11/26/2024

Electrical Circuits I

Lecture 25

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan

Dept. of EEE, BUET 1

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
Magnetism refers to the force that acts between magnets and
magnetic materials. We know, for example, that magnets attract
pieces of iron, deflect compass needles, attract or repel other
magnets, and so on. This force acts at a distance and without the
need for direct physical contact. The region where the force is felt
is called the “field of the magnet” or simply, its magnetic field.
Thus, a magnetic field is a force field.

Faraday’s flux concept helps us visualize this field. Using

Faraday’s representation, magnetic fields are drawn as lines in
space. These lines, called magnetic flux lines or lines of force,
show the direction and intensity of the field at all points.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
The field is strongest at the poles of the magnet (where flux
lines are most dense), its direction is from north (N) to south
(S) external to the magnet, and flux lines never cross. The
symbol for magnetic flux is the Greek letter φ(phi).

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Magnetic Materials
The overall magnetic behavior of a material can vary widely, depending
on the structure of the material, particularly on its electron configuration.

Ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials are the ones normally

thought of as magnetic; they are attracted to a magnet strongly enough
that the attraction can be felt. These materials are the only ones that
can retain magnetization and become magnets;
Paramagnetic substances, such as platinum, aluminum, and oxygen,
are weakly attracted to either pole of a magnet. This attraction is
hundreds of thousands of times weaker than that of ferromagnetic
materials, so it can only be detected by using sensitive instruments or
using extremely strong magnets

Diamagnetic means repelled by both poles. Compared to paramagnetic

and ferromagnetic substances, diamagnetic substances, such as
carbon, copper, water, and plastic, are even more weakly repelled by a
magnet.
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Electromagnetism

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Magnetic Circuits

12.3 Magnetic Flux and Flux Density

The flux density

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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RELUCTANCE Applied magnetomotive force

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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The level of magnetic flux established in a ferromagnetic core is a

direction function of the permeability of the material.
Ferromagnetic materials have a very high level of permeability,
while nonmagnetic materials such as air and wood have very low
levels.

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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OHM’S LAW FOR MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

MAGNETIZING FORCE

Magnetizing force (H)

The magnetizing force is independent of the type of core

material—it is determined solely by the number of turns, the
current, and the length of the core
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET
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HYSTERESIS

BR, which remains when the

magnetizing force is zero, is called the
residual flux density

entire curve
represented by
bcdefb is called Greek
the hysteresis hysterein,
curve. meaning “to
lag behind.”

Hd required to “coerce” the flux

density to reduce its level to zero is
called the coercive force, a measure of
the coercivity of the magnetic sample
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET
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HYSTERESIS

BR, which remains when the

magnetizing force is zero, is called the
residual flux density

entire curve
represented by
bcdefb is called Greek
the hysteresis hysterein,
curve. meaning “to
lag behind.”

Hd required to “coerce” the flux

density to reduce its level to zero is
called the coercive force, a measure of
the coercivity of the magnetic sample
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET
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Hysteresis loss
Whenever the core is subjected to an alternating magnetic field,
the domain present in the material will change their orientation
after every half cycle. The power consumed by the magnetic
domains for changing the orientation after every half cycle is
called Hysteresis loss.
As the magnetic material works in alternating current, there are
reversals of flux in every cycles. So, the domains also changes
their positions w.r.t the cycle. Due to the frequent changing of the
positions, there is some certain amount of work done. For this
reason, there is some amount of electrical energy wasted. This
wasted energy is known as Hysteresis Loss.

The Hysteresis Loss Wh=wasted energy in Watts,

is given by Kh=hysteresis constant
Wh  K h f Bm  f=frequency
1.6
Bm=Maximum flux density Wb/m2
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Hysteresis loss can be reduced by using material having least

hysteresis loop area. Hence silicon steel or high grade steel is
used for manufacturing of transformer core as it is having very
less hysteresis loop area.

If the entire cycle is repeated, the curve obtained for the same
core will be determined by the maximum H applied. Three
hysteresis loops for the same material for maximum values of H
less than the saturation value are shown in Figure
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to assign a particular value of B to each value of H, we compromise by

connecting the tips of the hysteresis loops. The resulting curve is called
the normal magnetization curve.
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a point symmetry about the origin;

that is, the inverted pattern to the
left of the vertical axis is the same
as that appearing to the right of the
vertical axis. In addition, you will
find that a further application of the
same magnetizing forces to the
sample results in the same plot.

Domain theory of magnetism

The atom, due to its spinning
electrons, has a magnetic field
associated with it.
In magnetic materials the magnetic
fields of groups of atoms
numbering in the order of 1012 are
aligned, forming very small bar
magnets. This group of
magnetically aligned atoms is
Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET
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Domain theory of magnetism

AMPÈRE’S CIRCUITAL LAW  NI l

    NI
For magnetic circuits   A
 NI
B  H

A l

Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET

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Prof. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan, Dept. of EEE, BUET 17

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