Elektronika Daya

Komputasi Daya
Oleh : Nanang Roni Wibowo, M.T
 Outline
• Pendahuluan
• Daya dan Energi
– Daya Sesaat
– Energi
– Daya rata-rata
• Induktor dan Kapasitor
• Recovery energi
• Nilai Efektif : RMS
• Daya Semu dan Faktor Daya
• Komputasi Daya untuk rangkaian AC Sinus
• Komputasi daya untuk gelombang periodic non sinus
– Deret fourier
– Sumber tak linier dan beban linier
– Sumber linier dan beban tak linier
 Pendahuluan
• Perhitungan daya banyak digunakan dalam menganalisa dan merancang
rangkaian elektronika daya
• Metode perhitungan daya dibedakan berdasarkan gelombang arus dan
tegangan
– DC
– Arus dan Tegangan Sinus
– Arus dan/atau tegangn non sinus
• Jenis Definisi dari Daya
– Daya Sesaat
– Daya Rata-rata
– Daya Reaktif
– Daya Semu
– Daya Kompleks
– dst
 Kuantitas AC dan DC
• If the value of any electrical quantity (voltage,
current etc.) doesn’t change with respect to
time, it is a DC quantity.

• If the value of any electrical quantity vary with

time, it is an AC quantity.
 Daya Sesaat
• The power is defined as the product of current
and voltage

• This equation is valid for any device or any circuit.

• The instantaneous power is the value of power
p(t) at any instant of time.
• The instantaneous power is generally a time-
varying quantity.
• The power has negative or positive value with
respect to the time.
• The sign of the power indicates its direction of
flow.
 Perjanjian Tanda
• Passive sign convention (Used frequently
for passive components)
– at any instant of time;
• if p(t)>0, it indicates the device is absorbing power
• if p(t)<0, it indicates the device is supplying power
• Active sign convention (Used frequently
for sources)
– At any instant of time;
• if p(t)<0, it indicates the device is absorbing power
• if p(t)>0, it indicates the device is supplying power
Only difference between the conventions are the
reference direction of current i(t).
 Latihan 1
• Calculate the power of
all components in the
circuit.

Active sign convention Passive sign convention

 Energi
• Energy, or work, is the integral of instantaneous power.
• Observing the passive sign convention, the energy
absorbed by a component over the time interval from t1
to t2 is

• where v(t) is in volts, i(t) is in amperes, power has units

of watts and energy has units of joule.
 Average Power
• Periodic voltage and
current functions produce a
periodic instantaneous
power function.
• Average power is the time
average of p(t) over one or
more periods.
• Also computed from energy
per period
 Latihan 2
• Voltage and current, consistent with the passive sign convention,
for a device are shown below.

a) Determine the instantaneous power p(t) absorbed by the device.

b) Determine the energy absorbed by the device in one period.
c) Determine the average power absorbed by the device.
Solusi
Solusi
 Sumber Tegangan DC
• The average power absorbed by a dc voltage
source is

• Bringing the constant Vdc outside of the

integral gives
 Latihan 3
• Assume that the voltage and current waveforms of a
DC voltage source is;

• The average power delivered by this voltage source

can be found as
 Tugas
1. Daya rata-rata umumnya bukan perkalian dari tegangan dan arus rata-rata. Berikan sebuah contoh dari gelombang periodik
untuk v(t) dan i(t) yang mempunyai nilai rata-rata nol dan daya rata-rata yang diserap oleh alat tidak sama dengan nol.
Gambarkan v(t), i(t) dan p(t).
2. Tegangan pada sebuah resistor 10 Ω adalah v(t) =170sin(377t) V. Tentukan ?
a)Ekspresi untuk daya sesaat yang diserap oleh resistor
b)Daya puncak
c)Daya rata-rata
3. Tegangan pada sebuah elemen adalah v(t) = 5 sin (2t) V. Gunakan software grafik untuk menggambarkan daya sesaat yang
diserap elemen, dan tentukan daya rata-rata jika arus, menggunakan perjanjian tanda passive adalah ?
a)i(t) = 4 sin (2t) A
b)i(t) = 3 sin (4t) A
4. Tegangan dan arus untuk sebuah device ( perjanjian tanda Passive) adalah fungsi periodic dengan T=100ms ditentukan sebagai
berikut.

Tentukan
a)Daya sesaat
b)
Daya rata-rata
c)Energi yang diserap oleh alat dalam tiap perioda
 Resistor
• It doesn’t cause a phase difference between voltage and
current.
• A dissipative device in electric circuits which obeys Ohm’s law,

• The power absorbed by a resistor is

P, V dan I untuk Resistor
 Induktor dan Kapasitor
• Inductors and capacitors have some particular characteristics
that are important in power electronics applications.
• They are able to store energy,
 Inductor dan Average Power
• If the inductor current is periodic, the stored energy at the end of one period is
the same as at the beginning.

• No net energy transfer indicates that the average power absorbed by an

inductor is zero for steady-state periodic operation.

• Instantaneous power is not necessarily zero because power may be absorbed

during part of the period and returned to the circuit during another part of the
period.
P, V dan I untuk inductor
 Inductors Average Voltage
• From the voltage-current relationship for the
inductor

• Therefore, for periodic currents, the average

voltage across an inductor is zero.
Kemasan Induktor
 Kapasitor Average Power
• If the capacitor voltage is periodic, the stored energy is the same at the end of a
period as at the beginning.

• Therefore, the average power absorbed by the capacitor is zero for steady-state
periodic operation.

• Instantaneous power is not necessarily zero because power may be absorbed

during part of the period and returned to the circuit during another part of the
period.
P, V dan I untuk Kapasitor
 Kapasitor Average Current
• From the voltage-current relationship for the
capacitor,

• Therefore, for periodic currents, the average

current that flows through a capacitor is zero.
Tipe Kapasitor
Kemasan Kapasitor
 Latihan 4. Daya dan Tegangan pada Sebuah
Induktor
• The current in a 5-mH inductor is the periodic
triangular wave as shown below.

• Determine the voltage, instantaneous power,

and average power for the inductor.
 Solusi
• The current-voltage relationship of
an inductor is

• By using this relationship, the

voltage across the inductor can be
found as shown in the figure on
the right.

• It can be determined easily from

the figure that the average
inductor voltage is zero
 Solusi
• The instantaneous power in the inductor
is

• when p(t) is positive, the inductor is

absorbing power,
• when p(t) is negative, the inductor is
supplying power.

• The average inductor power is zero.

 Energy Recovery
• Inductors and capacitors must be energized and
de-energized in several applications of power
electronics.
• For a periodic operations, the net energy in
inductors and capacitors must be zero in steady-
state condition, otherwise the current or voltage
ramps up, and can easily destroy the sensitive
devices.
• For example, a fuel injector solenoid in an
automobile is energized for a certain time interval
by a transistor switch.
• During this time interval, energy is stored in the
solenoid’s inductance.
• The circuit must be designed to remove the stored
energy in the inductor while preventing damage to
the transistor when it is turned off.
 Solenoid Switching
• The solenoid can be modelled as an inductor. The resistance associated
with the inductor is assumed to be negligible
• Transistor switch and diode are assumed to be ideal.
• The diode-resistor path provides a means of opening the switch and
removing the stored energy in the inductor when the transistor turns
off.
• Without the diode-resistor path, the transistor could be destroyed
when it is turned off
 Circuit operation: 0<t<t1
• Inductor voltage is equal to the supply
voltage Vcc. Therefore the current can
be calculated as follows,

• The transistor current is equal to the

inductor current

• Inductor and source currents thus

increase linearly when the transistor
is on.
 Circuit operation: t1<t<T
• This is a simple RL circuit, so that the
inductor current can be calculated as
follows

• The initial value of inductor current is

• The current in the inductor and resistor is

decaying exponential with time constant
L/R.
• The switch current is zero
 Average DC Source Power
• The current waveform supplied by the DC
source is

• The average power supplied by the DC source

is
 Average Resistor Power ( Method 1)
• The average power absorbed by
the resistor could be determined
by integrating an expression for
instantaneous resistor power, but
an examination of the circuit
reveals an easier way.
• The average power absorbed by
the inductor is zero
• The power absorbed by the ideal
transistor and diode are both zero.
• Therefore, all power supplied by
the source must be absorbed by
the resistor
Average resistor power (Method 2)
• Another way to approach the problem is to determine the
peak energy stored in the inductor,

• The all energy stored in the inductor is transferred to the

resistor while the transistor switch is open.
• Power absorbed by the resistor can be determined from
 Pertimbangan Effisiensi
• All the energy stored in the inductor is
dissipated in the resistor, and
converted to heat.
• Therefore, the energy efficiency is very
low for resistive energy recovery
circuits.
• The circuit efficiency can be improved
if stored energy in the inductance can
be transferred back to the source
rather than dissipating in resistor.
• The circuit below can be used for this
purpose
• Two transistor switches are turned on
and off simultaneously.
 Circuit operation: 0<t<t1
• Inductor voltage is equal to the supply
voltage Vcc. Therefore the current can be
calculated as follows,

• The transistor current is equal to the

inductor current

• Inductor and source currents thus increase

linearly when the transistors are on.
 Circuit operation: t1<t<2t1
• Inductor voltage is vL(t)= –Vcc ,then the
current can be found as,

• The source current is negative then the

source is absorbing power.
• Average source current is zero, resulting in
an average source power of zero.
 Latihan 5
• In the following circuits Vcc=90 V, L=200 mH, R=20Ω, t1=10 ms, and T=100
ms. Determine,
a) the peak current and peak energy storage in the inductor (Ans. 4.5A,
2.025J)
b) the average power absorbed by the resistor, (Ans. 20.25W)
c) the peak and average power supplied by the source. (Ans. 405W, 20.25W)
d) Compare the results with what would happen if the inductor were
energized using lossless two transistor circuit.
 Nilai Efektif : RMS
• The effective value of a periodic voltage waveform is based on the average power
delivered to a resistor.
• For a periodic voltage across a resistor, effective voltage is defined as the voltage
that is as effective as the dc voltage in supplying average power.
• Both voltages Veff and Vdc produce same average power on the load.
• However, Veff is a quantity which corresponds to the effective value of the ac
source v(t)
• Average power on the resistor is

• Equating the expressions for average power

• Then we obtain the definition formula of the effective value as

follows
• Similarly, the RMS current is developed from P=I2rmsR as,

• The usefulness of the RMS value is that it doesn’t vary with

time.
• Thus, the AC circuits can be analyzed as like DC circuits by
using RMS values of voltages and currents in the circuits.
• Additionally, ratings of devices such as transformers are often
specified in terms of RMS voltage and current.
 Latihan 6
• Determine the rms value of the periodic pulse waveform that
has a duty ratio of D as shown below.

• Solution: The voltage is expressed as

• The rms value is then calculated

 Latihan 7
• Determine the RMS Value of a sinusoidal voltage of v(t)=Vm
sin(Ꙍt)
RMS value of a full-wave rectified sinewave
v(t)=|Vm sin(wt)| is same
 Latihan 8
Determine the RMS Value of a half-wave rectified sinewave of

The square of the function has one-half the area of full wave,
 Latihan 9
• Neutral Conductor Current in a Three-Phase System
• An office complex is supplied from a three-phase four-wire
voltage source
• The load is highly nonlinear as a result of the rectifiers in the
power supplies of the equipment,
• The currents in each of the three
phases has very distorted
waveform.
• The neutral current is the sum
of the phase currents.
• Due to the non-linear loads, a
certain current flows through
the neutral conductor
• If the rms current in each
phase conductor is known to be
20 A, determine the rms current
in the neutral conductor
• Noting by inspection that the area of the square of the current function in
the neutral in, is 3 times that of each of the phases ia

 Note that the rms neutral current is larger

than the phase currents for this situation.
Three-phase distribution systems
supplying highly nonlinear loads should
have a neutral conductor capable of
carrying times as much current as the line
conductor