COMPLEX SENTENCES

Exercise 1: Match the two halves of the sentence.

1. Overfertilization contributes to soil pollution, a. as soon as they noticed the oil spill.
2. If we continue using lots of single-use b. due to discharge of pollutants in the water
products, bodies.
3. Lake, river, ocean and groundwater get c. for plastic waste to completely decompose.
contaminated
4. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas d. as a result of the removal of vegetation.
5. The soil is exposed and vulnerable to erosion e. so you only need to apply fertilizer once or twice
per year.
6. The polluted fog became so thick f. the ocean will be full of plastic waste in the
future.
7. Depending on the material and structure, it g. that people could only see a few meters in front
takes 20 to 500 years of them.
8. The fishermen informed the local authority h. that can lead to health problems.
Exercise 2. Read the sentences and write l.C if the underlined clause is an independent clause or D.C if it is
a dependent clause.
1. I often turn off all the electric devices when I’m not using them. ____
2. The rescued animals will be taken care of at the zoo until they’re healed. ____
3. Sean is building a campfire while Patrick is collecting more woods. ____
4. They will run the campaign against illegal poaching as soon as the government approves it. ____
5. When plants die, they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. ____
6. Visitors must get a permit before they visit Acadia National Park. ____
7. The volunteers will work all day till they clean up the entire beach. ____
8. Please make sure to put out the campfire after you leave the campsite. ____
9. All the famous monuments turn off the lights while Earth Hour happens. ____
10. No one is allowed to use the water from the lake until its water quality improves. ____
Exercise 3. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. The river water will still be polluted _______ we find solutions to prevent dumping raw sewage.
a. until b. after c. because d. so
2. Mass killings of fish, plants, or amphibians can happen _______ there are sudden changes in water
temperature.
a. while b. when c. as soon as d. till
3. They shut down that factory _______ they knew it released pollutants into the lake.
a. although b. before c. while d. as soon as
4. The black bear died immediately _______ the hunter shot it.
a. after b. so c. until d. as long as
5. We picked up all the rubbish at the campsite _______ we returned home.
a. after b. while c. before d. till
6. Can you help me sort out the rubbish _______ I’m cleaning the kitchen?
a. if b. while c. until d. although
7. _______ they realise the impact of deforestation, they’ll continue to cut down trees to provide more room
for planting crops.
a. Until b. After c. As soon as d. While
8. Grace lost her mobile phone signal _______ she went deep into the forest.
a. but b. if c. before d. as soon as
9. Don’t leave the water running _______ you’re washing the dishes!
a. because b. lead to c. result in d. while
10. Many wild animals used to inhabit this area _______ the new factory was built.
a. after b. while c. before d. as soon as
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the conjunctions from the box.
while as soon as after when (x2) before so because until (x2)
1. Those koalas were severely burnt ________________ they couldn’t escape the bush fire.
2. All sorts of chemicals are dumped into this river, ________________ we cannot swim there anymore.
3. ________________ people are eating food from their plastic products, many wild animals are dying
because of them.
4. The air pollution will be reduced ________________ more and more people use public transport.
5. Many marine animals are saved from extinction ________________ the government passed the law to
stop over-fishing the oceans last year.
6. The panda will stay at the zoo ________________ it’s strong enough to return to its natural habitat.
7. We called the local authority immediately ________________ we noticed the bush fire!
8. Remember to bring something to store the rubbish ________________ you go trekking in the national
park.
9. It used to be easy to see the Big Dipper at night ________________ lights from those buildings affected
our vision.
10. The villagers need to stay inside their houses ________________ the storm completely stops.
Exercise 5. Combine each pair of sentences, using the conjunction in brackets.
1. Summer finally comes. They will volunteer at some local environment programmes. (when)
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. The director approves our documentary. We will broadcast it nationwide. (As soon as)
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. The whole neighbourhood was given reusable bags. They were forbidden to use plastic products. (before)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Some students are picking up litter. The others are planting trees in the park. (while)
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. People started to care more about endangered species. They watched a video about marine life. (After)
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. The villagers will be on strike. The factories stop cutting down trees in the forest. (till)
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. Many wild animals are injured. The bush fires are spreading too fast. (because)
___________________________________________________________________________________
 TEST (UNIT 7)
I. Find the word which has a different sound in the part underlined.
1. A. coral B. ecosystem C. dugong D. oxygen
2. A. resident B. release C. extinction D. endangered
3. A. product B. substance C. number D. include
4. A. rivers B. carbon C. littering D. turn
5. A. release B. resident C. diverse D. ecosystem
II. Choose the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the sentences.
6. Awareness of environmental damage from ______________ bags is growing.
A. simple-use B. single-uses C. single-use D. single-used
7. They announced an analys is of the carbon ______________ of leading companies.
A. spaces B. contents C. emissions D. footprints
8. The CCTV cameras are intended to reduce ______________ in the area.
A. untidiness B. emptiness C. littering D. dropping
9. She studies mountain gorillas in their natural ______________.
A. habitual B. habitat C. living D. place
10. This region is the ______________ of many species of wild flowers.
A. home B. house C. household D. homework
11. The restaurant has a ______________ menu that includes dishes from all over the world.
A. different B. various C. diverse D. diversity
12. ______________ in the area includes deer, bears, and eagles.
A. Wildfire B. Wild life C. Wildly D. Wildlife
13. Their main goal is to promote environmental ______________.
A. loss B. problem C. issue D. protection
14. Unfortunately, fertilizers from surrounding farmland has reduced the ______________ life.
A. marine B. sea C. water D. lake
15. They were fined for illegally ______________ waste into the river.
A. treating B. dumping C. dealing with D. creating
III. Complete the text with the words below.
recycle efficient preserve climate change waste
responsible simple reduce amount future
Our homes waste a lot of power. This is why many people are changing their homes into ‘smart’ homes.
Smart homes use technology to become more 16 ______________. Some devices you might find in a smart
home are smart thermostats, solar power, and smart water faucets. Smart thermostats are used to 17
______________ the costs of heating and cooling. Solar power is created by the sun, which means it is free
and renewable. Smart faucets have new technologies to help you save water. These are just a few devices
we can use to be more energy efficient, reduce 18 ______________, and help protect and 19 ______________
our planet. We can also help save our planet by making it our duty to 20 ______________

as much as possible. The simple thing can reduce the 21 ______________ of garbage we create. Another 22
______________ thing is to take public transportation to reduce how much energy we use and how much
pollution we create. Pollution causes 23 ______________, which has become a serious threat to the 24
______________ of our planet. We are all 25 ______________ for taking care of our Earth, and we must start
taking care of it now!
IV. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
26. I’ll stay here while / before I until Jack gets back and we’ll go together.
27. When / Before / Until you read his stories, you know that he’s a good writer.
28. You are too young to understand. I will explain it to you when / before I while you are older.
29. The children will want to go swimming before / as soon as / until they see the river.
30. The plane won’t take off after / until / while the clouds go off.
31. He will give you a job when / before / until you have enough qualifications.
32. I will finish my homework before / until / as soon as my father arrives home late this evening.
33. I will do the next task as soon as / before / by the time I have finished the first one.
34. Mother to her son: I won’t let you watch TV before / when / until you finish your homework.
35. He usually surfs the Internet on his smartphone before / after / while he is waiting for the bus.
V. Combine each pair of sentences, using the conjunction in brackets.
36. We will feel much older. We reach our 14th birthday. (when)
__________________________________________________________________________________
37. He left for work. He had a cup of tea. (before)
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38. He likes to watch TV. He gets home from work. (after)
__________________________________________________________________________________
39. My cat hides under the sofa. It rains. (while)
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40. We finish our training. We will get a job. (after)
__________________________________________________________________________________
41. The working conditions are good. Workers work better. (when)
__________________________________________________________________________________
42. The village will have no electricity. A new generator has been installed. (until)
__________________________________________________________________________________
43. I saw an accident. I was waiting for my bus. (while)
__________________________________________________________________________________
44. The lake is calm. You can catch a lot of fish. (when)
__________________________________________________________________________________
45. You learn to relax more. You won’t get good results. (until)
__________________________________________________________________________________
VI. Choose the word or phrase among A, B, C or D that best fits the blank space in the following passage.
Tropical forests have 46 ___________ us with very many sorts of plants for food, 47 ___________ and
industry. They could probably supply man more. They also reduce 48 ___________ and droughts, keep water
clean, and slow down the Greenhouse Effect, 49 ___________ the tropical forests are 50

___________ destroyed to make 51 ___________ for things like farms, ranches, mines and hydroelectric 52
___________. About 20 million hectares are lost each year - an area more than twice the size of Austria. The
World Wildlife Fund is working to 53 ___________ and save the forests that are 54 ___________ danger; to
plant new trees for fuel wood and to slow down the Greenhouse Effect; and to 55 ___________ governments
to think about the forests and their importance when giving international aid.
46. A. given B. brought C. supplied D. donated
47. A. medicine B. hospitals C. doctors D. surgeons
48. A. deserts B. floods C. heat D. hazards
49. A. so B. for C. because D. but
50. A. have B. been C. being D. be
51. A. room B. rooms C. place D. places
52. A. sources B. energy C. dams D. cables
53. A. keep B. protect C. maintain D. hold
54. A. at B. within C. on D. in
55. A. make B. let C. encourage D. influence
VII. Read the passage, and choose the correct answer A, B, C or D for each question.
Saving the Environment: One Home at a Time
Pollution can be seen not only throughout the world, but also in our own homes. It comes from household
chemicals, the amount of water people use and the waste people produce and throw away. What can be
done to stop this pollution? Surprisingly, a person can help save the environment by doing simple things.
First, we need to recycle, which allows products to be used over and over again. Recycling can also reduce
the number of trees cut down to produce paper products. It takes very little effort. It is not hard to place
plastic and glass bottles, aluminum cans and paper in a bin. Anyone can do it.
Second, we need to watch the amount of water used in the home. It can be conserved by taking short
showers instead of baths, repairing leaky faucets, using the dishwasher or washing machine only when fully
loaded, or simply turning the faucet off while brushing your teeth.
Third, we need to reduce waste. We need to recycle whenever possible, but should also try to use this waste
effectively. For example, grass clippings and food scraps can be made into compost for plants. The average
person produces 4.3 pounds of waste every day, but we can reduce that amount by recycling and reusing.
If we do our part in our own homes, we can help keep the planet from becoming more polluted.
56. Pollution can be caused from the following sources except ____________.
A. house chemicals B. water from households
C. wastes D. water in rivers
57. Recycling can help us ____________.
A. never cut down trees B. use products again and again
C. place garbage bins easily D. produce more paper products following things except.
58. In order to save water, we can do all of the ____________.
A. take short showers instead of baths
B. repair leaky faucets
C. fully use the washing machine
D. turn the faucet off' while brushing your teeth
59. Recycling helps to reduce waste because ____________.
A. plants need to develop
B. a person can do it in his home
C. waste can be recycled and reused
D. an average man produces compost for plants
60. The word “It” in paragraph 2 refers to ____________.
A. recycling B. the number C. cutting down D. effort