Math 2

Section 2
Partial Differentiation
Rules & Examples
Partial Derivatives
• Partial differentiation is a technique used in calculus to find the derivative of a
function with multiple variables while keeping all other variables constant except
for the one being differentiated.
• Notations for Partial Derivatives
If 𝒛 = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 , we write
𝝏𝒇 𝝏 𝝏𝒛
𝒇𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒇𝒙 = = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = = 𝒇𝟏 = 𝑫𝟏 𝒇 = 𝑫𝒙 𝒇
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝒇 𝝏 𝝏𝒛
𝒇𝒚 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒇𝒚 = = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = = 𝒇𝟐 = 𝑫𝟐 𝒇 = 𝑫𝒚 𝒇
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
• Rule for Finding Partial Derivatives of 𝑧 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦
• To find 𝒇𝒙 , regard 𝒚 as a constant and differentiate 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 with respect to 𝒙.
• To find 𝒇𝒚 , regard 𝒙 as a constant and differentiate 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 with respect to 𝒚.
Partial Derivatives
• Notice the difference between the partial derivative and the
ordinary derivative from single variable calculus.
𝒅𝒇
•𝒇 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒇′ 𝒙 =
𝒅𝒙
𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝒇
• 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 ⇒ 𝒇𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚 = & 𝒇𝒚 𝒙, 𝒚 =
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
First order Partial Derivatives
• To get partial derivative 𝒇𝒙 of a function 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 , we assume 𝒚 as a constant and
differentiate with respect to 𝑥.
• Similarly, to get partial derivative 𝒇𝒚 , we assume 𝒙 as a constant and differentiate
with respect to 𝑦.
• Example: The first-order partial derivatives of the following:
• 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟑𝒂𝒙𝒚
• 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒚. 𝟏 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒚, 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒙. 𝟏 = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟑𝒂𝒙.
𝒙𝒚𝟐 +𝒚
• 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒆 ,
𝒙𝒚𝟐 +𝒚 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝒚𝟐 +𝒚 𝒙𝒚𝟐 +𝒚
• 𝒇𝒙 = 𝒆 𝟏. 𝒚 + 𝟎 = 𝒚 𝒆 , 𝒇𝒚 = 𝒆 𝒙. 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟏 = ሺ𝟐𝒙𝒚
First order Partial Derivatives
• Find all the first order partial derivatives for the following functions:
𝒛𝟑
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒆𝒛 𝒚 𝟒 + + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝒙𝟏𝟔
𝒙𝟐

Partial Derivatives:
𝝏𝒇 𝟐𝒛𝟑
= 𝒇𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝒙 𝒚 − 𝟑 − 𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟓
𝟐 𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝒙
𝝏𝒇
= 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟖𝒙𝟑 𝒚 − 𝟒𝒆𝒛 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟒
𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝒇 𝒛 𝟒 𝟑𝒛𝟐
= 𝒇𝒛 = −𝒆 𝒚 +
𝝏𝒛 𝒙𝟐
First order Partial Derivatives
• Find all the first order partial derivatives for the following functions:
𝟗𝒖 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
1. 𝒛 = 2. 𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒛𝟐
𝒖𝟐 +𝟓𝒗
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
𝟗 𝒖𝟐 +𝟓𝒗 −𝟗𝒖 𝟐𝒖 −𝟗𝒖𝟐 +𝟒𝟓𝒗 𝒈𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 =
𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝒖 = =
𝒖𝟐 +𝟓𝒗
𝟐
𝒖𝟐 +𝟓𝒗
𝟐
𝒙𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚
𝒈𝒚 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 =
𝟎 𝒖𝟐 +𝟓𝒗 −𝟗𝒖 𝟓 −𝟒𝟓𝒖
𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝒗 = 𝟐 = 𝟐 • To differentiate with respect to 𝑧, we rewrite
𝒖𝟐 +𝟓𝒗 𝒖𝟐 +𝟓𝒗
the function to avoid the quotient rule:
𝒈 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = 𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝒛−𝟐
−𝟐𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚
𝒈𝒛 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 = −𝟐𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝒛−𝟑 =
𝒛𝟑
First order Partial Derivatives
• Find all the first order partial derivatives for the following functions:
𝒇 𝒖, 𝒗 = 𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝒗𝟑 − 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒𝒖 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒗
Partial Derivatives:
𝝏𝒇
= 𝒇𝒖 = 𝟐𝒖𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝒗𝟑 + 𝒖𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝒗𝟑 − 𝟒𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒖 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝟐𝒗
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒇 𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒𝒖
= 𝒇𝒗 = 𝟑𝒗 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝒗 −
𝝏𝒗 𝟏+𝟒𝒗𝟐
First order Partial Derivatives
• Find all the first order partial derivatives for the following functions:
a) 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎
b) 𝒘 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟑 + 𝟒𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒚
𝟗 𝟕
c) 𝒉 𝒔, 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟕 𝐥𝐧 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒕𝟑 − 𝒔𝟒
𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟓𝒚𝟑
d) 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒆
 First order Partial Derivatives
• 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒 + 𝟔 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎 • 𝒉 𝒔, 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟕 𝐥𝐧 𝒔𝟐 +
𝟗
𝟑 −
𝟕
𝒔𝟒
𝒕
𝒇𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 𝟑 𝒉 𝒔, 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟕 𝐥𝐧 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟗𝒕 −𝟑
−𝒔𝟒/𝟕

𝝏𝒉 𝟐𝒔 𝟒 −𝟑/𝟕 𝟐𝒕𝟕 𝟒
𝟑 𝒉𝒔 𝒔, 𝒕 = = 𝒕𝟕 𝟐 − 𝒔 = − 𝒔−𝟑/𝟕
𝒇𝒚 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝝏𝒔 𝒔 𝟕 𝒔 𝟕
𝒚 𝝏𝒉
𝒉𝒕 𝒔, 𝒕 = = 𝟕𝒕𝟔 𝐥𝐧 𝒔𝟐 − 𝟐𝟕𝒕−𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝟑 𝝏𝒕
• 𝒘 = 𝒙 𝒚 − 𝟏𝟎𝒚 𝒛 + 𝟒𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝒚 𝟒 𝟐 𝟑
• 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒆𝒙 𝒚−𝟓𝒚
𝒙
𝝏𝒘 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝒚−𝟓𝒚𝟑
= 𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝟒𝟑 𝒇𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚 = −𝐬𝐢𝐧 − 𝒆𝒙
𝝏𝒙 𝒙 𝒙𝟐
𝟒 𝟐 𝒚−𝟓𝒚𝟑 𝟒 𝟒 𝟐 𝒚−𝟓𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒘 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒆𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒆𝒙
= 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝒛𝟑 − 𝟐𝟖𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝟒𝒚 𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟓𝒚𝟑
+ 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒆
𝝏𝒘 𝒙
= −𝟑𝟎𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐 𝟒 𝒙𝟐 𝒚−𝟓𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒛 𝒇𝒚 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟓𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒆
𝒙
First order Partial Derivatives
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
• Find and if 𝒛 = 𝒙𝟒 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙𝒚𝟑
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝝏𝒛 𝝏
• = 𝒙𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙

Using the product rule:

𝝏 𝝏
= 𝒙𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑 = 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙
+ 𝟒𝒙𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒛 𝝏
• = 𝒙𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚

Using the product rule:

𝝏 𝝏
= 𝒙𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑 𝒙𝟒 = 𝒙𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒚𝟑 ⋅ 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒚𝟑 ⋅ 𝟎
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚
= 𝟑𝒙𝟓 𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙𝒚𝟑
Higher order Partial Derivatives
• Just as we had higher order derivatives with functions of one variable we
will also have higher order derivatives of functions of more than one variable
• Consider the case of a function of two variables, f(x,y) since both of the first order
partial derivatives are also functions of x and y we could in turn differentiate each
with respect to x or y. This means that for the case of a function of two variables
there will be a total of four possible second order derivatives.
𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏 𝝏𝒇 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏 𝝏𝒇
= = 𝒇𝒙𝒙 = = 𝒇𝒙𝒚
𝛛𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
Differentiate twice with respect to 𝒙. Differentiate first with respect to 𝒙 and then with
𝟐
respect to 𝒚.
𝝏 𝒇 𝝏 𝝏𝒇 𝟐
= = 𝒇 𝒚𝒚
𝝏 𝒇 𝝏 𝝏𝒇
𝛛𝒚 𝟐 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒚 = = 𝒇𝒚𝒙
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚
Differentiate twice with respect to 𝒚. Differentiate first with respect to 𝒚 and then with
respect to 𝒙.
Higher order Partial Derivatives
• Example 1: Find all the second-order derivatives for
𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟓𝒚 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 .
First-order derivatives:
𝒇𝒙 𝒙, 𝒚 = −𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒆𝟓𝒚 𝒇𝒚 𝒙, 𝒚 = −𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔𝒚
Second-order derivatives:
𝒇𝒙𝒙 = −𝟒𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟐𝒆𝟓𝒚
𝒇𝒙𝒚 = −𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒆𝟓𝒚
𝒇𝒚𝒙 = −𝟏𝟎𝒙𝒆𝟓𝒚
𝒇𝒚𝒚 = −𝟐𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔 Note: 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = 𝒇𝒚𝒙
Higher order Partial Derivatives
• Example 2: Find all 2nd order derivatives for the following function:
𝒈 𝒖, 𝒗 = 𝒖𝟑 𝒗𝟒 − 𝟐𝒖 𝒗𝟑 + 𝒖𝟔 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒗
First, we know we’ll need the two 1st order partial derivatives. Here they are:
𝟑 𝟏
𝒈𝒖 = 𝟑𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟒 − 𝟐𝒗 + 𝟔𝒖𝟓𝟐 𝒈𝒗 = 𝟒𝒖𝟑 𝒗𝟑 − 𝟑𝒖𝒗 − 𝟑𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒗
𝟐

Now let’s compute each of the 2nd order partial derivatives.

𝒈𝒖𝒖 = 𝒈𝒖 𝒖 = 𝟔𝒖𝒗𝟒 + 𝟑𝟎𝒖𝟒
𝟏
𝒈𝒖𝒗 = 𝒈𝒖 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟑 − 𝟑𝒗 𝟐
𝟏
𝒈𝒗𝒖 = 𝒈𝒖𝒗 = 𝟏𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝒗𝟑 − 𝟑𝒗𝟐
𝟑 −𝟏
𝒈𝒗𝒗 = 𝒈𝒗 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟐𝒖𝟑 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒖𝒗 𝟐 + 𝟗𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒗
𝟐
Higher order Partial Derivatives
Higher order Partial Derivatives
Higher order Partial Derivatives
• So far we have only looked at second-order derivatives. There are, of course,
higher-order derivatives as well. Here are a couple of the third-order partial
derivatives of a function of two variables.
𝝏 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟑 𝒇
• 𝒇𝒙𝒚𝒙 = 𝒇𝒙𝒚 = =
𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚𝝏𝒙

𝝏 𝝏𝟐 𝒇 𝝏𝟑 𝒇
• 𝒇𝒚𝒙𝒙 = 𝒇𝒚𝒙 = =
𝒙 𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 𝛛𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚
THANK YOU !