18MAB102T- ADVANCED CALCULUS AND

COMPLEX ANALYSIS
Unit I - Double and Triple Integrals

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN

Assistant Professor,
Department of Mathematics,
Kattankulathur-603 203.

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESANSRM

Dept.
Institute
of Mathematics,
of ScienceKTR
and Technology 1 / 22
 Area using double Integration
RR RR
Area of the region R by rectangular co-ordinates is dxdy = dydx
RR R R
Area of the region R by polar co-ordinates is rdrdθ
R

Problem: 1
Show, by double integration, that the area between the parabolas
y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay is 16
3 a
2

Solution: The region by integration is as shown.

Alt

AWx-4ay

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 2 / 22
 Solving y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay are set (0, 0), (4a, 4a). Take a strip
x2
√
parallel to y-axis implies limits for y = 4a and y = 2 ax and then x
varies form 0 to 4a.
√
R 2 R ax
4a 4a √
[y ]2x 2 ax dx
R
∴ Area= dydx =
0 x2 0 4a
4a
 4a
4a √ x2  √ x 1/2 + 1 1 x3 
 
2 ax 1/2 −
R
= dx = 2 a −
4a 1 4a 3

0 +1
2 0
4 √ 3/2 1 3 4a 4 √
 
1
= ax − x = a(4a3/2 ) − (4a3 )
3 12a 0 3 12a

4 1
= a2 (4 × 2) − × 64a3
3 12a

32 2 16 2 16 2
= a − a = a Sq.units.
3 3 3
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 3 / 22
 Problem: 2
Find by double integration, the area enclosed by the ellipse
x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b 2
Solution: The curve is symmetrical about both axes.

byi-

∴ Area =4 area in I quadrant

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 4 / 22
 q
2
b 1− x 2
RR Ra R a
=4 dydx = 4 dydx
A q 0 0
4b Ra √ 2
2
Ra b 1− xa2
= 4 [y]0 dx a − x 2 dx
=
0 a 0
4b x √ 2

a2  x a
= a − x 2 + sin−1
a 2 2 a 0
4b a 2 π
= × × = πab Sq.units.
a 2 2

Note: If a = b, the ellipse becomes circle. Then Area=πr 2

Problem: 3
Find by double integration, smaller of the areas bounded by the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 9 and x + y = 3.

Solution: The region of integration is as shown y varies from 3 − x to

√
9 − x 2 and x varies from 0 to 3
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 5 / 22
 o,3)
=3

X
O

RR
Area√= dydx
R 2
R3 9−x R3 √
= dydx = [ 9 − x 2 − (3 − x)]dx
0 3−x 0
 x 3  2 3
x√

9 −1 3 x
= 9 − x 2 + sin − 3[x]0 +
2 2 3 0 2 0
9π 9 9π 9 9
= −9+ = − = (π − 2) Sq.units.
22 2 4 2 4
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 6 / 22
 Problem: 4
Find by double integration, the area bounded by the parabola y = x 2
and the line y = 2x + 3.

Solution: The region of integration is as shown.

=2X3

X
O

Solving y = 2x +R3R we get x 2 − 2x − 3 = 0. (i.e.) x = 3, −1.

Required area = dydx where y varies from y = x 2 and y = 2x + 3.
Further x varies from -1 to 3.
R3 2x+3 R3
[y]2x+3
R
∴ Required area = dydx = x2
dx
−1 x 2 −1
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 7 / 22
   2 3
R3 x x3
= (2x + 3 − x 2 )dx = 2 + 3x −
−1 2 3 −1
32 2
= = 10 Sq.units.
3 3
Problem: 5
Find by double integration, the area lying inside the circle r = a sinθ
and outside the cordioid r = a(1 − cosθ ).

Solution: Eliminating r between the equations of two curves

sinθ = 1 − cosθ or sinθ + cosθ = 1.
Squaring 1 + sin2θ = 1 or sin2θ = 0 ∴ 2θ = 0 or π
π
(i.e.) θ = 0 or .
2
For the required area, r varies from a(1 − cosθ ) to asinθ and θ varies
π
from 0 to .
2

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 8 / 22
 π/2
R asinθ
R
Required area = rdrdθ
0 a(1−cosθ )
π
 asinθ
R2 r 2
=
0 2 a(1−cosθ )
π/2
1
a2 [sin2 θ − (1 − cosθ )2 ]dθ
R
=
2 0
a2 π/2 π
(2cosθ − 2cos2 θ )dθ = a2 (1 − )
R
=
2 0 4

al-Coe 9-2.

K
8=o

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 9 / 22
 Change of polar coordinates
Problem: 1
Ra Ra
Change to polar coordinates and evaluate xdxdy
0y

Solution: The region of integration is x = y , x = a, y = 0, y = a.

(i.e) The triangle OAB putting x = rcosθ , y = rsinθ , the line x = y
becomes rcosθ = rsinθ
π
(i.e) tanθ = 1 ⇒ θ =
4

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple A
KTRIntegrals
X 10 / 22
 π
R4 a/cosθ
r 2 cosθ drdθ
R
Hence in polar form I =
0 0
π a/cosθ
r3

R4
= dθ
0 3 0
π
a3 R4 a3 π/4
= sec 2 θ dθ = [tanθ ]0
3 0 3
a3
=
3
Problem: 2
√
Ra aR2 −x 2 −(x 2 +y 2 )
Change to polar coordinates and evaluate e dxdy
0 0

Solution: Putting x = rcosθ , y = rsinθ , the given limits y 2 = a2 − x 2 .

(i.e) The circle x 2 + y 2 = a2 changes to r = a and y = 0.

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 11 / 22
 Y

X
o

i.e. The x-axis changes to initial line θ = 0. Hence, in the given region
π
r changes from 0 to a and θ changes from 0 to .
2
R Ra
π/2
2
I= e−r rdrdθ
0 0
−1 −r 2 a
π/2
 
R
= e dθ
0 2 0
1 π/2 2 π 2
(e−a − 1)dθ = (1 − e−a ).
R
=−
2 0 4
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 12 / 22
 Problem: 3
4a
R Ry
Evaluate dydx by changing to polar coordinates.
0 y 2 /4a

Solution: The region of integration is bounded by the parabola

x = y 2 /4a

a A

x
O

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 13 / 22
 (i.e) y 2 = 4ax and the line x = y
By putting x = rcosθ , y = rsinθ , the parabola becomes
r 2 sin2 θ = 4arcosθ .
4acosθ
(i.e) r = and the line becomes x cosθ = r sinθ
sin2 θ
π
(i.e) θ =
4
4acosθ π π
Hence r varies from 0 to 2
and θ varies from to .
sin θ 4 2
4acosθ
π/2
R sin2 θ
R
I= rdθ dr
π/4 0
 4acosθ
r 2 sin2 θ
π/2

R
= dθ
π/4 2 0
R 16a2 cos 2 θ
 
1 π/2
= dθ
2 π/4 sin4 θ

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 14 / 22
 π/2
= 8a2 cot 2 θ csc 2 θ dθ
R
π/4
π/2
−cot 3 θ −8a2 8a2

= 8a2 = [0 − 1] =
3 π/4 3 3

Problem: 4
Express
√
the following integral in polar coordinates and evaluate
Ra aR2 −x 2 dxdy
√
p
0 ax−x 2 a2 − x 2 − y 2
√ √
Solution: The limits of y are ax − x 2 and a2 − x 2 .
Y

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 15 / 22
 The equations of the circles now become
i) r 2 − arcosθ = 0 (i.e) r = acosθ
ii) r 2 = a2 (i.e) r = a
π
Hence r changes from r = acosθ to a and θ changes from 0 to
2
π/2
R Ra rdrdθ
∴ I= √
0 acosθ a2 − r 2
π/2 √
[− a2 − r 2 ]aacosθ dθ
R
=
0
π/2
R π/2
= asinθ dθ = [acosθ ]0 = a.
0

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 16 / 22
 Problem: 5
√
2 −x 2
Ra aR
Evaluate (x 2 + y 2 )dxdy by changing to polar coordinates.
−a 0

-0

Solution:
√
Put x = r cosθ , y = rsinθ ∴ dxdy = rdrdθ
2 −x 2
Ra aR
I= (x 2 + y 2 )dxdy
−a 0
 4 a
Rπ Ra r πa4
= r 2 .rdrdθ = [θ ]π0 =
0 0 4 0 4
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 17 / 22
 Volume by Triple Integrals

Problem: 1
x 2 y 2 z2
Find the volume of the ellipsoid + + = 1 by triple integrals.
a2 b 2 c 2
Solution: Volumer=8 × volume in the first octant.
2 2
1− x 2 − y 2
q
2
ab 1− x 2 c
R R a Ra b
V = 8× dzdydx
0q 0 0
2
r
a b 1− x 2 c
2
1− x 2 − y 2
2
a
R R a b
= 8× [z]0 dydx
0 q 0
x 2 "r
a b 1− 2
#
R R a x2 y2
= 8c 1 − 2 − 2 dydx
0 0 a b

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 18 / 22
 x2
 
Put = 1 − 2 b2
r2
a
8c Ra Rr p 2
= r − y 2 dydx
b 00
r
8c Ra r 2 −1 y y p 2

= sin + r −y 2 dx
b 0 2 r 2 0
2cπ Ra 2 2cπ Ra x2
 
= r dx = 1 − 2 b2 dx
b 0 b a
 3
a 0
x 4π
= 2cbπ x − 2 = abc
3a 0 3

Problem: 2
Find the volume bounded by the cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 4 and the planes
y + z = 4 and z = 0.

Solution: z varies from z = 0 to z = 4 − y and x, y varies over all the

points of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4.
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 19 / 22
 Z

√
R2 R 2 4−y
4−x R
Volume V = √
dzdydx
−2 − 4−x 2 0
√
R2 R 2
4−x
4−y
= √
[z]0 dydx
−2 − 4−x 2
√
R2 4−xR 2
= √
(4 − y )dydx
−2 − 4−x 2
Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.
UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 20 / 22
 √4−x 2
R2 2 R2 √

y
= 4y − √ dx = 8 × 2 4 − x 2 dx
−2 2 − 4−x 2 −2
x√
 
2
4 −1  x 
V = 16 4 − x + sin = 16π
2 2 2
Problem: 3
Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the coordinate planes
x y z
and + + = 1
a b c
RRR
Solution: Volume required= dxdydz with limits.
AZ

+Y

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESANXDept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 21 / 22
 x y
Ra R b(1− xa ) c(1−Ra − b )
= 0 dzdydx
0 0
x
Ra b(1−
R a ) x y
=c 1−− dydx
0 0 a b
b(1− xa )
Ra  y2

x
=c 1− y− dx
0  a 2b 0
Ra  x 2 b2 

x 2
= c b 1− − 1− dx
0 a 2b a
bc Ra
= (1 − xa )2 dx
2 0
x 2 
 
1 − 
=
bc  a × −a 
2 3 1
 

abc
=
6

Dr. E. NANDAKUMAR and Dr. R. VENKATESAN Dept.

UnitofI-Double
Mathematics,
and Triple
KTRIntegrals 22 / 22