Building Zbus

Zbus
 A power system network can be converted into an
equivalent impedance diagram.
 This diagram forms the basis of power flow (or load
flow) studies and short circuit analysis.
 Formation of bus impedance matrix (also known
as Zbus matrix).

𝑍 𝑌

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Elements Of The Bus Impedance And
Admittance Matrices
 Bus impedance and admittance matrices are inverses
of each other.
 Since Ybus is a symmetric matrix, Zbus is also a
symmetric matrix.
 Voltage-current relations are given in terms of
the Ybus matrix for a 4 bus system
𝐼 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑉
𝐼 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑉
𝐼 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑉
𝐼 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑌 𝑉

 Y11 is the admittance measured at bus-1 when buses 2, 3 and 4 are short
circuited. The admittance Y11 is defined as the self admittance at bus-1

I
𝑌
𝑉
 The off diagonal elements are denoted as the mutual admittances .
The mutual admittance between buses 1 and 2 is defined as Y12

 The mutual admittance Y12 is obtained as the ratio of the current

injected in bus-1 to the voltage of bus-2 when buses 1, 3 and 4 are short
circuited.

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 The voltage-current relation can be written in terms of the Zbus matrix as
𝑉 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝐼
𝑉 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝐼
𝑉 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝐼
𝑉 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝐼
 The driving point impedance at bus-1 is then defined as
V
𝑍
𝐼
 The transfer impedance between buses 1 and 2 can be obtained by
injecting a current at bus-2 while open-circuiting buses 1, 3 and 4 as
V
𝑍
𝐼

 Z11 is not the reciprocal of Y11 . Z12 is not the reciprocal

of Y12 .

Modification of Bus Impedance Matrix

 Four possible cases by which an existing bus impedance
matrix can be modified.

 Voltage-current relations in terms of the bus impedance

matrix for an n-bus system are given as

𝑉 𝐼
𝑉 𝐼
𝑍
𝑉 𝐼
𝑉 𝐼

 The aim is to modify the matrix Zorig when a new bus or line
is connected to the power system.

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Adding a New Bus to the Reference Bus
 It is assumed that a new bus p ( p > n ) is added to the
reference bus through an impedance Zp.

 This bus is only connected to the reference bus, the voltage-

current relations the new system are

𝑉 0 𝐼 𝐼
⋮ 𝑍 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
𝑉 𝐼 𝑍 𝐼
0
𝑉 0 … 0 𝑍 𝐼 𝐼

Adding a New Bus to an Existing Bus through

an Impedance
 A bus, which has not been a part of the original network, is
added to an existing bus through a transmission line with
an impedance of Zb .
 Let us assume that p ( p > n ) is the new bus that is
connected to bus k ( k < n ) through Zb.

 Note from this figure that the current Ip flowing from

bus p will alter the voltage of the bus k .

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Adding a New Bus to an Existing Bus through
an Impedance
 The current Ip flowing from bus p will alter the voltage of the
bus k.
𝑉 𝑍 𝐼 𝑍 𝐼 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼 𝐼 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼
 In a similar way the current Ip will also alter the voltages of all
the other buses as

𝑉 𝑍 𝐼 𝑍 𝐼 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼 𝐼 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼 𝑖 𝑘

 Furthermore the voltage of the bus p is given by

𝑉 𝑉 𝑍 𝐼
𝑉 𝑍 𝐼 𝑍 𝐼 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼 ⋯ 𝑍 𝐼 𝑍 𝑍 𝐼

 Therefore the new voltage current relations are

𝑉 𝑍 𝐼
⋮ 𝑍 ⋮ ⋮
𝑉 𝑍 𝐼
𝑉 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝑍 𝐼
…

𝐼
⋮
= 𝑍 𝐼
𝐼

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Adding an Impedance to the Reference
Bus from an Existing Bus
 An impedance Zb is added from a new bus p to an
existing bus k.

 Then to add this bus k to the reference bus

through Zb, we set the voltage Vp of the new bus
to zero.

 However now we have an ( n + 1) X ( n + 1) Zbus

matrix instead of an n X n matrix.

 We can then remove the last row and last column

of the new Zbus matrix using the Kron's reduction.

Kron's Reduction
 The Kron Reduction is a relatively simple technique for eliminating nodes
from a network when the voltage or current at that node is zero. The
technique is named after Gabriel Kron

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Kron Reduction
 If we assume that the voltage Ve is zero

row p and column p are to be eliminated

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Adding an Impedance between two
Existing Buses
 We add an impedance Zb between two existing buses k and j.

 Therefore the current injected into the network from the

bus k side will be Ik - Ib instead of Ik.
 Similarly the current injected into the network from the
bus j side will be Ij + Ib instead of Ij.
 Consequently the voltage of the ith bus will be

 Similarly we have

 And

 And

 We shall now have to eliminate Ib from the above

equations

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 We can then write the voltage current relations as

 Where

 We can now eliminate the last row and last column using
the Kron's reduction

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