 to 2021

Inference:
 59% of total rape cases (888) were against children (under age of 18) and registered under
POCSO in 2021.
 This highlights the need of a multi-stakeholder approach to be adopted for creating awareness
and sensitising people to prevent sexual abuse of children, by engaging with all the
stakeholders i.e. children, families, communities, schools, colleges, civil society organisations
and the police.

7
Crime in India, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021- https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india
8
https://mumbaipolice.gov.in/

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 13

Figure 4: POCSO Rape Cases (Section 4 and 6) Offenders Relation to Victim in 2021

Inference:
 In 100% of POCSO rape cases offenders were known to the victim in 2021.
 The highest is in 54% of cases rape offenders were friends on pretext of marriage.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 14

Table 6: Reporting of Sexual Crimes against Children under POCSO from 2017 to 2021
POCSO Sections Gender Cases/Victims 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Cases Reported 467 570 622 445 524
Girls
Child Rape (Sec. 4 & 6 Victims 473 669 628 454 531
of POCSO Act)/Sec. 376
IPC) Cases Reported 0 0 0 0 0
Boys
Victims 0 0 0 0 0

Sexual Assault of Cases Reported 560 548 609 439 452

Girls
Children (Sec. 8 & 10 of Victims 596 556 710 453 455
POCSO Act) / Sec. 354 Cases Reported 0 0 0 4 1
IPC) Boys
Victims 0 0 0 4 1
Cases Reported 19 21 23 19 35
Sexual Harassment Girls
Victims 19 24 28 23 39
(Sec. 12 of POCSO
Act)/Sec. 509 IPC) Cases Reported 0 0 0 0 2
Boys
Victims 0 0 0 0 2
Use of Child for Cases Reported 0 3 14 14 4
Pornography/Storing Girls
Victims 0 3 14 14 4
Child Pornography
Material (Sec. 14 & 15 Cases Reported 0 0 5 2 0
Boys
of POCSO Act) Victims 0 0 5 7 0
Cases Reported 0 0 0 2 4
POCSO Act (Sections 17 Girls
Victims 0 0 0 3 4
to 22)/Other offences
of POCSO Act Cases Reported 0 0 0 0 0
Boys
Victims 0 0 0 0 0
Cases Reported 0 0 1 3 0
POCSO Act r/w Section Girls
Victims 0 0 1 3 0
377 IPC / Unnatural
Offences Cases Reported 8 2 45 36 26
Boys
Victims 8 2 45 37 26
Cases Reported 1,046 1,142 1,269 922 1,019
Girls
Victims 1,088 1,252 1,381 950 1,033
Total
Cases Reported 8 2 50 42 29
Boys
Victims 8 2 50 48 29
Cases Reported 1,054 1,144 1,319 964 1,048
Grand Total
Victims 1,096 1,254 1,431 998 1,062

Inference:
 In 97% of the total 1,048 POCSO cases in 2021 victims were girls, in which highest cases were
of rape (524) and sexual assault (452).
 Of the 29 cases reported of POSCO crimes against boys, 90% were unnatural offences
(anal/oral intercourse). The low proportion of male cases reported to total cases also reflects
the stigma attached to reporting of sexual crimes against males.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 15

 C. Road Accident Cases

Table 7: Number of Accidents, Persons Injured and Killed from 2017 to 20219

Year No. of Accidents No. of Persons Injured No. of Persons Died

2017 3,160 3,287 490

2018 3,162 3,292 475
2019 2,872 2,925 447
2020 1,812 1,740 349
202110 2,230 1,942 387

Inference:
 Road accidents in Mumbai have risen by 23% from 1,812 in 2020 to 2,230 in 2021.
 2,148 people have died and 13,186 people have been injured due to road accidents in Mumbai
in the past five years.

D. Railway Crime Statistics11

Table 8: Reporting of Major Railway Crimes in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021
Major Crimes 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Murder 2 6 4 1 3
Dacoity/Robbery 428 868 1,191 416 354
All Thefts12 17,040 25,478 19,285 4,723 3,291
Rape 6 3 5 1 5
Molestation 60 85 93 32 20
Other IPC 183 230 338 105 116
Total 17,719 26,670 20,916 5,278 3,789

Inference:
 Local railway is a mode of commute for large number of people in Mumbai and safety is an
important component of transport. Although crimes in Mumbai railway has decreased
significantly, this is attributed to lockdown restrictions imposed.
 Most number of cases reported in 2017 to 2021 were thefts (69,817) followed by dacoity and
robbery (3257).

9
Economic Survey of Maharashtra.
10
Provisional
11
As per RTI data
12
In Greater Mumbai Region "All Thefts" were not registered as F.I.R. in Police Station. Till 2015, only missing
complaints were filed for majority of the thefts. Praja had been obtaining data only for the FIR registered for
thefts for Railway Crime. From 2016, for every theft F.I.R is registered, hence there is an increase in number of
registered Thefts that were obtained through RTIs.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 16

Table 9: Accidental Injuries and Deaths in Mumbai Railways from 2017 to 2021
Accidental Deaths Accidental Injuries
Police Station
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
C.S.T. 132 144 121 39 57 317 254 176 48 43
Dadar 125 136 131 33 61 75 85 110 35 62
Kurla 331 344 294 127 172 228 266 267 101 100
Wadala 145 142 125 51 99 216 255 207 50 51
Churchgate 44 46 32 20 14 135 166 149 33 45
Mumbai Central 161 140 126 48 65 289 311 296 64 87
Bandra 115 86 102 33 61 93 112 135 41 40
Andheri 133 125 106 26 41 251 226 204 46 41
Borivali 293 284 242 75 163 370 223 184 55 120
Total 1,479 1,447 1,279 452 733 1,974 1,898 1,728 473 589

Inference:
 Accidental deaths have reduced from 1,479 in 2017 to 733 in 2021.
 Accidental injuries have reduced from 1,974 in 2017 to 589 in 2021.
 Accidental death numbers (733) are highest compared to accidental injuries (589) in 2021.

Table 10: Reasons of Accidental Railway Deaths in 2021

Reason of Accident Deaths
Fallin
Cause
Stations Falling Hit g in Natural
Line Of
Name from again Gaps Electric Suici Death Other
Cros Death Total
Running st Rly / Shock de due to Reason
sing Not
Train Pole Platf Illness
Known
orm
C.S.T. 29 4 1 0 0 0 19 4 0 57
Dadar 26 15 0 2 0 2 14 2 0 61
Kurla 107 37 0 0 1 0 26 0 1 172
Wadala 76 13 0 0 0 0 8 2 0 99
Churchgate 7 1 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 14
Mumbai
37 12 0 0 1 0 14 0 1 65
Central
Bandra 36 6 0 0 0 2 17 0 0 61
Andheri 22 10 0 0 1 0 8 0 0 41
Borivali 111 29 0 0 0 0 16 0 7 163
Total 451 127 1 2 3 4 125 8 12 733
In (%) 62% 17% 0.1% 0.3% 0.4% 1% 17% 1% 2% 100%

Inference:
 Out of the total deaths due to railway accidents (733) in 2021, 62% of deaths (451) were due
to line crossing.
 Accident Deaths due to line crossing were highest in Borivali (111) and Kurla (107) in 2021.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 17

Table 11: Reasons of Accidental Railway Injuries in 2021
Reason of Accident Injuries
Falli
ng Falling Cause
Hit
Stations Line from in Injured of
again Electric Other
Name Cross Run Gaps/ Suicide due to Injury Total
st Rly Shock Reason
ing ning Platfor Illness Not
Pole
Trai m Known
n
C.S.T. 4 21 1 0 0 0 6 0 11 43
Dadar 0 33 2 1 0 0 13 0 13 62
Kurla 14 40 4 0 1 0 24 0 17 100
Wadala 9 21 0 0 1 0 18 0 2 51
Churchgate 3 7 0 0 0 0 8 0 27 45
Mumbai
5 29 2 0 1 0 29 0 21 87
Central
Bandra 10 20 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 40
Andheri 5 22 1 0 1 0 6 0 6 41
Borivali 15 60 0 0 2 0 21 0 22 120
Total 65 253 11 1 6 0 134 0 119 589
In (%) 11% 43% 2% 0% 1% 0% 23% 0% 20% 100%

Inference:
Out of the total injuries due to railway accidents (589) in 2021, 43% of injuries (253) were due to falling
from trains.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 18

 E. Cases Registered in Anti-Corruption Bureau13
Table 12: Number of cases registered in Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) from 2017 to 2021
Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Total Complaints
3,231 2,852 2,402 1,672 3,433
Registered
Cases Under ACB 671 659 398 199 360
Total FIRs registered 47 45 42 31 50

Inference:
 3,433 cases were registered with the ACB in 2021. Of these, FIR was filed in 50 cases. Cases
not taken up by ACB are not related to corruption and are transferred to the respective
departments that are mandated to take up the respective complaint.
 Out of the 360 cases taken up by ACB in 2021, in only 14% of cases (50 cases), FIR was filed.

Table 13: Department wise number of FIRs registered in ACB from 2017 to 202114
Year 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
BMC 24 22 18 11 18
Police 7 10 9 7 12
Health Dept. 0 1 2 0 2
Education Dept. 0 1 0 0 1
Women & Child
0 0 0 0 0
Welfare Dept.
State State Law &
Government Judiciary Dept. 3 1 3 1 0
of Public Works Dept. 0 0 0 0 2
Maharashtra
Revenue, Taxation
and GST / State 2 2 2 4 2
Excise Dept.
MHADA and SRA 1 4 3 2 1
Councillor 0 0 0 0 0
MLA 0 0 0 0 0
MP 0 0 0 0 0
Other 10 5 4 6 12
Note: One FIR may be filled against multiple department/person/others; hence, total count of FIR does not
match the department wise total.

Inference:
In the year 2021, the highest number of FIRs registered in ACB are against the officials of BMC
department (18) followed by Police department (12).

13
The main function of Anti-Corruption Bureau is to investigate cases of corruption. Citizens can approach ACB
if any of the Government officials asks for bribe for example for any government duty.
14
Data from ACB website: http://acbmaharashtra.gov.in/

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 19

F. Comparative Statement of Cyber Crime Cases (IPC & LAC Cases)15

Table 14 : Number of Cases registered in Cyber Crime from 2017 to 2021

%
Change
Head 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 from
2020 to
2021
Tampering of Source Code 13 8 3 4 13 225%
Hacking 5 - - - 32 -
MIM Attack / Spoofing Mail - 9 26 14
49 -4%
Phishing / Hacking / Nigerian Fraud 5 2 34 37
Obscene Email / SMS / MMS 228 295 239 247 142 -43%
Threatening Email / SMS 5 - - - - -
Fake Social Media Profile / Morphing
- 46 61 30 118 293%
Email / SMS
Credit Card Fraud / Cheating 606 461 775 558 2,229 299%
Pornography - - - - 43 -
Data Theft - - - - 20 -
Sextortion - - - - 54 -
Communal Post - - - - 17 -
Other 499 554 1,087 1,545 166 -89%
Total 1,361 1,375 2,225 2,435 2,883 18%

Inference:

 Reporting of total cases registered in cyber-crime has increased by 18% from 2020 to 2021.
 Highest cases register of Credit card fraud/Cheating (2,229) followed by Obscene
Email/SMS/MMS (142) and Fake Social Media Profile / Morphing Email / SMS (118) in 2021.

15
https://mumbaipolice.gov.in/CrimeStatistics.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 20

Table 15 : Status of Case registered in Cyber Crime in 2021
Case
Sr. Case Case Person
Head Wise Crime Detected
No. Registered Detected Arrested
(%)
1 Tampering of Source Code 13 5 38% 7
2 Phishing /MIM Attack/ Spoofing Mail 49 11 22% 33
3 Pornography 43 25 58% 33
4 Obscene Email / SMS / MMS/Post 142 76 54% 88
5 Fake Social Media Profile/ Morphing Email/ 118 36 31% 37
SMS
6 Credit Card / Online Fraud 1,075 48 4% 71
7 Hacking 32 2 6% 2
Cheating 1,154 140 12% 294
1 Custom/Gift Fraud 50 5 10% 10
2 Purchase fraud 167 13 8% 19
3 Job Fraud 119 13 11% 44
4 Insurance/ Provident Fund Fraud 22 9 41% 29
5 Admission fraud 5 3 60% 3
8
6 Fake Web site 37 10 27% 15
7 Investment Fraud 27 7 26% 13
8 Matrimonial Fraud 16 4 25% 5
9 Crypto currency Fraud 7 2 29% 4
10 Loan Fraud 42 5 12% 14
11 Other Cheating 662 69 10% 138
9 Data Theft 20 8 40% 20
10 Sextortion 54 30 56% 52
11 Communal Post 17 7 41% 23
12 Other 166 67 40% 107
Total 2,883 455 16% 767

Inference:

 Only 16% cases were detected in 2021 in the total cases registered under cyber crime.
 Highest cases registered of Credit card/online fraud (1,075) and Cheating (1,154) in that only
4% and 12% cases were detected at the end of year 2021.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 21

 V. Investigation and Trial of Cases16

Table 16: Status of Investigation and Trial of IPC Cases in Mumbai from 2017 to as on 2021
Years 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Police Investigation
Cases pending for investigation from
66,369 72,760 79,237 76,763 96,057
previous year
Cases reported in the current year 39,035 40,757 40,684 50,158 63,689
Total cases for investigation 1,05,404 1,13,517 1,19,926 1,26,921 1,59,746
Cases withdrawn/transferred/quashed 71 43 3 7 3
17
Cases where final report submitted 9,651 9,808 15,244 9,437 8,754
Cases where charge-sheet submitted 22,927 24,429 27,916 21,420 43,176
Cases pending investigation at the end of
72,755 79,237 76,763 96,057 1,07,813
the year
% of cases pending for investigation at the
69% 70% 64% 76% 67%
end of the year
Trial by Courts
Cases pending for trial from previous year 2,05,708 2,11,943 2,22,006 2,33,935 2,49,027
Cases taken for trial in current year 22,927 24,429 27,916 21,420 43,176
Total cases for trial 2,28,635 2,36,372 2,49,922 2,55,355 2,92,203
Cases withdrawn/transferred/abated/
quashed/compounded/Disposed off by 5,343 2,562 2,974 1,150 2,009
Plea Bargaining
Cases discharged/ acquitted 6,171 5,848 5,554 1,764 8,788
Cases convicted 5,178 5,956 7,459 3,414 8,182
% of Conviction 46% 50% 57% 66% 48%
Cases pending trial at the end of the year 2,11,943 2,22,006 2,33,935 2,49,027 2,73,224
% of cases pending for trial at the end of
93% 94% 94% 98% 94%
the year

Inference:
 A total of 1,59,746 IPC cases were to be investigated in Mumbai as on 2021 out of which 67%
cases were pending for investigation at the end of the year. Out of the cases investigated,
charge sheet was filed in 27% (43,176) cases.
 5% (8,754 out of 1,59,746) cases closed at investigation stage (Final Report) as on 2021.
 A total of 2,92,203 cases were to be tried in courts for IPC in Mumbai as on 2021 out of which
94% cases were pending for trial at the end of the year.
 Of the 16,970 cases in which the trial was completed in 2021, 48% were convicted, 52% were
acquitted/discharged.

16
Crime in India, 2017, 2018, 2019 2020 and 2021- https://ncrb.gov.in/en/crime-in-india
17
Cases Ended as FR Non Cognizable, cases Ended as Final Report False, Cases Ended as mistake of Fact or of law
or Civil Dispute, Cases True but Insufficient Evidence or Untraced or No Clue, Cases Abated during Investigation

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 22

Table 17 : Crime Head wise Investigation of IPC Cases from 2017 to 202118
Police Investigation
% of
Cases Cases
Cases cases
pendin withdr Cases Cases
Cases pending pending
g for Total awn/tr where where
reporte investiga for
Crime investig cases for ansfer final charge
Year d in the tion at investig
Head ation investigat red/ab report -sheet
current the end ation at
from ion ated/q submitt submit
year of the the end
Previou uashe ed ted
year of the
s year d
year
CLASS - II SERIOUS OFFENCES 19
2017 9,809 10,137 19,946 32 1,047 6,822 12,045 60%
2018 Total 12,050 11,350 23,400 9 1,579 7,482 14,330 61%
Class II
2019 14,330 10,256 24,587 0 1,841 7,728 15,018 61%
Serious
2020 Offences 15,018 7,888 22,906 2 1,402 4,789 16,713 73%
2021 16,713 9,128 25,841 1 1,403 6,992 17,445 68%
Other I.P.C.
2017 56,560 28,898 85,458 39 8,604 16,105 60,710 71%
2018 60,710 29,407 90,117 34 8,229 16,947 64,907 72%
Other
2019 64,907 30,428 95,339 3 13,403 20,188 61,745 65%
IPC
2020 61,745 42,270 1,04,015 5 8,035 16,631 79,344 76%
2021 79,344 54,561 1,33,905 2 7,351 36,184 90,368 67%
Total
2017 66,369 39,035 1,05,404 71 9,651 22,927 72,755 69%
2018 72,760 40,757 1,13,517 43 9,808 24,429 79,237 70%
2019 Total IPC 79,237 40,684 1,19,926 3 15,244 27,916 76,763 64%
2020 76,763 50,158 1,26,921 7 9,437 21,420 96,057 76%
2021 96,057 63,689 1,59,746 3 8,754 43,176 1,07,813 67%

Inference:

25,841 Class II Serious offences cases were to be investigated in Mumbai as on 2021 out of which
68% cases were pending for investigation at the end of the year. Out of the cases investigated,
charge sheet was filed in 27% (6,992) cases.

18
As per RTI data from State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB)
19
CLASS - II SERIOUS OFFENCES (Cases including murder section 302 IPC, attempt to murder Sec.307 IPC, culpable
homicide not amounting to murder Sec.304 IPC, causing death by negligence Sec.304-A IPC, abetment of suicide
Sec.305/306 IPC, attempt to commit culpable homicide Sec.308 IPC, attempt to commit suicide Sec.309 IPC,
miscarriage, infanticide, feticide and abandonment Sec.313 to 318 IPC, rape IPC Sec.376, attempt to commit
rape Sec.376/511 IPC, voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means Sec.324 IPC, , voluntarily causing
hurt/Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from his duty Sec.332/353, grievous hurt Sec.325,326,326A
& 326B IPC, kidnapping, abduction Sec.363, 363A, 364, 364A, 365, 366, 366A, 367, 368 & 369 IPC, assault on
women with intent outrage her modesty Sec.354 IPC, and unnatural offence U/s 377 IPC).

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 23

 Table 18 : Crime Head wise Trial of IPC Cases from 2017 to 202120

Cases % of
Cases Cases
withdra Cases Cases cases
pending taken Con
Total wn/tran discha Cases pending pending
Crime for trial for trial victi
Year cases for sferred/ rged/ convic trial at the for trial
Head from in on
trial abated/ acquit ted end of the at the
previous current %
quashe ted year end of
year year
d the year

CLASS - II SERIOUS OFFENCES (IPC)

2017 60,703 6,822 67,525 773 1,897 498 21% 64,357 95%

2018 64,357 7,482 71,839 713 2,046 510 20% 68,570 95%
Class II
2019 Serious 68,570 7,728 76,298 750 2,047 391 16% 73,110 96%
Offences
2020 73,110 4,789 77,899 265 677 116 15% 76,841 99%

2021 76,841 6,992 83,833 485 1,062 178 14% 82,108 98%

Other I.P.C.

2017 1,45,005 16,105 1,61,110 4,570 4,274 4,680 52% 1,47,586 92%

2018 1,47,586 16,947 1,64,533 1,849 3,802 5,446 59% 1,53,436 93%
Other
2019 1,53,436 20,188 1,73,624 2,224 3,507 7,068 67% 1,60,825 93%
IPC
2020 1,60,825 16,631 1,77,456 885 1,087 3,298 75% 1,72,186 97%

2021 1,72,186 36,184 2,08,370 1,524 7,728 8,004 51% 1,91,116 92%

Total IPC

2017 2,05,708 22,927 2,28,635 5,343 6,171 5,178 46% 2,11,943 93%

2018 2,11,943 24,429 2,36,372 2,562 5,848 5,956 50% 2,22,006 94%

2019 Total IPC 2,22,006 27,916 2,49,922 2,974 5,554 7,459 57% 2,33,935 94%

2020 2,33,935 21,420 2,55,355 1,150 1,764 3,414 66% 2,49,027 98%

2021 2,49,027 43,176 2,92,203 2,009 8,788 8,182 48% 2,73,224 94%

Inference:

 83,833 cases were to be tried in courts for Class II Serious offences in Mumbai as on 2021 out
of which 98% cases were pending for trial at the end of the year.
 Of the 1,240 cases in which the trial was completed as on 2021, 14% were convicted, while
86% were acquitted/discharged.

20
As per RTI data from State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB)

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 24

Table 19: Status of Investigation and Trial of Special and Local Laws 21 (SLL) Cases in Mumbai from
2017 to 2021
Years 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Police Investigation
Cases pending for investigation from
16,046 18,601 20,692 22,623 23,896
previous year
Cases reported in the current year 19,421 16,316 20,139 8,518 15,193
Total cases for investigation 35,467 34,917 40,831 31,141 39,089
Cases
9 18 0 0 0
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases where final report22 submitted 132 158 217 238 192
Cases where charge-sheet submitted 16,725 14,049 17,991 7,007 12,497
Cases pending investigation at the end of the
18,601 20,692 22,623 23,896 26,400
year
% of cases pending for investigation at the
52% 59% 55% 77% 68%
end of the year
Trial by Courts
Cases pending for trial from previous year 2,05,708 65,345 70,745 76,899 80,733
Cases taken for trial in current year 22,927 14,049 17,991 7,007 12,497
Total cases for trial 2,28,635 79,394 88,736 83,906 93,230
Cases
5,343 304 416 291 159
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases discharged/ acquitted 6,171 1,820 2,123 350 4,385
Cases convicted 5,178 6,525 9,298 2,532 3,560
% of Conviction 46% 78% 81% 88% 45%
Cases pending trial at the end of the year 2,11,943 70,745 76,899 80,733 85,126
% of cases pending for trial at the end of the
93% 89% 87% 96% 91%
year

Inference:
 39,089 SLL cases were to be investigated in Mumbai as on 2021 out of which 68% cases were
pending for investigation at the end of the year. Out of the cases investigated, charge sheet
was filed in 32% (12,497) cases.
 93,230 cases were to be tried in courts for SLL in Mumbai as on 2021 out of which 91% cases
were pending for trial at the end of the year.
 Of the 7,945 cases in which the trial was completed as on 2021, 45% were convicted, while
55% were acquitted/discharged.

21
Crimes committed under various state-enacted laws such as Gambling Act 1867, Railways Act 1989, etc.
22
Cases Ended as FR Non Cognizable, cases Ended as Final Report False, Cases Ended as mistake of Fact or of law
or Civil Dispute, Cases True but Insufficient Evidence or Untraced or No Clue, Cases Abated during Investigation

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 25

Table 20: Status of Investigation and Trial of Crime against Women Cases in Mumbai from
2017 to 2021
Years 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Police Investigation
Cases pending for investigation from
6,352 7,663 9,135 10,527 11,637
previous year
Cases reported in the current year 5,453 6,058 6,519 4,583 5,543
Total cases for investigation 11,805 13,721 15,654 15,110 17,180
Cases
18 9 2 4 1
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases where final report23 submitted 663 850 858 574 777
Cases where charge-sheet submitted 3,466 3,727 4,267 2,895 3,761
Cases pending investigation at the end of the
7,658 9,135 10,527 11,637 12,641
year
% of cases pending for investigation at the
65% 67% 67% 77% 74%
end of the year
Trial by Courts
Cases pending for trial from previous year 14,730 17,089 19,524 22,368 24,705
Cases taken for trial in current year 3,466 3,727 4,267 2,895 3,761
Total cases for trial 18,196 20,816 23,791 25,263 28,466
Cases
247 208 261 108 225
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases discharged/ acquitted 633 720 806 329 532
Cases convicted 227 364 356 121 189
% of Conviction 26% 34% 31% 27% 26%
Cases pending trial at the end of the year 17089 19,524 22,368 24,705 27520
% of cases pending for trial at the end of the
94% 94% 94% 98% 97%
year

Inference:
 17,180 cases of crime against women were to be investigated in Mumbai as on 2021 out of
which 74% cases were pending for investigation at the end of the year. Out of the cases
investigated, charge sheet was filed in 22% (3,761) cases.
 28,466 cases were to be tried in courts for crime against women in Mumbai as on 2021 out of
which 97% cases were pending for trial at the end of the year.
 Of the 721 cases in which the trial was completed as on 2021, 26% were convicted, while 74%
were acquitted/discharged.

23
Cases Ended as FR Non Cognizable, cases Ended as Final Report False, Cases Ended as mistake of Fact or of law
or Civil Dispute, Cases True but Insufficient Evidence or Untraced or No Clue, Cases Abated during Investigation.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 26

Table 21: Status of Investigation and Trial of Crime against Children Cases in Mumbai from
2017 to 2021
Years 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Police Investigation
Cases pending for investigation from
4,288 6,088 7,628 8,268 8,390
previous year
Cases reported in the current year 3,790 3,511 3,640 2,248 2,762
Total cases for investigation 8,078 9,599 11,268 10,516 11,152
Cases
5 1 0 0 0
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases where final report24 submitted 559 652 1,428 1,029 994
Cases where charge-sheet submitted 1,431 1,319 1,572 1,097 1,042
Cases pending investigation at the end of the
6,083 7,627 8,268 8,390 9,116
year
% of cases pending for investigation at the
75% 80% 73% 80% 82%
end of the year
Trial by Courts
Cases pending for trial from previous year 4,543 5,672 6,554 7,496 8,361
Cases taken for trial in current year 1,431 1,319 1,572 1,097 1,042
Total cases for trial 5,974 6,991 8,126 8,593 9,403
Cases
15 22 51 10 35
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases discharged/ acquitted 174 238 357 134 286
Cases convicted 113 177 222 88 133
% of Conviction 39% 43% 38% 40% 32%
Cases pending trial at the end of the year 5672 6,554 7,496 8,361 8949
% of cases pending for trial at the end of the
95% 94% 92% 97% 95%
year

Inference:
 11,152 cases of crime against children were to be investigated in Mumbai as on 2021 out of
which 82% cases were pending for investigation at the end of the year. Out of the cases
investigated, charge sheet was filed in 9% (1,042) cases.
 9,403 cases were to be tried in courts for crime against children in Mumbai as on 2021 out of
which 95% cases were pending for trial at the end of the year.
 Of the 419 cases in which the trial was completed as on 2021, 32% were convicted, while 68%
were acquitted/discharged.

24
Cases Ended as FR Non Cognizable, cases Ended as Final Report False, Cases Ended as mistake of Fact or of law
or Civil Dispute, Cases True but Insufficient Evidence or Untraced or No Clue, Cases Abated during Investigation.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 27

Table 22: Status of Investigation and Trial of Crimes under POCSO Act in Mumbai from 2017
to 2021
Years 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Police Investigation
Cases pending for investigation from
1,196 1,465 1,720 1,867 1,963
previous year
Cases reported in the current year 1,054 1,144 1,319 964 1,048
Total cases for investigation 2250 2,609 3,039 2,831 3,011
Cases
2 1 0 0 0
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases where final report25 submitted 18 7 22 20 25
Cases where charge-sheet submitted 765 881 1,150 848 810
Cases pending investigation at the end of
1,465 1,720 1,867 1,963 2,176
the year
% of cases pending for investigation at the
65 66% 61% 69% 72%
end of the year
Trial by Courts
Cases pending for trial from previous year 1995 2,553 3,100 3,802 4,464
Cases taken for trial in current year 765 881 1,150 848 810
Total cases for trial 2760 3,434 4,250 4,650 5,274
Cases
14 16 30 7 25
withdrawn/transferred/abated/quashed
Cases discharged/ acquitted 117 191 226 99 234
Cases convicted 76 127 192 80 126
% of conviction 39% 40% 46% 45% 35%
Cases pending trial at the end of the year 2,553 3,100 3,802 4,464 4,889
% of cases pending for trial at the end of
93% 90% 89% 96% 93%
the year

Inference:
 3,011 POCSO cases were to be investigated in Mumbai as on 2021 out of which 72% cases
were pending for investigation at the end of the year. Out of the cases investigated, charge
sheet was filed in 27% (810) cases.
 5,274 cases were to be tried in courts under POCSO Act in Mumbai as on 2021 out of which
93% cases were pending for trial at the end of the year.
 Of the 360 cases in which the trial was completed as on 2021, 35% were convicted, while 65%
were acquitted/discharged.

25
Cases Ended as FR Non Cognizable, cases Ended as Final Report False, Cases Ended as mistake of Fact or of law
or Civil Dispute, Cases True but Insufficient Evidence or Untraced or No Clue, Cases Abated during Investigation.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 28

Table 23: Duration of Pending Investigation and Pending Trials of Crimes under POCSO Act
in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021
Duration 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Since
When
Number/
Cases are
% of Inve Inves Inves Invest
Pending Investi
cases stiga Trial tigati Trial Trial tigati Trial igatio Trial
for gation
pending tion on on n
Investigati
on and
Trial
Upto 6 No. 611 722 410 256 636 522 500 395 556 420
months % 42% 28% 24% 8% 34% 14% 25% 9% 26% 9%

6 months No. 656 796 669 1,415 1,039 1,137 941 1,326 703 567
to 1 year % 45% 31% 39% 46% 56% 30% 48% 30% 32% 12%

1 year to 3 No. 198 752 641 1,099 192 1,615 512 2,446 903 2,381
years % 14% 29% 37% 35% 10% 42% 26% 55% 41% 49%

More than No. 0 283 0 330 0 528 10 297 14 1,521

3 years % 0% 11% 0% 11% 0% 14% 1% 7% 1% 31%

Inference:
 41% of POCSO cases were pending for investigation for 1 year to 3 years as on 2021, while
charge sheeting should be done in 3 months (90 days).
 49% of POCSO cases were pending for trial since 1 to 3 years and 31% cases were pending for
more than 3 years while the POCSO Act prescribes for completion of trial within 1 year.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 29

Table 24: Cases Tried in POCSO Courts in Mumbai and Duration of Trials completion from
2017 to 2021
Number and % of cases tried 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Total Cases Tried under POCSO 207 334 448 186 385
No. 0 179 222 134 372
Total Cases Tried in POCSO Courts
% 0 54% 50% 72% 97%
Duration for Completion of Trials in POCSO Court
No. 13 5 2 21
Up to 3 months
% 7% 2% 1% 6%
No. 5 20 15 52
3 to 6 months
% 3% 9% 11% 14%
No
No. Case 23 20 26 77
6 months to 1 year
% Tried 13% 9% 19% 21%
No. in 41 45 43 150
Total Up to One Year
% POCSO 23% 20% 32% 40%
No. Court 88 107 60 97
1 to 3 years in
% 49% 48% 45% 26%
2017
No. 44 50 31 124
3 to 5 years
% 25% 23% 23% 33%
No. 6 20 0 1
5 to 10 years
% 3% 9% 0% 0.3%

Inference:
Cases tried in POCSO court as on 2021, in 60% cases trial was completed after a period of one year,
whereas the Act prescribes completion of cases within one year.

Table 25: Conviction and Acquittal of various crimes in Mumbai from 2017 to 2021
Type of Crimes Disposal Status 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Conviction (%) 46% 50% 57% 66% 48%
IPC Crimes
Acquittal (%) 54% 50% 43% 34% 52%
Conviction (%) 46% 78% 81% 88% 45%
SLL Crimes
Acquittal (%) 54% 22% 19% 12% 55%
Conviction (%) 26% 34% 31% 27% 26%
Crime Against Women
Acquittal (%) 74% 66% 69% 73% 74%
Conviction (%) 39% 43% 38% 40% 32%
Crime Against Children
Acquittal (%) 61% 57% 62% 60% 68%
Conviction (%) 39% 40% 46% 45% 35%
Crimes under POCSO Act
Acquittal (%) 61% 60% 54% 55% 65%

Inference:
 Conviction rate of cases of crime against women was the lowest (26%) followed by cases of
crime against children (32%).
 Conviction rate fallen from 2020 to 2021 in all crimes, i.e. 18% in IPC, 43% in SLL, 1% in Crime
Against women, 8% in Crime against children and 10% in POCSO Act cases.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 30

 VI. Human Resources in the Policing and Law and Order System

A. Police Personnel

Table 26: Designation wise overall number of police personnel in 2021 and 202226
2021 2022
% %
difference difference
Designation between between
Sanctioned Working Sanctioned Working
Sanctioned Sanctioned
and and
Working Working
Commissioner of
1 1 0% 1 1 0%
Police (C.P.)
Joint Commissioner
5 4 -20% 5 5 0%
of Police (Jt. C.P.)
Additional
Commissioner of 11 11 0% 11 10 -9%
Police (Addl. C.P.)
Deputy
Commissioner of 41 40 -2% 42 31 -26%
Police (D.C.P.)
Assistant
Commissioner of 128 69 -46% 128 75 -41%
Police (A.C.P.)
Police Inspector (P.I.) 1,032 954 -8% 1,031 1,058 3%
Assistant Police
1,093 1,143 5% 1,092 1,233 13%
Inspector (A.P.I.)
Police Sub -
3,279 2,702 -18% 3,279 2,483 -24%
Inspector (P.S.I.)
Assistant Police Sub-
3,221 2,585 -20% 3,221 2,402 -25%
Inspector (A.S.I)
Head Constable
8,246 6,945 -16% 8,246 6,175 -25%
(H.C.)
Police Naik (P.N.) 7,198 5,864 -19% 7,198 5,122 -29%
Police Constable
21,957 17,738 -19% 21,957 16,383 -25%
(P.C.)
Technical Posts 5,043 3,340 -34% 5,535 2,523 -54%
Total Police Force 51,255 41,396 -19% 51,746 37,501 -28%

Inference:
 As of 31st July 2022, the number of sanctioned police personnel posts was 51,746 of which
37,501 personnel were working, a shortfall of 28%.
 There was a shortage of the officers involved in investigation such as a 18% shortage of P.I and
P.S.I posts.

26
Data as of 31st July 2021 and 2022 respectively.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 31

Table 27: Department wise Police Personnel27 in 2021 and 2022
2021 2022
% %
difference difference
Department Police Police Police Police
between between
Personnel Personnel Personnel Personnel
Sanctioned Sanctioned
Sanctioned Working Sanctioned Working
and and
Working Working
Special
Branch (I - 1,139 819 -28% 1,139 855 -25%
CID)
Special
Branch (II - 443 343 -23% 443 376 -15%
Passport)
Crime
1,948 1,519 -22% 1,948 1,539 -21%
Branch
Protection
2,346 1,422 -39% 2,350 1,503 -36%
and Security
Armed
13,465 10,836 -20% 13,461 9,931 -26%
Police
Wireless
447 271 -39% 447 250 -44%
Section
Traffic 4,150 3,686 -11% 4,150 2,723 -34%
Control
267 153 -43% 267 153 -43%
Room
Motor
48 57 19% 46 49 7%
Transport
Technical
5,043 2,873 -43% 5,535 2,523 -54%
Post
Total 29,296 21,979 -25% 29,786 19,902 -33%

Inference:
 In the police personnel allocated to the different police departments, there is a total gap of
33% in 2022.
 Highest shortage in personnel in technical post (54%) followed by Wireless section (44%).
 The control room where crime surveillance and taking of complaints through helpline numbers
is done, had the shortage in personnel (43%) in 2022.

27
Does not include personnel sanctioned and working in police stations.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 32

Table 28: Police Personnel details of Supervisory level officers in 2021 and 2022

2021 2022

% %
Supervisory difference difference
level officers between between
Sanctioned Working Sanctioned Working
Sanctioned Sanctioned
and and
Working Working
C.P., Jt. C.P.,
Addl. C.P., D.C.P. 186 125 -33% 187 122 -35%
and A.C.P.

Inference:
There was a shortage of 35% in supervisory level personnel in the police force in 2022, increase from
33% in 2021.

Table 29: Police Personnel Major Causes of Death28 from January 2018 to December 2021
Major Causes of Death 2018 2019 2020 2021
Covid-19 0 0 100 24
Heart Diseases 26 20 16 35
Jaundice and Liver 9 22 13 9
Cancer 15 13 11 11
Accidental Death 9 7 10 9
Kidney 2 4 8 11
Suicide 7 3 4 8
Diabetes 6 4 3 5
Tuberculosis 5 6 2 10
HIV 0 0 0 2
Other Diseases 50 65 63 32
Total 129 144 230 156

Inference:
 Highest cause of death reported from 2018 to 2021 was of Covid-19 (124 deaths), followed by
Heart Diseases (97) and Jaundice and liver (53).
 Death due to Heart disease have increased by 119% from 2020 to 2021.
 22 cases of death by suicide were reported from 2018 to 2021.

28
As per RTI Data

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 33

 B. Railway Personnel

Table 30: Railway Police Personnel29 in the Railway Police Stations30 in 202231
% Difference
between
Designation Sanctioned Working
Sanctioned and
Working
Police Inspector (P.I.) 27 25 -7%
Asst. Police Inspector (A.P.I.) 19 17 -11%
Police Sub - Inspector (P.S.I.) 79 23 -71%
Assistant Police Sub-inspector 202 151 -25%
Constable32 1,892 1,241 -34%
Total 2,219 1,457 -34%

Inference:
 There was a shortage of 34% in railway police personnel, highest being in P.S.I (71%) followed
by constable (34%).
 There was a shortage of 7% in P.I. (Police Inspector) personnel.

29
Government Railway Police (GRP).
30
Includes C.S.T., Dadar, Kurla, Wadala, Churchgate, Mumbai central, Bandra, Andheri and Borivali.
31
As on 31st March, 2022.
32
Constable includes Police Havaldar, Police Naik and Police Constable.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 34

 C. Separation of Investigation and Law and Order Functions

A standing order was passed by former Director General of Police, Sanjeev Dayal, dated 24/05/2015
titled ‘Separation of investigation in cases triable under sessions court from law & order’ in furtherance
of a Supreme Court Judgement in 2006 which laid this out as one of the police reforms to be
implemented. Separation of policing and law and order functions ensures that police personnel
involved in investigation of cases are not diverted to perform law and order functions such as
bandobast duty. The standing order provided for setting up of separate investigation unit staff, which
can undertake timely investigation of cases. Data regarding the implementation of the standing order
has been available since 2017, however the same has not been provided for the year 2021. Responses
received from PIO to our RTI application for the year 2022 states, “Information is not available in our
office records” and below is the snapshot of the same.

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 35

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 36
 VII. Deliberations by MLAs33

Table 31: Issue wise questions related to crime asked by MLAs from Winter 2019 to Winter 2021.
Winter 2019, Budget 2020, Budget 2021,
Issues Monsoon 2021, Winter 2021
Monsoon 2020, Winter 2020
Murder 30 25
Rape 10 10
Rioting 3 3
Crime Against Children 26 6
Crime Against Women 55 11
Accident/Fatal Accident 43 13
Drugs 28 9
Extortion/Kidnapping/Threat 4 3
Scams/Corruption 1 0
Terrorism related 3 2
Theft 3 1
Wrong Conduct/Action by Police 10 7
Police and Establishment 100 48
Other Crime related 241 152
Grand Total 557 290

Inference:
 25 questions were raised on murder related cases by MLAs from Budget 2021 to Winter 2021.
 Although crimes related rape increased from 2020 to 2021, only 10 questions were raised on
rape cases from Budget 2021 to Winter 2021.
 Despite the rising crimes against women and children, only 6 questions were raised on crime
against children & 11 on Crime Against Women.

33
As per RTI data

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 37

 VIII. Annexures

A. Station wise Mumbai Railway Crime Statistics

Table 32: Station Wise Mumbai Railway Crime Statistics from 2017 to 2021
CST Dadar
Major Crimes
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Murder 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Dacoity/Robbery 7 36 57 48 31 62 183 203 40 37
All Thefts 1,616 2,495 1,991 558 437 2,075 2,574 2,172 579 599
Rape 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
Molestation 7 8 6 1 1 7 11 14 1 3
Other IPC 28 44 78 21 17 42 31 37 12 15
Total 1,658 2,584 2,132 629 488 2,187 2,799 2,427 632 654

Kurla Wadala
Major Crimes
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Murder 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 2
Dacoity/Robbery 84 201 266 48 50 65 107 196 127 83
All Thefts 3,134 5,043 4,112 887 424 1,803 3,177 2,341 558 315
Rape 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Molestation 7 11 14 5 1 4 7 13 4 0
Other IPC 53 69 91 22 14 10 17 38 11 9
Total 3,279 5,326 4,487 962 490 1,884 3,310 2,589 701 409

Churchgate MCT
Major Crimes
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Murder 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Dacoity/Robbery 17 8 16 4 8 27 60 55 16 26
All Thefts 413 475 450 122 141 1,616 2,244 1,645 418 297
Rape 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
Molestation 8 8 5 3 0 9 11 10 7 2
Other IPC 2 5 6 1 3 13 12 21 13 16
Total 440 496 478 130 153 1,666 2,328 1,732 454 341

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 38

 Bandra Andheri
Major Crimes
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Murder 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dacoity/Robbery 15 84 91 32 30 100 83 119 33 33
All Thefts 1,587 2,735 1,759 440 285 1,625 2,162 1,929 406 301
Rape 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Molestation 4 9 6 5 4 10 16 13 1 2
Other IPC 14 13 22 12 11 13 22 14 8 15
Total 1,621 2,842 1,879 489 330 1,748 2,283 2,075 448 351

Borivali
Major Crimes
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
Murder 1 2 0 0 0
Dacoity/Robbery 51 106 188 68 56
All Thefts 3,171 4,573 2,886 755 492
Rape 1 0 0 0 2
Molestation 4 4 12 5 7
Other IPC 8 17 31 5 16
Total 3,236 4,702 3,117 833 573

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 39

B. Crime Head wise Investigation and Trial of IPC Cases from 2017 to 202134
Table 33 : Crime Head wise Investigation of IPC Cases from 2017 to 2021
Police Investigation
% of
Cases Cases cases
Cases Cases Cases
pending Cases pending pending
Total withdraw where where
for reported investiga for
Crime cases for n/transfe final charge-
Year investiga in the tion at investiga
Head investiga rred/abat report sheet
tion from current the end tion at
tion ed/quash submitte submitte
Previous year of the the end
ed d d
year year of the
year
CLASS - II SERIOUS OFFENCES
2017 251 127 378 0 10 144 224 59%
2018 224 164 388 1 4 148 235 61%
2019 Murder 235 168 404 0 12 168 224 55%
2020 224 148 372 0 7 148 217 58%
2021 217 162 379 0 7 147 225 59%
2017 113 287 400 4 12 278 106 27%
2018 106 319 425 1 6 249 169 40%
2019 Rape 169 394 563 0 11 353 199 35%
2020 199 322 521 1 6 223 291 56%
2021 291 364 655 1 21 377 256 39%
2017 1,824 1,713 3,537 3 92 1,430 2,012 57%
2018 2,012 2,038 4,050 3 173 1,642 2,232 55%
Molestatio
2019 2,232 2,069 4,301 0 134 1,659 2,508 58%
n
2020 2,508 1,507 4,015 1 110 1,082 2,822 70%
2021 2,822 1,625 4,447 0 163 1,513 2,771 62%
2017 1,972 2,159 4,131 1 581 173 3,376 82%
2018 Kidnapping 3,381 2,202 5,583 0 995 149 4,439 80%
2019 & 4,439 2,102 6,541 0 1,363 185 4,993 76%
2020 Abduction 4,993 1,173 6,166 0 992 113 5,061 82%
2021 5,061 1,590 6,651 0 982 153 5,516 83%
2017 2,892 1,167 4,059 2 50 989 3,018 74%
2018 3,018 1,501 4,519 1 140 1,020 3,358 74%
Grevious
2019 3,358 1,449 4,807 0 43 1,134 3,630 76%
Hurt
2020 3,630 1,068 4,698 0 28 699 3,971 85%
2021 3,971 1,219 5,190 0 26 1,027 4,137 80%
2017 9,809 10,137 19,946 32 1047 6,822 12,045 60%
2018 Total Class 12,050 11,350 23,400 9 1579 7,482 14,330 61%
2019 II Serious 14,330 10,256 24,587 0 1841 7,728 15,018 61%
2020 Offences 15,018 7,888 22,906 2 1402 4,789 16,713 73%
2021 16,713 9,128 25,841 1 1403 6,992 17,445 68%
Other I.P.C.
2017 56,560 28,898 85,458 39 8,604 16,105 60,710 71%
2018 60,710 29,407 90,117 34 8,229 16,947 64,907 72%
2019 Other IPC 64,907 30,428 95,339 3 13,403 20,188 61,745 65%
2020 61,745 42,270 1,04,015 5 8,035 16,631 79,344 76%
2021 79,344 54,561 1,33,905 2 7,351 36,184 90,368 67%
Total
2017 66,369 39,035 1,05,404 71 9,651 22,927 72,755 69%
2018 72,760 40,757 1,13,517 43 9,808 24,429 79,237 70%
2019 Total IPC 79,237 40,684 1,19,926 3 15,244 27,916 76,763 64%
2020 76,763 50,158 1,26,921 7 9,437 21,420 96,057 76%
2021 96,057 63,689 1,59,746 3 8,754 43,176 1,07,813 67%

34
As per RTI data from State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB)

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 40

Table 34 : Crime Head wise Trial of IPC Cases from 2017 to 2021
Trial by Courts

% of
Cases Cases Cases
Cases cases
pending withdraw Cases pending
taken for Total Cases pending
for trial n/transfe discharge Conviction trial at
Year Crime Head trial in cases for convicte for trial
from rred/abat d/ % the end
current trial d at the
previous ed/quash acquitted of the
year end of
year ed year
the year

CLASS - II SERIOUS OFFENCES

2017 2,616 144 2,760 2 43 41 49% 2,674 97%
2018 2,674 148 2,822 1 44 20 31% 2,757 98%
2019 Murder 2,757 168 2,925 3 41 25 38% 2,856 98%
2020 2,856 148 3,004 1 8 12 60% 2,983 99%
2021 2,983 147 3,130 3 17 14 45% 3,096 99%
2017 998 278 1,276 8 54 18 25% 1,196 94%
2018 1,196 249 1,445 5 61 28 31% 1,351 93%
2019 Rape 1,351 353 1,704 15 106 39 27% 1,544 91%
2020 1,544 223 1,767 3 46 11 19% 1,707 97%
2021 1,707 377 2,084 5 38 12 24% 2,029 97%
2017 6,247 1,430 7,677 96 226 85 27% 7,270 95%
2018 7,270 1,642 8,912 100 240 131 35% 8,441 95%
2019 Molestation 8,441 1,659 10,100 94 259 79 23% 9,668 96%
2020 9,668 1,082 10,750 34 102 28 22% 10,586 98%
2021 10,586 1,513 12,099 78 147 39 21% 11,835 98%
2017 1,970 173 2,143 2 36 18 33% 2,087 97%
2018 2,087 149 2,236 18 24 15 38% 2,179 97%
Kidnapping
2019 2,179 185 2,364 16 38 16 30% 2,294 97%
& Abduction
2020 2,294 113 2,407 2 17 2 11% 2,386 99%
2021 2,386 153 2,539 15 20 5 20% 2,499 98%
2017 38,569 989 39,558 155 420 81 16% 38,902 98%
2018 38,902 1,020 39,922 115 470 53 10% 39,284 98%
Grevious
2019 39,284 1,134 40,418 114 315 50 14% 39,939 99%
Hurt
2020 39,939 699 40,638 42 97 25 20% 40,474 100%
2021 40,474 1,027 41,501 82 200 30 13% 41,189 99%
2017 60,703 6,822 67,525 773 1,897 498 21% 64,357 95%
2018 Total CLASS - 64,357 7,482 71,839 713 2,046 510 20% 68,570 95%
2019 II SERIOUS 68,570 7,728 76,298 750 2,047 391 16% 73,110 96%
2020 OFFENCES 73,110 4,789 77,899 265 677 116 15% 76,841 99%
2021 76,841 6,992 83,833 485 1,062 178 14% 82,108 98%
Other I.P.C.
2017 1,45,005 16,105 1,61,110 4,570 4,274 4,680 52% 1,47,586 92%
2018 1,47,586 16,947 1,64,533 1,849 3,802 5,446 59% 1,53,436 93%
2019 Other IPC 1,53,436 20,188 1,73,624 2,224 3,507 7,068 67% 1,60,825 93%
2020 1,60,825 16,631 1,77,456 885 1,087 3,298 75% 1,72,186 97%
2021 1,72,186 36,184 2,08,370 1,524 7,726 8,004 51% 1,91,116 92%
Total
2017 2,05,708 22,927 2,28,635 5,343 6,171 5,178 46% 2,11,943 93%
2018 2,11,943 24,429 2,36,372 2,562 5,848 5,956 50% 2,22,006 94%
2019 Total IPC 2,22,006 27,916 2,49,922 2,974 5,554 7,459 57% 2,33,935 94%
2020 2,33,935 21,420 2,55,355 1,150 1,764 3,414 66% 2,49,027 98%
2021 2,49,027 43,176 2,92,203 2,009 8,788 8,182 48% 2,73,224 94%

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 41

 C. Key Pillars of the Criminal Justice System

The process of adjudication requires several factors to work together to get timely action in order to
ensure delivery of justice. The several entities come together to form the legal system which does not
function efficiently if even one of these entities is ineffective. The investigation, Public prosecution
and the Judiciary all need to work in sync for better dispensing of justice. Although no two cases in the
criminal trial are quite the same, we see that there is recurrent trend of acquittal in cases. The
unmerited acquittals mean serious injustice.

1) Police Investigation:
For Mumbai Police, Police sub-inspector (PSI) and above designations are involved in the work of
investigation. The shortage of police force severely impacts the efficiency of police investigation in
heinous crime cases. The serious shortfall in the police personnel is one of the reasons for repeated
failures to carry out a thorough investigation. Police investigation plays a crucial role in establishing
the case. The evidence if collected meticulously provides a strong ground for the public prosecutor
and the judiciary to work better. It is important to understand that if these institutions are not well
staffed it is going to disproportionately distribute the workload and hamper the performance of
investigating officers in carrying out a thorough investigation. The investigation officer needs to have
proper time and resources to pursue the case investigation. The issues of police department being
understaffed, overworked persists and it affects the performance of the police in investigating cases
of severity like rape cases of minors, murder, dowry deaths etc.

2) Public Prosecution:
The performance of criminal justice system depends on the efficient prosecution. It is prosecutor’s
responsibility to prove the case against the accused and if the prosecutor fails to do so, the case is
fated for acquittal. In many of the cases that were acquitted prosecutor could not quite fulfil the
responsibility of proving the case against the accused.

“The Prosecutor has a duty to the State, to the accused and to the Court. The Prosecutor is at all times
a minister of justice, though seldom so described. It is not the duty of the prosecuting counsel to secure
a conviction… His attitude should be so objective that he is, so far as humanly possible, indifferent to
the result. It may be argued that it is for the tribunal alone, whether magistrate or jury, to decide guilt
or innocence” (Christmas Humphreys (1955 Criminal Law Review 739 (740-741))35. Prosecutors have
authority independent of the police and have the responsibility of maintaining rule of law.

3) Sessions Courts:
The Sessions Court was established under the powers given to the State Government by Section 9 of
the Criminal Procedure Code. The Mumbai Sessions Court started functioning from 16th August
1948.36 Sessions courts are supposed to speedily and efficiently dispose of cases primarily within the
session. However, understaffed courts and procedural aspects of hearings and trials leads to
inefficiency in the judicial system. It is important that all these three limbs of the criminal justice
system work together to ensure delivery of justice.

35
Law Commission Report, 197th Report On Public Prosecutor’s Appointments can be accessed here.
36
http://ecourts.gov.in/mumbai/citycivil

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 42

 E. Key Sections under IPC and Other Acts
Sections/Acts Descriptions
302 Murder (302)
304 Culpable Homicide not amounting to murder
306 Abetment of suicide
307 Attempt to Murder
323 Voluntarily causing hurt
324 Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means
326 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means
326,325 Grievous hurt
332 Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty
333 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty
335 Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation
342 Punishment for wrongful confinement
344 Wrongful confinement for ten or more days
354 Assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty
363 Kidnapping
364 Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder
366 Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
366 A Procuration of minor girl
Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or
368
abducted person
372 Selling minor for purposes of prostitution etc.
376 Rape
377 Unnatural Offences
392 Robbery
394 Voluntarily Causing hurt in committing robbery
395 Dacoity
411 Dishonestly receiving stolen property
417 Punishment for cheating
420 Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property
Lurking house trespass or house-breaking by night in order to commit
457
offence punishable with imprisonment
489 A Counterfeiting currency-notes or bank-notes
489 B Using as genuine, forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
489 C Possession of forged or counterfeit currency-notes or bank-notes
506 Punishment for criminal intimidation
Attempting to commit offences punishable with imprisonment for life
511
or other imprisonment
120 B Criminal Conspiracy
14(a) Foreigners Act, 1946
3(1)(c) Official Secrets Act
Section 4 and 6, POCSO Act Child Rape (under the age of 18)
Section 8 and 10, POCSO Act Sexual Assault of children (under the age of 18)
Section 12, POCSO Act Sexual harassment of children (under the age of 18)

State of Policing and Law and Order in Mumbai 43