** TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO

1. Mệnh đề thời gian là gì?

Đó là những mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ thời gian như: when (khi, vào
lúc), while, as (trong khi), until, till (cho đến khi), as soon as, once (ngay khi), before, by the
time (trước khi), after (sau khi), as long as, so long as (chừng nào mà), since (từ khi)…
Ví dụ: When we were in New York, we saw several plays.
– I’ll phone you as soon as I get back from work.
– We stayed there until it stopped raining.
*Lưu ý: Mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu. Nếu mệnh đề trạng ngữ
chỉ thời gian đứng ở đầu câu sẽ ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy (comma).
2. Sự phối hợp giữa động từ trong mệnh đề chính và mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian.
2.1. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở thì hiện tại đơn.
S+ V- Tương lai đơn + until / when / as soon as + S + V-Hiện tại đơn
Ví dụ: She won't come until it is 9 o'clock. (Cô ấy sẽ không đến cho tới 9 giờ.)
2.2. Khi mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian ở thì quá khứ đơn.
- Quá khứ đơn + when/ until/ before/ after/ as soon as + Quá khứ đơn
Ví dụ: She cried as soon as she heard the news. (Cô ấy khóc ngay khi cô ấy nghe thấy tin đó.)
- Quá khứ tiếp diễn + when + Quá khứ đơn
Ví dụ: We were having dinner when she came. (Khi cô ấy tới, chúng tôi đang ăn tối.)

BÀI TẬP ÁP DỤNG

Exercise 1. Complete each of the sentences with a suitable word or phrase from the box.

1. People in my neighbourhood are doing a lot to save _____________

2. One effective way to reduce your __________ is to walk or cycle whenever you can

3 . Con Dao National Park provides a rich _____________ for marine life.

4. Do you know that _____________ can cause pollution?

5. Forests help release oxygen and absorb _____________; they also provide homes for many

species.

6. _____________ is a serious environmental concern as it harms natural habitats.

7. An____________may be a whole forest, or a small pond, and it can be of any size.

8. By planting trees and ______________ , we can improve our environment.

9. We can plant more trees in our neighbourhood to help protect our _____________

10. We should avoid dumping _____________ into lakes and rivers to reduce water pollution.
Exercise 2 : Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences.
1. I will call you before I ________ over.
A. come B. will come C. will be coming D. came
2. After she graduates, she ________ a job.
A. got B. will get C. had got D. get
3. When I _________ him tomorrow, I will ask him.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. see
4. As soon as it _________ raining, we will leave.
A. stop B. stops C. had stopped D. stopped
5. Whenever I ________ her, I say hello.
A. will have seen B. will see C. see D. saw
6. The next time I go to New York, I am going ________ a ballet.
A. seeing B. see C. saw D. to see
7. By the time Bill ______ to bed tomorrow, he will have had a full day and will be ready for
sleep.
A. had gone B. will go C. goes D. went
8. As soon as I finish my report, I will call you and we ________ out for dinner.
A. went B. will go C. will have gone D. go
9. After he _______ breakfast tomorrow, he will get ready to go to work.
A. will have had B. have C. will be having D. has
10. As soon as he finishes dinner, he _______ the children for a work to a nearby playground.
A. will take B. takes C. will be taking D. took
11. When Bill gets home, his children ___________ in the yard.
A. played B. will play C. to playing D. play
12. He will work at his desk until he ______ to another meeting in the middle of the afternoon.
A. went B. go C. will go D. goes
13. I will get home at 5:30. After I get home, I ________ dinner.
A. will have B. will be having C. had D. have
14 . As soon as the taxi _________, we will be able to leave for the airport.
A. arrive B. arrives C. will arrive D. arrived
15. I will go to bed after I _________my work.
A. will finish B. finished C. finish D. finishes
16. We should not only____more trees but also put much more effort into protecting existing
forests.
A. plant B. reduce C. stop D. cut down
17. Lead and aluminium are common ____________ that can be found in drinking water.
A. contamination B. contaminated C. contaminates D. contaminants
18. People all over the world are working to help save ____________ animals from extinction.
A. danger B. endangered C. dangerous D. dangerously
19. A(n) ____________ is the total amount of greenhouse gases that are generated by our actions.
A. carbon footprint B. carbon dioxide C. global warming D. ecosystem
20. Some manufacturers offered incentives for return of batteries, so that they can ____________
or dispose of them safely.
A. waste B. dump C. recycle D. throw away
21. ____________ power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work.
A. Natural gas B. Coal C. Oil D. Wind
22. ____________ pollution is the contamination of bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, oceans,
and groundwater.
A. Water B. Air C. Soil D. Noise
23. Around 7 million ____________ of plants and animals exist on the Earth.
A. means B. classes C. styles D. species
24. Forest fires do not only ____________ in environmental damage but also huge costs in
extinguishing the fires.
A. contribute B. result C. lead D. create
25. Cars and trucks pump out thousands of tonnes of poisonous ____________ every year.
A. pollutants B. exhaust pipes C. fumes D. chemicals
26. I was not at home _______ he came to see me yesterday.

A.when B.until C.as soon as D. while

27. We called the forest guard unit _______ we saw the bush fire.

A.as soon as B.while C.until D. after

28. I went straight to the gym _______ I left home.

A.while B.before C.after D. until

29. You can stay with us _______ you find a suitable place to stay.
A.as soon as B.before C.until

30. We cleaned up everything at the campsite _______ we left.

A.until B.before C.while

31. Awareness of environmental damage from ______________ bags is growing.

A. simple-use B. single-uses C. single-use D. single-used

32. They announced an analysis of the carbon ______________ of leading companies.

A. spaces B. contents C. emissions D. footprints
33. The CCTV cameras are intended to reduce ______________ in the area.
A. untidiness B. emptiness C. littering D. dropping
34. She studies mountain gorillas in their natural ______________.
A. habitual B. habitat C. living D. place
35. This region is the ______________ of many species of wild flowers.
A. home B. house C. household D. homework
36. The restaurant has a ______________ menu that includes dishes from all over the world.
A. different B. various C. diverse D. diversity
37. ______________ in the area includes deer, bears, and eagles.
A. Wildfire B. Wild life C. Wildly D. Wildlife
38. Their main goal is to promote environmental ______________.
A. loss B. problem C. issue D. protection
39. Unfortunately, fertilizers from surrounding farmland has reduced the ______________ life.
A. marine B. sea C. water D. lake
40. They were fined for illegally ______________ waste into the river.
A. treating B. dumping C. dealing with D. creating
41. You can learn to appreciate the___________around you by participating in outdoor activities.

A. natural resources B. habitat C. trees D. endangered species

42. We organise a Clean and Grow Day each month to make our neighbourhood a___place to live.

A. spacious B. urban C. friendly D. convenient

43. Water______ can kill a lot of water life like fish and plants.

A. pollution B. use C. source D. supply

44. The factory dumps a lot of_______________into the river and pollutes it.

A. materials B. products C. rubbish D. water

45. Saving energy reduces air pollution and greenhouse gases. The less we pollute our
environment, the more we______global warming.

A. develop B. endanger C. prevent D. damage

46. The environment becomes helpless in protecting us if we disturb its natural______and force it
to harm us.

A. cycle B. event C. arrangement D. agreement

Exercise 3: Read the following passage and choose the best answer A, B, C, or D for each
numbered blank.
A greenhouse is a building made of glass, where you can grow flowers and vegetables that need a
lot of warmth. Sunlight (1) __________ through the glass and warms the greenhouse while the
glass keeps the heat from escaping.
The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of gases that acts just (2) _________ greenhouse. Factories,
electric power plants and cars make a lot of new gases. These gases are trapping more and more of
the sun's (3) _______. This is called "the greenhouse effect".
If the Earth's temperature increases by just a few degrees, it will change the weather all over the
planet. Some places will become too hot to live in or to grow (4) __________ anymore. This will
cause a lot of people to starve.
That is why people must do their best to stop the greenhouse effect by (5) __________ fewer
energy-consuming products and planting trees.

1.A. becomes B. shines C. enters D. goes

2.A. similar B. different C. like D. as
3.A. heat B. warmth C. cold D. cool
4.A. crops B. animals C. species D. plants
5.A. making B. maintaining C. releasing D. using
Exercise 4: Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
Saving the Environment: One Home at a Time
Pollution can be seen not only throughout the world, but also in our own homes. It comes from
household chemicals, the amount of water people use and the waste people produce and throw
away. What can be done to stop this pollution? Surprisingly, a person can help save the
environment by doing simple things.
First, we need to recycle, which allows products to be used over and over again. Recycling can
also reduce the number of trees cut down to produce paper products. It takes very little effort. It is
not hard to place plastic and glass bottles, aluminum cans and paper in a bin. Anyone can do it.
Second, we need to watch the amount of water used in the home. It can be conserved by taking
short showers instead of baths, repairing leaky faucets, using the dishwasher or washing machine
only when fully loaded, or simply turning the faucet off while brushing your teeth.
Third, we need to reduce waste. We need to recycle whenever possible, but should also try to use
this waste effectively. For example, grass clippings and food scraps can be made into compost for
plants. The average person produces 4.3 pounds of waste every day, but we can reduce that
amount by recycling and reusing.
If we do our part in our own homes, we can help keep the planet from becoming more polluted.
1. Pollution can be caused from the following sources except ____________.
A. house chemicals B. water from households
C. wastes D. water in rivers
2. Recycling can help us ____________.
A. never cut down trees
B. use products again and again
C. place garbage bins easily
D. produce more paper products following things except.
3. In order to save water, we can do all of the ____________.
A. take short showers instead of baths
B. repair leaky faucets
C. fully use the washing machine
D. turn the faucet off' while brushing your teeth
4. Recycling helps to reduce waste because ____________.
A. plants need to develop
B. a person can do it in his home
C. waste can be recycled and reused
D. an average man produces compost for plants
5. The word “It” in paragraph 2 refers to ____________.
A. recycling B. the number C. cutting down D. effort
Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. I’ll stay here while / before I until Jack gets back and we’ll go together.
2. When / Before / Until you read his stories, you know that he’s a good writer.
3. You are too young to understand. I will explain it to you when / before I while you are older.
4. The children will want to go swimming before / as soon as / until they see the river.
5. The plane won’t take off after / until / while the clouds go off.
6. He will give you a job when / before / until you have enough qualifications.
7. I will finish my homework before / until / as soon as my father arrives home late this evening.
8. I will do the next task as soon as / before / by the time I have finished the first one.
9. Mother to her son: I won’t let you watch TV before / when / until you finish your homework.
10. He usually surfs the Internet on his smartphone before / after / while he is waiting for the bus.
Exercise : Combine the pairs of the sentences, using the conjunction in the brackets.
1. I arrive at the station. I will call you right after. (as soon as)
______________________________________________________________________
2. Many Vietnamese women wear conical hats. They work in the field. (when)

______________________________________________________________________
3. My father taught me how to use the computer. Then he bought one for me. (before)

______________________________________________________________________
4. Nick is reading a novel. Jack is reading a cartoon. (while)

______________________________________________________________________
5. The tornado hit. There were only a few houses left standing. (after)

______________________________________________________________________
6. The rivers and canals are dry because there are many dams in the upstream.

Due to______________________________________________________________________

7. It’s a good idea for the governments to punish the polluters with large fines.

The governments should________________________________________________________

8. We can’t slow down climate change unless we stop using fossil fuels.

If__________________________________________________________________________