Unit 3: Magnetic circuits

Dr.L.Premalatha
Professor/SELECT
VIT,Chennai
Syllabus
• Electromagnetic Induction: Self and mutual; Magnetically coupled
circuits; Series and parallel magnetic circuits; Dot convention
Introduction:
• In 1820 Oersted discovered that a current carrying wire could be made to deflect a freely suspended
magnetic needle.
• Faraday repeated Oersted experiment and went ahead to show that it was not only possible to move
the magnet round a current carrying conductor but it was possible for a current carrying wire to move
round a magnet.
• In 1831 Faraday showed that electricity could be produced from magnetism. He demonstrated with
the help of simple experiments the current can be made to flow in a circuit whenever (i) current in a
neighbouring circuit is made to flow or is interrupted (ii) a magnet is brought near a closed circuit and
(iii) a closed circuit is moved near a magnet or a current carrying conductor.
Faraday’s laws
• Faraday’s First law
• Any change in the magnetic field of a coil of wire will cause an emf to be induced in the
coil. This emf induced is called induced emf and if the conductor circuit is closed, the
current will also circulate through the circuit and this current is called induced current.
• Method to change the magnetic field:
• By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil
• By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field
• By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field
• By rotating the coil relative to the magnet

• Faraday’s Second Law

• It states that the magnitude of emf induced in the coil is equal to the rate of change of flux
that linkages with the coil. The flux linkage of the coil is the product of the number of
turns in the coil and flux associated with the coil.
Electromagnetic induction
• Electromagnetic induction is the production of electromotive force (otherwise known as voltage) across an
electrical conductor where the magnetic field changes.
This either happens
• when a conductor is placed in a moving magnetic field (when using AC power source)
(or)
• when a conductor is constantly moving in a stationary magnetic field.

• Electromagnetic Induction Formula

• Mathematically, the induced voltage can be given by the following relation:
e = N × dΦ / dt
where,
• e is the induced voltage (in volts)
• N is the number of turns in the coil
• Φ is the magnetic flux – the amount of magnetic field at a surface (in Webers)
• t is the time (in seconds)
• The significance of this discovery is a way of producing electrical energy in a circuit by using magnetic fields and
not just batteries.
• Everyday machines like motors, generators and transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic
induction.
Lenz law
• As in laws of mechanics, to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The fact that this
law holds good in electromagnetism was discovered by Emil Lenz.
• Lenz law states that this induced current always develops a flux which opposes the very cause
that produces it.
• The induced electromotive force with different polarities induces a current whose magnetic field
opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop in order to ensure that original flux is
maintained through the loop when current flows in it.
• This law refers to induced currents and therefore, implies that it is applicable to closed circuits
only.
It is the relative movement of the magnetic flux and the coil that causes an e.m.f. and thus current, to be
induced in the coil. This effect is known as electromagnetic induction.
Faraday’s law of self and mutual induction
Faraday’s law of self induction
• Self induction is a phenomenon by which a changing electric current produces an induced emf
across the coil itself.
• Self Inductance
• Self inductance is the ratio of induced electromotive force (EMF) across a coil to the rate of
change of current through the coil. We denote self inductance with English letter L. Its unit is
Henry (H).
• Since, the induced emf (E) is proportional to the current changing rate, we can write,
Faraday’s law of mutual induction
• We take two coils, and they are placed close to each other. Here a change in current in
coil 1 is seen to induce an emf E2 in coil 2.
• ϕ=MI
• Where M is termed as the mutual inductance of the two coils or the coefficient of
the mutual inductance of the two coils.
• The rate of change of magnetic flux in the coil is given as,
• e = M di/dt
Coefficient of coupling
• The extent to which the mutual inductance M approaches the upper limit is specified by the
coefficient of coupling k, given by
Problem
• There are two coils such that the current flowing through the first coil experiences a change in
current flow from 2 A to 10 A in 0.4 sec. Calculate mutual inductance between the two coils when
60 mV emf is induced in the second coil. Determine the induced emf in the second coil if the current
changes from 4 A to 16 A in 0.03 sec in the first coil.

• Solution:
• Given:
• Case 1:
• Change in current, di = 10 -2 = 8 A
• Change in time, dt = 0.4 sec
• Magnitude of induced emf, ε2 = 60×10-3 V
• Case 2:
• Change in current, di = 16 – 4 = 12 A
• Change in time, dt = 0.03 sec
• Mutual inductance of the second coil with respect to the first coil is given as:
• M21 = ε2/(di/dt) = 60×10-3×0.4/8 = 3×10-3H
• Induced emf in the second coil due to change in the rate of current in the first coil is given as:
• ε2 = M21 di/dt = 3×10-3×12/0.03 = 1.2V
Magnetically coupled circuits
• An electric circuit is said to be a coupled circuit, when there exists a mutual inductance between
the coils (or inductors) present in that circuit.
• The circuits we have considered so far (units 1 and 2) may be regarded as conductively coupled,
because one loop affects the neighboring loop through current conduction.
• When two loops with or without contacts between them affect each other through the magnetic
field generated by one of them, they are said to be magnetically coupled.
• The transformer is an electrical device designed on the basis of the concept of magnetic coupling.
It uses magnetically coupled coils to transfer energy from one circuit to another. Transformers are
key circuit elements. They are used in power systems for stepping up or stepping down ac
voltages or currents. They are used in electronic circuits such as radio and television receivers for
such purposes as impedance matching, isolating one part of a circuit from another, and again for
stepping up or down ac voltages and currents.
Dot convention principle
1. Self inductance:
Let us first consider a single inductor, a coil with N turns. When current i flows through the coil, a magnetic flux
φ is produced around it as shown in Figure. According to Faraday’s law, the voltage v induced in the coil is
proportional to the number of turns N and the time rate of change of the magnetic flux φ; that is,

But the flux φ is produced by current i so that any change in φ is caused by a change in the current. Hence, Eq.
1 can be written as

From eqns 1 and 2, Inductance can be written as

This L is called as self inductance.

2. Mutual inductance
• Now consider two coils with self-inductances L1 and L2 that are in close proximity with
each other as shown in Fig.
• Coil 1 has N1 turns, while coil 2 has N2 turns. For the sake of simplicity, assume that
the second inductor carries no current. The magnetic flux φ1 emanating from
coil 1 has two components: one component φ11 links only coil 1, and another component φ12 links both coils. Hence,

• Although the two coils are physically separated, they are said to be magnetically coupled. Since the entire flux φ1 links
coil 1, the voltage induced in coil 1 is

• Only flux φ12 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is

• Again, as the fluxes are caused by the current i1 flowing in coil 1, the above equation can be written as

M21 is known as the mutual inductance of coil 2 with

respect to coil 1.
Subscript 21 indicates that the inductance M21
relates the voltage induced in coil 2 to the current in
coil 1.
• Thus, the open-circuit mutual voltage (or induced voltage) across coil 2 is
• Suppose we now let current i2 flow in coil 2, while coil 1 carries
no current (Fig. 2). The magnetic flux φ2 emanating from coil 2 comprises
flux φ22 that links only coil 2 and flux φ21 that links both coils. Hence

• The entire flux φ2 links coil 2, so the voltage induced in coil 2 is

• Although mutual inductance M is always a positive quantity, the mutual voltage M di/dt may be negative or
positive, just like the selfinduced voltage L di/dt.
• However, unlike the self-induced L di/dt, whose polarity is determined by the reference direction of the
current and the reference polarity of the voltage (according to the passive sign convention), the polarity of
mutual voltage M di/dt is not easy to determine, because four terminals are involved.
• The choice of the correct polarity for M di/dt is made by examining the orientation or particular way in
which both coils are physically wound and applying Lenz’s law in conjunction with the right-hand rule.
• Since it is inconvenient to show the construction details of coils on a circuit schematic, we apply the dot
convention in circuit analysis. By this convention, a dot is placed in the circuit at one end of each of the two
magnetically coupled coils to indicate the direction of the magnetic flux if current enters that dotted
terminal of the coil.
• This is illustrated in Fig.
 Dot convention principle
• An electric circuit is said to be a coupled circuit, when there exists a mutual inductance between the
coils (or inductors) present in that circuit.
Dot convention
• is a technique, which gives the details about voltage polarity at the dotted terminal. This information
is useful, while writing KVL equations. Dot Convention
• If the current enters at the dotted terminal of one coil (or inductor), then it induces a voltage at another
coil (or inductor), which is having positive polarity at the dotted terminal.
• If the current leaves from the dotted terminal of one coil (or inductor), then it induces a voltage at
another coil (or inductor), which is having negative polarity at the dotted terminal.
Classification of Coupling
• Electrical Coupling
• Magnetic Coupling
• Magnetic Coupling
• Magnetic coupling occurs, when there is no physical connection between two coils (or inductors). This coupling can be of either aiding
type or opposing type. It is based on whether the current enters at the dotted terminal or leaves from the dotted terminal.
• Coupling of Aiding type Coupling of Opposing Type

• Electrical coupling
• Electrical coupling occurs, when there exists a physical connection between two coils (or inductors). This coupling can be of either
aiding type or opposing type. It is based on whether the current enters at the dotted terminal or leaves from the dotted terminal.
• Coupling of Aiding type Coupling of Opposing Type
• Given a circuit, the dots are already placed beside the coils so that we need not bother about how to place them. The
dots are used along with the dot convention to determine the polarity of the mutual voltage. The dot convention is
stated as follows:

• Thus, the reference polarity of the mutual voltage depends on the reference direction of the inducing current and the
dots on the coupled coils. Application of the dot convention is illustrated in the four pairs of mutually coupled coils in
Fig.1.
• For the coupled coils in Fig.1.(a), the sign of the mutual voltage v2 is determined by the reference polarity for v2 and
the direction of i1. Since i1 enters the dotted terminal of coil 1 and v2 is positive at the dotted terminal of coil 2, the
mutual voltage is +M di1/dt.
• For the coils in Fig.1.(b), the current i1 enters the dotted terminal of coil 1 and v2 is negative at the dotted terminal of
coil 2. Hence, the mutual voltage is −M di1/dt.
• The same reasoning applies to the coils in Fig.1.(c) and 1.(d).
 • Figure a and b show the dot convention for coupled coils in series.
• For the coils in Fig.(a), the total inductance is

• For the coils in Fig. (b), the total inductance is

• Statement of Dot rule

1. If both currents enter dotted ends of coupled coils or if both currents enter undotted ends, the signs on the
M terms will be same as the signs on the L terms.
2. If one current enters a dotted end and the other an undotted end, the signs on the M terms will be
opposite to the signs on the L terms.
 Problem1:
2 coupled coils with L1=0.02 H, L2= 0.01 H and k=0.5 are connected in
series aiding and series opposing arrangments. Find the equivalent
inductances.
Ans:
M= k. sqrt(L1L2) =0.00707 H
a. For series aiding:
b. L=L1+L2+2M = 0.044 H
c. For series opposing:
d. L=L1+L2-2M= 0.016H
Problem 2:
• Find the effective inductance of the combination.
 Example
• Consider the circuit in Fig.
• Applying KVL to coil 1 gives

• For coil 2, KVL gives

• We can write the above equations in the frequency domain as

Example
• Consider the circuit in Fig. We analyze this in the frequency domain.
• Applying KVL to coil 1, we get

• For coil 2, KVL yields

Problem
• Calculate the phasor currents I1 and I2 in the circuit of Fig.