Hindawi

Journal of Mathematics
Volume 2021, Article ID 9970744, 6 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9970744

Research Article
Definite Integrals Involving Combinations of Powers and
Logarithmic Functions of Complicated Arguments Expressed in
Terms of the Hurwitz Zeta Function

Robert Reynolds and Allan Stauffer

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J1P3, Canada

Correspondence should be addressed to Robert Reynolds; milver@my.yorku.ca

Received 11 March 2021; Accepted 4 May 2021; Published 11 May 2021

Academic Editor: Elena Guardo

Copyright © 2021 Robert Reynolds and Allan Stauffer. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.

In this manuscript, the authors derive closed formula for definite integrals of combinations of powers and logarithmic functions of
complicated arguments and express these integrals in terms of the Hurwitz zeta functions. These derivations are then expressed in
terms of fundamental constants, elementary, and special functions. A summary of the results is produced in the form of a table of
definite integrals for easy referencing by readers.

1. Introduction The derivations follow the method used by us in [1]. The

generalized Cauchy’s integral formula is given by
In this manuscript, the authors derive the definite integrals
given by yk 1 ewy
� 􏽚 k+1 dw, (3)
1 log xm + 1􏼁􏼐logk (a/x) + logk (ax)􏼑 k! 2πi C w
􏽚 dx (1)
0 x where C is in general an open contour in the complex plane
and where the bilinear concomitant has the same value at the end
points of the contour. This method involves using a form of
1 log 1 − xn 􏼁􏼐logk (a/x) + logk (ax)􏼑 equation (3), then multiplying both sides by a function, and
􏽚 dx, (2)
0 x then taking a definite integral of both sides. This yields a
definite integral in terms of a contour integral. A second
in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function, where the parameters contour integral is derived by multiplying equation (3) by
k, a, m, and n are general complex numbers. A summary of different function and summing performing some substi-
the results is given in a table of integrals for easy reading. tutions so that the contour integrals are the same.
This work is important because the authors were unable to
find similar results in current literature. Tables of definite 2. Derivation of the First Contour Integral
integrals provide a useful summary and reference for readers
seeking such integrals for potential use in their research. This We use the method in [1]. Using a generalization of Cauchy’s
work looks at definite integrals of the hyperbolic arctangent integral formula equation (3), we will form two equations
function and the product of logarithmic functions with and add them together. For the first and second equations,
complicated arguments and powers. We use our simulta- replace y by log(ax) and y by log(a/x), respectively. Next,
neous contour integration method to aid in our derivations we add these equations followed by multiplying both sides
of the closed forms solutions in terms of the Hurwitz zeta by (log(xm + 1)/x) and taking the definite integral over
function, which provides analytic continuation of the results. x ∈ [0, 1] to get
2 Journal of Mathematics

m k k
1 1 log x + 1􏼁􏼐log (a/x) + log (ax)􏼑 i(2π)k+2 (i/m)k+1 ζ(− k − 1, (π − im log(a)/2π))
􏽚 dx −
k! 0 x (k + 1)!

1 1 k− 1 − w− 1 2w 1 ∞
� 􏽚 􏽚 aw w − x 􏼐x + 1􏼑log xm + 1􏼁dwdx �− 􏽘 􏽚 2iπw− k− 1 w(log(a)+(iπ(2y+1)/m))
e dw
2πi 0 C 2πi y�0 C
1
(6)
1 k− 1 − w− 1 2w ∞
� 􏽚 􏽚 aw w − x 􏼐x + 1􏼑log xm + 1􏼁dxdw 1 k− 1 w(log(a)+(iπ(2y+1)/m))
2πi C 0 �− 􏽚 􏽘 2iπw− e dw
2πi C y�0
1 k− 3 πw
� 􏽚 aw w − 􏼒πw csc􏼒 􏼓 − m􏼓dw, 1 πw
2πi C m � 􏽚 πaw w− k− 2
csc􏼒 􏼓dw,
(4) 2πi C m
from equation (2.6.19.6) in [2] and the integral is valid for a, from equation (1.232.3) in [4] where csch(ix) � i csc(x)
m, and k complex and − 1 < Re(w) < 0 where the logarithmic from (4.5.10) in [3] and Im(w) > 0 for the convergence of the
function is defined in equation (4.1.2) in [3]. sum. We use equation (9.521.1) in [4], where ζ(s, u) is the
Hurwitz zeta function.
3. Derivation of the Second Contour Integral
5. Derivation of the Infinite Sum of the Second
Using a generalization of Cauchy’s integral formula equation Contour Integral
(3), we will form two equations and add them together. For
the first and second equations, replace y by log(ax) and y by Again, using the method in [1] and equation (3), we replace
log(a/x), respectively. Next, we add these equations fol- y by log(a) + (2iπ(y + 1)/n), multiply both sides by − 2πi,
lowed by multiplying both sides by (log(1 − xn )/x) and replace k by k + 1, and take the infinite sum of both sides
taking the definite integral over x ∈ [0, 1] to get over y ∈ [0, ∞) simplifying in terms of the Hurwitz zeta
n k k function to get
1 1 log 1 − x 􏼁􏼐log (a/x) + log (ax)􏼑
􏽚 dx i(2π)k+2 (i/n)k+1 ζ(− k − 1, 1 − (in log(a)/2π))
k! 0 x −
(k + 1)!
1 1 k− 1 − w− 1 2w
� 􏽚 􏽚 aw w − x 􏼐x + 1􏼑log 1 − xn 􏼁dwdx 1 ∞
2πi 0 C �− 􏽘 􏽚 2iπw− k− 1 w(log(a)+(2iπ(y+1)/n))
e dw
2πi y�0 C
1 1
� 􏽚 􏽚 aw w − k− 1 − w− 1
x 􏼐x
2w
+ 1􏼑log 1 − xn 􏼁dxdw (7)
2πi C 0 1 ∞
k− 1 w(log(a)+(2iπ(y+1)/n))
�− 􏽚 􏽘 2iπw− e dw
1 3 πw 2πi C y�0
� 􏽚 aw w − k−
􏼒πw cot􏼒 􏼓 − n􏼓dw,
2πi C n
(5) 1 k− 2 πw k− 2
� 􏽚 πaw w− cot􏼒 w −
􏼓 + iπa w dw,
2πi C n
from equation (2.6.19.6) in [2] where − 1 < Re(w) < 0. from equation (1.232.1) in [5].

4. Derivation of the Infinite Sum of the First 6. Derivation of the Additional Contours
Contour Integral
Again, using the method in [1] and equation (3), we replace
Again, using the method in [1] and equation (3), we replace y by log(a), k by k + 1, multiply both sides by πi, and
y by log(a) + (iπ(2y + 1)/m), multiply both sides by − 2πi, simplify to get
replace k by k + 1, and take the infinite sum of both sides
over y ∈ [0, ∞) simplifying in terms of the Hurwitz zeta iπ logk+1 (a) 1 k− 2
� 􏽚 iπaw w− dw. (8)
function to get (k + 1)! 2πi C
Journal of Mathematics 3

Again, using the method in [1] and equation (3), we 1 tanh− 1

xm 􏼁􏼐logk (a/x) + logk (ax)􏼑
replace y by log(a), k by k + 2 and multiply both sides by − n 􏽚 dx
simplify to get 0 x

n logk+2 (a) 1 k− 3 (2π)k+2 (i/m)k π − im log(a)

− �− 􏽚 naw w− dw. (9) � 􏼠ζ 􏼠− k − 1, 􏼡
(k + 2)! 2πi C 2(k + 1)m 2π (13)
Again, using the method in [1] and equation (3), we im log(a)
replace y by log(a), k by k + 2, multiply both sides by − m, − ζ 􏼠− k − 1, 1 − 􏼡􏼡
2π
and simplify to get
m logk+2 (a) 1 k− 3 + iπmlogk+1 (a).
− �− 􏽚 maw w− dw. (10)
(k + 2)! 2πi C
Using equations (11) and (12) and adding them and then
simplifying, we get
7. Derivation of the Definite Integrals in k k m n
1 􏼐log (a/x) + log (ax)􏼑log x + 1􏼁 1 − x 􏼁􏼁
Terms of the Hurwitz Zeta Function 􏽚 dx
0 x
Since the right-hand side of equations (4) and (5) are equal
to the sum of the right-hand sides of equations (6)–(10), we 4π2 k k+1 k
� 􏼐(2π) k + 2 π 􏼑
can equate the left-hand sides simplifying the factorials to get (k + 1)(k + 2)mn
1 log xm + 1􏼁􏼐logk (a/x) + logk (ax)􏼑
􏽚 dx i k π − im log(a)
0 x 􏼠n􏼒 􏼓 ζ 􏼠− k − 1, 􏼡
m 2π
m logk+2 (a) i(2π)k+2 (i/m)k+1 ζ(− k − 1, (π − im log(a)/2π))
�− − ,
(k + 1)(k + 2) k+1 i k in log(a)
+m􏼒 􏼓 ζ 􏼠− k − 1, 1 − 􏼡􏼡
(11) n 2π

1 log 1 − xn 􏼁􏼐logk (a/x) + logk (ax)􏼑 − mnlogk+1 (a)(log(a)(m + n) + iπ(k + 2)).

􏽚 dx
0 x (14)
i(2π)k+2 (i/n)k+1 ζ(− k − 1, 1 − (in log(a)/2π))
�−
k+1 9. Derivation of Logarithmic and Hyperbolic
n logk+2 (a) iπ logk+1 (a) Arctangent Integrals in Terms of the
− − . Zeta Function
(k + 1)(k + 2) k+1
(12) Using equations (13) and (14) and setting a � 1 simplifying,
we get
8. Derivation of Logarithmic and Hyperbolic
Tangent Integrals in Terms of the Hurwitz
Zeta Function
Using equations (11) and (12) and taking their difference
simplifying, we get

1 tanh− 1 (x)logk (x) k− 2

􏽚 dx � 2− k+2 iπk
􏼐2 − 1􏼑e ζ(k + 2)Γ(k + 1), (15)
0 x

1 logk (x)log xm + 1􏼁 1 − xn 􏼁􏼁 1 k− 1 k− 1
􏽚 dx � eiπk ζ(k + 2)Γ(k + 1)􏼐􏼐2 − 2− k 􏼑m− − 2n− 􏼑, (16)
0 x 2

from entry (2) in the table below (64 : 7) in [5].

4 Journal of Mathematics

10. Derivation of Logarithmic and Hyperbolic 12. Derivation of Logarithmic and Hyperbolic
Arctangent Integrals in Terms of the Log Arctangent Integrals in Terms of
Gamma Function Fundamental Constants and
Special Functions
Using equations (13) and (14), replacing a by eai , applying
L’Hopital’s rule to the right-hand side as k ⟶ − 1, re- In this section, we will derive definite integrals in terms of
spectively, and simplifying, we get special functions and fundamental constants such as Euler’s
1 tanh− 1 xm 􏼁 constant (c), Catalan’s constant (C), Glaisher’s constant (A),
􏽚 2 2 dx and π. This section showcases just a subset of the range of
0 x􏼐a + log (x)􏼑
evaluations of these integral formulae.

π amΓ(am/2π)2
� log􏼠 􏼡, 12.1. Hyperbolic Tangent Integrals
4a 2πΓ(am + π/2π)2
1 log xm + 1􏼁 1 − xn 􏼁􏼁 Example 1. Using equation (13), replacing a by e− (iπ/2m)
,
􏽚 dx setting k � − 3, m � 1, and simplifying, we get
0 x􏼐a2 + log2 (x)􏼑 (17) 3 2 − 1
1 􏼐π − 12π log (x)􏼑tanh (x) 2C − 1
1 am + π an 􏽚 dx � , (19)
0 2 2 3 16π
� 􏼒− 2π log􏼒Γ􏼒 􏼓Γ􏼒 + 1􏼓􏼓 − am x􏼐4 log (x) + π 􏼑
2a 2π 2π
2iπ from equations (23.2.23) in [3] and (64 : 7:1) in [5].
+ am log(ia) − am log􏼒 􏼓 − an + an log(ia)
m
Example 2. Using equation (16), taking the first partial
2iπ i derivative with respect to k, setting k � 0, and simplifying,
− an log􏼒 􏼓 + π log(iπa) − π log􏼒 􏼓􏼓,
n 2n we get
from equation (64 : 10 : 2) in [5]. 1 log(log(x))tanh− 1 (x) 1 16π3
􏽚 dx � π2 􏼠log􏼠 36 􏼡 + 3iπ􏼡,
0 x 24 A
(20)
11. Derivation of Logarithmic and Hyperbolic
Arctangent Integrals in Terms of the from equation (A.11) in [6].
Digamma Function
Example 3. Using equation (16), setting k � 1/2, and sim-
Using equations (13) and (14), replacing a by eai , applying plifying, we get
L’Hopital’s rule to the right-hand side as k ⟶ − 2, re- 􏽰������
1 log(x)tanh− 1 (x) 1 √� √� 5
spectively, and simplifying, we get
􏽚 dx � − i( 2 − 8) πζ 􏼒 􏼓. (21)
2 2 − 1
0 x 16 2
1 􏼐a − log (x)􏼑tanh xm 􏼁
􏽚 2 dx
0 x􏼐a2 + log2 (x)􏼑
Example 4. Using equation (16), setting k � − 1/2, and
simplifying, we get
1 am am + π π
� 􏼒− mψ (0) 􏼒 + 1􏼓 + mψ (0) 􏼒 􏼓 + 􏼓,
4 2π 2π a 1 tanh− 1 (x) 1 √� √� 3
􏽚 􏽰������ dx � i( 2 − 4) πζ 􏼒 􏼓. (22)
2 2 m n 0 x log(x) 4 2
1 􏼐a − log (x)􏼑log − x − 1􏼁 x − 1􏼁􏼁
􏽚 2 dx
0 x􏼐a2 + log2 (x)􏼑
Example 5. Using equation (16), taking the first partial
(18) derivative with respect to k, setting k � 1, and simplifying,
1 i
� 􏼒− am log(ia) + am log􏼒 􏼓 we get
2a m
am + π
1 log(x)log(log(x))tanh− 1 (x)
+am log(2π) + amψ (0)
􏼒 􏼓 􏽚 dx
2π 0 x
(23)
i 1
− an log(ia) + an log􏼒 􏼓 + an log(2π) � − 7ζ ′ (3) + ζ(3)(− 7 + 7c − 7iπ − log(2))􏼁,
n 8

an from Example 1 in Section 12.1 in [7].

+anψ (0) 􏼒 + 1􏼓 − π􏼓,
2π
Example 6. Using equation (16), taking the first partial de-
from equation (64 : 4:2) in [5]. rivative with respect to k, setting k � 2, and simplifying, we get
Journal of Mathematics 5

1 log2 (x)log(log(x))tanh− 1 (x) log􏼐1 − x2 􏼑log(log(x))

1
􏽚 dx 􏽚 􏽰������ dx
0 x 0 x log(x)
(24) (30)
􏽲�
15ζ ′ (4) π4 (45 − 30c + 30iπ + log(4)) π 3 3
� + , � 􏼒iζ ′ 􏼒 􏼓 − iζ 􏼒 􏼓(c − iπ + log(8))􏼓,
8 1440 2 2 2
from Example 1 in Section 12.1 in [4].
from Example 1 in Section 12.1 in [5].
12.2. Logarithmic Integrals
13. Derivation of Definite Integrals of the
Example 7. Using equation (16), taking the first partial de- Logarithmic Function
rivative with respect to k, setting k � 0, a � − 1, m � 2, n � 1,
and simplifying, we get Using equation (11), we take the first partial derivative with
respect to m and then replace m by m + 1. Next, we form a
1 log􏼐(1 − x)􏼐x2 + 1􏼑􏼑log(log(x)) second equation by replacing m by p in the new equation.
􏽚 dx Then, we take the difference of these two new equations
0 x
(25) simplifying to get
1
� 􏼐− 6ζ ′ (2) +(c − iπ)π 2 􏼑, 1 logk+1 (x) xm − xp 􏼁 k− 1
8 􏽚 m+1 dx � − 2− 􏼐2k+1 − 1􏼑eiπk/2 ζ(k + 2)Γ
0 􏼐x + 1􏼑􏼐xp+1 + 1􏼑
from Example 1 in Section 12.1 in [4].
(i/m + 1)k (i/p + 1)k
Example 8. Using equation (16), taking the first partial ·(k + 2)􏼠 − 􏼡.
derivative with respect to k, setting k � 0, m � n � 1, and (m + 1)2 (p + 1)2
simplifying, we get (31)
2
1 log􏼐1 − x 􏼑log(log(x)) 1 A12 Repeating the steps above using equation (12) and
􏽚 dx � π2 􏼠log􏼠 􏼡 − iπ􏼡,
0 x 12 π simplifying, we get
(26) 1 logk+1 (x) xn − xp 􏼁
􏽚 n+1 dx
from equation (A.11) in [4]. 0 􏼐x − 1􏼑􏼐xp+1 − 1􏼑
(32)
Example 9. Using equation (16), setting k � 1/2, m � n � 1, (i/p + 1)k (i/n + 1)k
and simplifying, we get � eiπk/2 ζ(k + 2)Γ(k + 2)􏼠 − 􏼡.
(p + 1)2 (n + 1)2
􏽰������ 􏽲�
1 log(x)log􏼐1 − x2 􏼑 1 π 5
􏽚 dx � − i ζ 􏼒 􏼓. (27)
0 x 4 2 2
13.1. Some Special Cases
Example 10. Using equation (16), setting k � − 1/2,
Example 13. Using equation (31) and applying L’Hopital’s
m � n � 1, and simplifying, we get
rule to the right-hand side as k ⟶ − 2 and simplifying, we
1 log􏼐1 − x2 􏼑
􏽲� get
π 3
􏽚 􏽰������ dx � i ζ 􏼒 􏼓. (28)
0 x log(x) 2 2 1 xm − xp 1 m+1
􏽚 m+1 p+1 dx � log􏼠 􏼡. (33)
0 􏼐x + 1􏼑􏼐x + 1􏼑log(x) 2 p+1
Example 11. Using equation (16), taking the first partial
derivative with respect to k, setting k � m � n � 1, and
simplifying, we get
Example 14. Using equation (32) and setting k � 1 and
1 log(x)log􏼐1 − x2 􏼑log(log(x)) simplifying, we get
􏽚 dx
0 x
(29) 1 log2 (x) xn − xp 􏼁 1 1
1 􏽚 dx � 2ζ(3)􏼠 − 􏼡.
� ζ ′ (3) + ζ(3)(1 − c + iπ − log(2))􏼁, 0 􏼐x
n+1
− 1􏼑􏼐xp+1 − 1􏼑 (n + 1)3 (p + 1)3
4
(34)
from Example 1 in Section 12.1 in [5].

Example 12. Using equation (16), taking the first partial 14. Table of Integrals
derivative with respect to k, setting k � − 1/2, m � n � 1, and
simplifying, we get Table of definite integrals provided in Table 1
6 Journal of Mathematics

Table 1: Table of definite integrals.

1
f(x) 􏽒0 f(x)dx
(tanh− 1 (x)logk (x)/x) 2− k− 2 (2k+2 − 1)eiπk ζ(k + 2)Γ(k + 1)
(logk (x)log((xm + 1)(1 − xn ))/x) (1/2)eiπk ζ(k + 2)Γ(k + 1)((2 − 2− k )m− k− 1 − 2n− k− 1 )
((π3 − 12π log2 (x))tanh− 1 (x)/x(4 log2 (x) + π2 )3 ) (2 C − 1/16π)
(tanh− 1 (xm )/x(a2 + log2 (x))) (π/4a)log(amΓ(am/2π)2 /2πΓ(am + π/2π)2 )
− 1
(log(log(x))tanh
􏽰������ (x)/x) (1/24)π2 (log(16π
√�
3
/A 36
√� ) + 3iπ)
− 1
( log(x) tanh􏽰����� (x)/x)� − (1/16)i(√� 2 − 8)√� ζ(5/2)
π
(tanh− 1 (x)/x log(x) ) (1/4)i( 2 − 4) πζ(3/2)
(log(x)log(log(x))tanh− 1 (x)/x) (1/8)(− 7ζ ′ (3) + ζ(3)(− 7 + 7c − 7iπ − log(2)))
(log2 (x)log(log(x))tanh− 1 (x)/x) (15ζ ′ (4)/8) + (π4 (45 − 30c + 30iπ + log(4))/1440)
(log((1 − x)(x2 + 1))log(log(x))/x) (1/8)(− 6ζ ′ (2) + (c − iπ)π2 )
(log(1
􏽰����� − �x2 )log(log(x))/x) (1/12)π2 (log(A 12
√��� /π) − iπ)
( log(x) log(1􏽰−����� x2 )/x)
� √��� ζ(5/2)
− (1/4)i π/2
(log(1 − x2 )/x log(x) ) i π/2ζ(3/2)
2
(log(x)log(1 − x )log(log(x))/x)􏽰������ ��� ′ (3) + ζ(3)(1 − c + iπ − log(2)))
√(1/4)(ζ
(log(1 − x2 )log(log(x))/x log(x) ) π/2(iζ ′ (3/2) − iζ(3/2)(c − iπ + log(8)))
k+1
(log (x)(xm − xp )/(xm+1 + 1)(xp+1 + 1)) − 2− k−
(2 − 1)eiπk/2 ζ(k + 2)Γ(k + 2)(((i/m + 1)k /(m + 1)2 ) − ((i/p + 1)k /(p + 1)2 ))
1 k+1

(xm − xp /(xm+1 + 1)(xp+1 + 1)log(x)) (1/2)log(m + 1/p + 1)

(logk+1 (x)(xn − xp )/(xn+1 − 1)(xp+1 − 1)) eiπk/2 ζ(k + 2)Γ(k + 2)(((i/p + 1)k /(p + 1)2 ) − ((i/n + 1)k /(n + 1)2 ))

15. Discussion References

In this work, the authors looked at deriving definite integrals [1] R. Reynolds and A. Stauffer, “A method for evaluating definite
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and Series, More Special Functions, USSR Academy of Sciences,
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the integral of the product of the hyperbolic arctangent [3] M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., Handbook of Mathe-
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the evaluated special function and ensured agreement. [7] E. T. Whittaker and G. N. Watson, A Course in Modern
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16. Conclusion edition, 1902.

In this paper, the authors used our method to evaluate

definite integrals using the Hurwitz zeta function. The
contour we used was specific to solving integral represen-
tations in terms of the Hurwitz zeta function. The author
expects that other contours and integrals can be derived
using this method.

Data Availability
No data were used to support this study.

Disclosure
This paper is also available in preprint at http://export.arxiv.
org/abs/2103.03110.

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.