Network Matrices

I Per unit impedance and reactance diagrams are required to

analyze power systems.
I For interconnected systems, network matrices have to be
formed to analyze them.
I There are two matrices.
1. bus admittance matrix Ybus .
2. bus impedance matrix Zbus .
I Ybus is mainly used in load flow studies. Whereas Zbus is
mainly used in short circuit studies.
I These two matrices are related by
−1
Zbus = Ybus
Bus Admittance Matrix (Ybus ) :

+
V I Y
−

Figure: Thevenin - Norton Equivalent

V 1
I = Y =
Z Z
Let us consider a four bus system.

O4
O1

O2
O3
G1

G2
It is assumed that the short line model is used.
O4
z2
z 14 4
z34
z13 z32

O1 O3 O2
z10 z20

EG 1 + EG 2 +
− −

O0
By using Thevenin - Norton equivalent and converting all
impedances to admittances,

O4
y2
y 14 4
y34
y13 y32

O1 O3 O2
I1 y10 I1 y20

O0
By applying KCL at node 1 , O
I1 = y10 V1 + y13 (V1 − V3 ) + y14 (V1 − V4 )

I1 = (y10 + y13 + y14 )V1 − y13 V3 − y14 V4

O
At node 2 ,

I2 = y20 V2 + y23 (V2 − V3 ) + y24 (V2 − V4 )

I2 = (y20 + y23 + y24 )V2 − y23 V3 − y24 V4

O
At node 3 ,

0 = y13 (V3 − V1 ) + y34 (V3 − V4 ) + y32 (V3 − V2 )

0 = −y13 V1 − y32 V2 + (y13 + y32 + y34 )V3 − y34 V4

O
At node 4 ,

0 = y14 (V4 − V1 ) + y24 (V4 − V2 ) + y34 (V4 − V3 )

0 = −y14 V1 − y24 V2 − y 34V3 + (y14 + y24 + y34 )V4

By arranging the equations in a Matrix form,
−y13 −y14
I1  (y10 + y13 + y14 ) 0
 V1 
I2 0 (y20 + y23 + y24 ) −y23 −y24 V2
0 = −y13 −y32 (y13 + y32 + y34 ) −y34 V3
0 −y14 −y24 −y34 (y14 + y24 + y34 ) V4

In general, for a 4 node (bus) system

    
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2  Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24  V2 
 =  
I3  Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34  V3 
I4 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4

where
Y11 = (y10 + y13 + y14 )
Y12 = Y21 = 0 Y22 = (y20 + y23 + y24 )
Y13 = Y31 = −y13 Y23 = Y32 = −y32 Y33 = (y13 + y32 + y34 )
Y14 = Y41 = −y14 Y24 = Y42 = −y24 Y34 = Y43 = −y34 Y44 = (y14 + y24 + y34 )
Inclusion of Line Charging Capacitors
Transmission lines are modeled using π model.

O4
y2
y 14 4
YC34
y34
YC14 2 YC24
2 y13 y32 2

O1 YC13
2
O3
YC32
2
O2
I1 y10 I1 y20

O0
By applying KCL at all the nodes and arranging the equations in a
Matrix form,
    
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2  Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24  V2 
 
 = 
I3  Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34  V3 
I4 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4

where
YC13 YC14
Y11 = (y10 + y13 + y14 ) + ( + )
2 2
YC32 YC24
Y12 = Y21 = 0 Y22 = (y20 + y23 + y24 ) + ( + )
2 2
Y13 = Y31 = −y13 Y23 = Y32 = −y32
Y14 = Y41 = −y14 Y24 = Y42 = −y24

YC32 YC13 YC34

Y33 = (y13 + y32 + y34 ) + ( + + )
2 2 2
YC14 YC24 YC34
Y34 = Y43 = −y34 Y44 = (y14 + y24 + y34 ) + ( + + )
2 2 2
For an n bus system,
Ibus = Ybus Vbus
where
Ibus is a vector of injected currents in to the network (n × 1).
Ybus is a bus admittance matrix (n × n).
Vbus is a vector of bus voltages (n × 1).
I Ybus is symmetrical. (It will be unsymmetrical when a phase
shifting transformer is used in a system.)
I Ybus can be formed by inspection.
I Ybus is generally sparse (many zeroes).
Two simple rules to form Ybus by inspection:

O
1. Diagonal Elements:
Yii = sum of the admittances directly connected to node i .
2. Off-diagonal elements:

O O
Yij = Yji = negative of the net admittance connected
between nodes i and j .
Example 1: Consider the reactance network.

 0.5
1 2
 0.25  0.25

1 1
3

1∠0◦ + +
− − 1∠30◦

1. Form Ybus matrix.

2. Find the voltages at each bus.
By Thevenin - Norton transformation,

 0.5
1 2
 0.25  0.25

3
1 −90◦ 1∠−60◦
1 1
1.
1 1 1 1 1
 
( 1 + 0.25 + 0.5 ) − −
0.5 0.25 
 1 1 1 1 1 
Ybus = − ( + + ) −
 
0.5 1 0.25 0.5 0.25

 
 1 1 1 1 
− − ( + )
0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
 
−7 2 4
Ybus =  2 −7 4 
4 4 −8
 2.
Ybus Vbus = Ibus
1 −90◦
    
−7 2 4 V1
 2 −7 4  V2  = 1∠−60◦ 
4 4 −8 V3 0
By solving this,

0.9663 13.3◦
   
V1
V2  = 0.9664 16.7◦ 
V3 0.966 15◦

If the size of the matrix is more than 3, we need to use Gaussian

Elimination to solve it.
Node Elimination - Kron Reduction
Let us consider a three node network.
    
Y11 Y12 Y13 V1 I1
Y21 Y22 Y23  V2  = I2 
Y31 Y32 Y33 V3 I3

Suppose there is no injection O

at node 3 . I3 = 0.
    
Y11 Y12 Y13 V1 I1
Y21 Y22 Y23  V2  = I2 
Y31 Y32 Y33 V3 0

O
Since there is no injection (neither generation nor load) at 3 , this
can be eliminated.

Y11 V1 + Y12 V2 + Y13 V3 = I1

Y21 V1 + Y22 V2 + Y23 V3 = I2
Y31 V1 + Y32 V2 + Y33 V3 = 0
From the last equation,
1
V3 = − (Y31 V1 + Y32 V2 )
Y33
Substituting V3 in the first two equations, we get

Y13 Y31 Y13 Y32

(Y11 − )V1 + (Y12 − )V2 = I1
Y33 Y33
Y23 Y31 Y23 Y32
(Y21 − )V1 + (Y22 − )V2 = I2
Y33 Y33
Arranging the above equations in a matrix form,

Y13 Y31 Y13 Y32    

 
(Y11 − ) (Y12 − ) V I1
Y33 Y33  1
Y23 Y32  V2 = I2

 Y23 Y31
(Y21 − ) (Y22 − )
Y33 Y33
The new Ybus is

Y13 Y31 Y13 Y32

 
(Y − ) (Y12 − )
 11 Y33 Y33 
Ybus(new ) = Y23 Y31 Y23 Y32 
(Y21 − ) (Y22 − )
Y33 Y33

O
The size is now reduced by 1.
Let us generalize the above procedure. Suppose the node k is to
be eliminated from n nodes.

Yik Ykj
Yij(new ) = Yij − i, j = 1, 2 · · · n i, j 6= k
Ykk
The size of the new Ybus matrix is (n − 1) × (n − 1).
Example 2 : Let us consider the example 1.
 
−7 2 4
Ybus =  2 −7 4 
4 4 −8

O
Let us eliminate the node 3 .

Y13 Y31 −16

Y11(new ) = Y11 − = −7 − = −5
Y33 −8
−16
Y12(new ) = 2 − = 4
−8
Y21(new ) = Y12(new ) = 4
−16
Y22(new ) = −7 − = −5
−8
 
−5 4
Ybus(new ) =
4 −5
Bus Impedance Matrix Zbus :

−1
Zbus = Ybus

I If Ybus is symmetric, Zbus must also be symmetric.

I Unlike Ybus , Zbus is a full matrix.
I Zbus is used in fault calculations.
For a network of 3 nodes,
 
Z11 Z12 Z13
Zbus = Z21 Z22 Z23 
Z31 Z32 Z33

I The diagonal elements are called the driving point impedances

of the buses.
I The off-diagonal elements are called the transfer impedances
of the buses.
Let us compare the elements of Zbus with Ybus .
    
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 V1
I2  = Y21 Y22 Y23   V2 
I3 Y31 Y32 Y33 V3

1 2

I2

3
I1 + V
− 2
I3
The self admittance Y22 can be found as follows:

I2
Y22 =
V2 V1 =V3 =0

The mutual admittance Y12 can be found as follows:

I1
Y12 =
V2 V1 =V3 =0
Let us find the elements of Zbus .
    
V1 Z11 Z12 Z13 I1
V2  = Z21 Z22 Z23  I2 
V3 Z31 Z32 Z33 I3

1 2

I2

+ 3 +
+
I2
V1 V2
V3

− − −
The driving point impedance Z22 is determined as follows:

V2
Z22 =
I2 I1 =I3 =0

1
Z22 6=
Y22
The transfer impedance Z12 is found as follows:

V1
Z12 =
I2 I1 =I3 =0

1
Z12 6=
Y12
I Z22 is the Thevenin Impedance at node 2 . O
I Similarly, all the diagonal elements of Zbus are the Thevenin
impedance at the respective buses.
Modification of an Existing Zbus :
I An existing Zbus is modified whenever a new bus or line is
added to the network.
I If we know how to modify an existing Zbus , we can build it
directly.
There are normally four cases
1. Adding a new bus to the reference bus through an impedance
2. Adding a new bus to an existing bus through an impedance
3. Adding an impedance between an existing bus and the
reference bus
4. Adding an impedance between two existing buses
Let us assume that there are n buses in the existing network.
    
V1 Z11 · · · Z1n I1
 ..   .. . .. .
..   ... 
 . = .
 

Vn Zn1 · · · Znn In
 O
1. Adding a new bus to the reference bus through an impedance
p

Original Network
Zb

Ip

O0
A new bus p is added to the network through an impedance
Zb .     
V1 Z11 · · · Z1n 0 I1
 ..   .. .. .. ..   .. 
 .   . . . . 
 =  . 
 
Vn  Zn1 · · · Znn 0  In 
Vp 0 · · · 0 Zb Ip
| {z }
Zbus(new )
2. Adding a new bus to an existing bus through an impedance.
Ok Ik Ik + Ip

Original Network
Zb Ip

Op
O0
A new bus p is added to an existing bus k through an
impedance Zb .
Since Ip is flowing into the network, the voltage at all the

O
node will increase.
The voltage at the node k will be

Vk =Zk1 I1 + · · · + Zkk (Ik + Ip ) + · · · + Zkn In

=Zk1 I1 + · · · + Zkk Ik + · · · + Zkn In + Zkk Ip
 O
The voltage at the node p will be

Vp = Vk +Ip Zb = Zk1 I1 +· · ·+Zkk Ik +· · ·+Zkn In +(Zkk +Zb )Ip

    
V1 Z11 · · · Z1n Z1k I1
 ..   .. . .. .
.. .
.. .
  .. 
 
 .   .
 =  
Vn  Zn1 · · · Znn Znk  In 
Vp Zk1 · · · Zkn Zkk + Zb Ip
| {z }
Zbus(new )

3. Adding an impedance between an existing bus and the

reference bus
I Add a new bus p temporarily to an existing bus k through an
impedance Zb .
I The modified Zbus will be (n + 1) × (n + 1).
I Short-circuit the node p to the reference bus by letting Vp
equal to zero.
I Eliminate the node p using the Kron-reduction.
4. Adding an impedance between two existing buses
Ok Ik Ik − Ib

Zb Original Network
Ij
Ib
Oj Ij + Ib

O0
O
The voltage of the bus 1 will be

V1 = Z11 I1 + · · · + Z1j (Ij + Ib ) + Z1k (Ik − Ib ) + · · · + Z1n In

= Z11 I1 + · · · + Z1j Ij + Z1k Ik + · · · + Z1n In + (Z1j − Z1k )Ib

O O
Similarly, at buses j and k

Vj = Zj1 I1 + · · · + Zjj Ij + Zjk Ik + · · · + Zjn In + (Zjj − Zjk )Ib

Vk = Zk1 I1 + · · · + Zkj Ij + Zkk Ik + · · · + Zkn In + (Zkj − Zkk )Ib
Since Ib is unknown,

Vk − Vj = Ib Zb

0 = (Zj1 −Zk1 )I1 +· · ·+(Zjj −Zkj )Ij +(Zjk −Zkk )Ik +· · ·+(Zjn −Zkn )In
+ (Zjj + Zkk − 2Zjk + Zb )Ib

    
V1 Z11 ··· Z1n (Z1j − Z1k ) I1
 ...  .. ..
.
.. .. .. 
= . . . .
  
  
Vn Zn1 ··· Znn (Znj − Znk ) In
0 (Zj1 − Zk1 ) ··· (Zjn − Zjk ) Zbb Ib

where Zbb = Zjj + Zkk − 2Zjk + Zb = Zth, jk + Zb .

I Eliminate the last row and last column using the
Kron-reduction.
Example 3:

 0.5
1 2
 0.25  0.25

1 1
3

O0
 O
O
1. Let us add 1 from the reference bus to the bus 1 .
1

1

O0
 
0 0  
Zbus = = 1
0 1
 O
O O
2. Let us add 1 from the reference bus to the bus 2 .
1 2

1 1

O0
 
1 0
Zbus =
0 1
 O O
O O2
3. Let us add 0.5 between 1 and 2 .
1  0.5

1 1

O0
 
1 0 1
Ztemp
bus =  0 1 −1
1 −1 2.5
On eliminating the last row and last columns using the
Kron-reduction,
1 × 1 1 × −1
 
1 − 0−  
2.5 2.5 0.6 0.4
Zbus =  −1 × −1  = 0.4 0.6
 
1 × −1
0− 1 −
2.5 2.5
 O O
O O
4. Let us add 0.25 between 1 and a new bus 3 .
1  0.5 2

 0.25

1
O3 1

O0
 
0.6 0.4 0.6
Zbus = 0.4 0.6 0.4 
0.6 0.4 0.85
 O O
O O2
5. Let us add 0.25 between 2 and 3 .
1  0.5

 0.25  0.25

1
O3 1

O0
 
0.6 0.4 0.6 −0.2
 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.2 
Ztemp
bus = 
 0.6 0.4 0.85 −0.45
−0.2 0.2 −0.45 0.9
On eliminating the last row and last column using the
Kron-reduction,
 −0.2 × −0.2 −0.2 × 0.2 −0.2 × −0.45 
0.6 − 0.4 − 0.6 −
 0.9 0.9 0.9 
 −0.2 × 0.2 0.2 × 0.2 −0.2 × −0.45 
Zbus =  0.4 − 0.6 − 0.4 −
 

 0.9 0.9 0.9 
 −0.2 × −0.45 0.2 × −0.45 −0.45 × −0.45 
0.6 − 0.4 − 0.85 −
0.9 0.9 0.9

 
0.5556 0.4444 0.5
Zbus = 0.4444 0.5556 0.5 
0.5 0.5 0.6250
This can also be formed by inverting Ybus matrix of the
network.  
−7 2 4
Ybus =  2 −7 4 
4 4 −8
−1
Zbus = Ybus
Calculation of Zbus elements from Ybus : If all the elements of Zbus
are not needed, the required elements can be calculated from Ybus .
Ybus Zbus = I
 
0
 . 
 . 
 . 
(m)
Ybus Zbus = 1m 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
0

(m)
where Zbus is the mth column of Zbus . If the triangular factors are
available,  
0
 . 
 . 
 . 
(m)
LUZbus = 1m 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
0

(m)
The elements in the column vector Zbus can be found by forward
elimination and back substitution.
Thevenin’s Theorem and Zbus :
Let us consider an n node network.

V0 = Zbus I0

where V0 denotes the voltages of buses due to the bus currents I0 .

When the bus currents are changed from their initial values to new
values (I0 + ∆I),

V = Zbus (I0 + ∆I) = Zbus I0 + Zbus ∆I

| {z } | {z }
V0 ∆V

O
Let us assume that there is a change in the current injection only
at bus k .
    
∆V1 Z11 · · · Z1k · · · Z1n 0
 ..   .. .. .. .. ..   .. 
 .   .
   . . . . 
 . 
 
∆Vk  = Zk1 · · · Zkk · · · Zkn  ∆Ik 
 
 ..   .. .. ..   .. 
  
.. ..
 .   . . . . .  . 
∆Vn Zn1 · · · Znk · · · Znn 0
∆V3 O3 On ∆Vn
∆V2 O2
O1 Ok
Original Network
∆Vk
∆V1

∆Ik
O0
   
∆V1 Z1k
 ..   .. 
 .   . 
   
∆Vk  = Zkk  ∆Ik
 ..   .. 
   
 .   . 
∆Vn Znk

Vk = Vk0 + Zkk ∆Ik

 Original Network
Zkk Ok
Vk0 +
− ∆Ik

O0
O
The Thevenin impedance at bus k is

Zth = Zkk
 O O
In a similar manner, we can determine the Thevenin impedance

O O
between any two buses j and k of the network.
Let us assume that there are current injections from j and k .
    
∆V1 Z11 · · · Z1j Z1k · · · Z1n 0
 ..   .. .. . .. .. ..   .. 
 .   . . .. . . . 
 . 
 
  
 ∆Vj   Zj1 · · · Zjj Zjk · · · Zjn   ∆Ij 
∆Vk  = Zk1 · · · Zkj Zkk · · · Zkn  ∆Ik 
    
    
 ..   .. .. . .. .. ..   .. 
 .   . . .. . . .   . 
∆Vn Zn1 · · · Znj Znk · · · Znn 0

O O
The bus voltages at j and k are

Vj = Vj0 + ∆Vj = Vj0 + Zjj ∆Ij + Zjk ∆Ik

Vk = Vk0 + ∆Vk = Vk0 + Zkj ∆Ij + Zkk ∆Ik

By adding and subtracting Zjk ∆Ij in the first equation and Zkj ∆Ik
in the second equation,

Vj = Vj0 + (Zjj − Zjk )∆Ij + Zjk (∆Ij + ∆Ik )

Vk = Vk0 + Zkj (∆Ij + ∆Ik ) + (Zkk − Zkj )∆Ik

The above equations can be represented as follows:
 Vk0 − Vj0
Zth,jk =
Isc
Since Isc = ∆Ij = −∆Ik and Vj − Vk = 0,

0 = Vj0 − Vk0 + (Zjj − Zjk )Isc − (Zkk − Zkj )(−Isc )

Vk0 − Vj0 = (Zjj + Zkk − 2Zkj )Isc

Zth,jk = Zjj + Zkk − 2Zkj
The branch current Ib is given by

Vk − Vj Vk0 − Vj0
Ib = =
Zb Zth,jk + Zb
Example 4: Consider the reactance network.

 0.5
1 2
 0.25  0.25

1 1
3

1∠0◦ + +
− − 1∠30◦

1. Find the voltages at each bus.

O O
2. Find the voltage at each bus after connecting a capacitor
having a reactance of 5 p.u. between 3 and 0 .
1.
0
Vbus = Zbus I0bus
1 −90◦
 0   
V1 0.5556 0.4444 0.5
V20  = 0.4444 0.5556 0.5  1 −60◦ 
V30 0.5 0.5 0.6250 0

0.9663 13.3◦
 0  
V1
V20  = 0.9664 16.7◦ 
V30 0.966 15◦
2. To find change in voltage at each bus due to a capacitor:
Original Network
Z33 O3
V30 +
− −5

O0 Ic
 V30 0.966 15◦
Ic = = = 0.22 105◦
Z33 − Xc 0.6250 − 5
   
∆V1 Z11 Z12 Z13 0
∆V2  Z21 Z22 Z23   0 
∆V3 Z31 Z32 Z33 −Ic

0.11 15◦
     
∆V1 0.5
∆V2  =  0.5  (−0.22 105◦ ) =  0.11 15◦ 
∆V3 0.6250 0.1375 15◦

1.0765 13.5◦
   0    
V1 V1 ∆V1
V2  = V20  + ∆V2  = 1.0767 16.5◦ 
V3 V30 ∆V3 1.104 15◦
This example shows how adding a capacitor at a bus causes a rise
in bus voltages.