Functional Reagent Observation Reaction Remarks

Groups
Nitro Mulliken's test black ppt Tollen's reagent
Compounds Ar-No 2 Zn / N~CI, 6. ArNHOH AgN03 +NH.OH; A ,!,
7
(RCH 2N0 2 ) (R- N02 ) (1) (2) g
orArN02
CHCl3 , KOH Nauseating odour RNH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH ➔ RNC + 3KCI + 3H 20 Carbylamine
(Offensive smell) Reaction
Amines(pri.)
(Carbylam ine)
RNH 2
HN02 (NaN0 2+HCI) Effervescence of N2 RNH2 + H0N0 ➔ ROH + N2 + H20

Ar. amines. NaN02 + HCI ➔ NaCl + HN02

HN02 (NaN0 2+HCI) Orange red dye
ArNH2 + f3-Naphthol is formed NH 2 .HCI N 2CI

O+HNO,
OH
) 0 +2H,O
OH
Azo dye test

0 N=N-CI + r, ON=N
~ ll r' -
Benzeneda2Cnium - ~ "- /
chloride ~ ll '' //

O:°' j3-Naphthol orange-f'ed dye

R2 N H (i) NaN02 + H2S04 red colouration ,,,,,.ott

Sec. Amines (ii) Phenol Liebermann test c + H2N.CHR.COOH - Ninhydrin test
----------------------- o/"'ott (Aminoacid)
Molisch's reagent (Ninhydrin)
Violet colour
Carbohydrate ( 1Oo/o a-naphthol
in alcohol).

Ninhydrin reagent
°'-
a/'
C=N -C
., , c):)
~ c
I
~
+ CO2+ RCHO + H20
Amino acids (0.2 % sol.n) Blue colour (Blue colour) 6H
Functional Reagent
Observation Reaction Remarks
Groups

Ar-OH FeCl3 (Neutral) Coloured ppt. 6C5H50H + FeCl 3 [Fe(Ph0 )5r3 Test of
Enols (violet, blue, green buff) enols/phenols

:::c = 0 + H N·NH-SQ)-No,
2

N02
2, 4-Dinitrophenyl
:;c = o DNP-test
hydrazine Yellow orange ppt. :::c =N-NH-SQ)-No,,l,(yellow orange ppt.)
(2, 4-DNP) solution
N02

Fehling solution Red ppt. RCHO + Cu+2 ➔ RCOOH + Cu20.J.. + 2H 20 Fehling's test
R-CHO A&B Fehling sol". Red
Tollen's reagent Black ppt. or silver mirror RCHO + Ag+ ➔ RCOOH + 2Ag (Silver mirror) Tollen's test
Schiffs Reagent * Pink colour resume
R-COCH3 0 0
R- ~ -
orArCOCH 3 12 / NaOH Yellow ppt of CHl3 II lodoform
R-C-CH3 12/ NaOH) ONa + CHl3
aCH3 CHO (iodoform) reaction
(lodoform)
Blue litmus Litmus change to red . Litmus test.
0
II Cone. NaHC03 Effervescence evolve. R-COOH + NaHC~ , RCOONa+
R-C-OH Sodium
solution H20 + co2t
bicarbonate test

Ester NaOH, Pink colour RCOOR' + NaOH + Phenophthalein

phenophthalein .J,.
disappear on heating .
!,\ (pink)
RCOOH + R' OH (Colourless solution)

Amides Cone. NaOH, ~ Smell of NH 3 t:J.

RCONH 2 + NaOH ➔ RCOONa + NH 3t

* Schiffs reagent : p-Rosiniline hydrochloride saturated with S0 2

so it is colourless. The pink colour is resumed by RCHO.
Identification of Functional Groups by Laboratory Tests
Functional Reagent Observation Reaction Remarks
Groups
cone. H 2SO4 NR Inert paraffins
C-C cone. NaOH NR
(Alkane) KMnO4 NR
LiAIH4 NR
[Bayer's reagent] alk.KMnO 4 ~ CH _ CH Hydroxylation
2 2
C=C I C=C alk. dil. cold KMNO Pink colour disappears CH2=CH2+H20+O
4 I I
OH OH
Red colour decolourises Br2 +CH2=CH2- - ~ white ppt Bromination

::;c=O Compounds
H C=CH + 0 Zn / H2o ~ 2HCHO Ozonolysis
Oiozone) 2 2 3
C=C 03
Acid formed. R-C=C-R' ~ RCOOH + R'COOH Ozonolysis

Red ppt. N~OH

(a) Cuprous R-C=CH + CuCI ~ R-C=C Cu,!, (red)
R-C=CH chloride+NH 4OH
(Terminal
White ppt.
alkyne) (b) AgNO3+NH4 OH R-C=CH + Ag ... - - ~ R-C=C Ag,!, (white)

Bubbles of H2come out 2ROH + Na ➔ 2RONa + H 2t Presence

(R-OH) Na of active 'H'
ROH (3)° Cloudiness appears anhydrous ZnC~
Lucas Reagent R-OH + HCI - --------- --------~ ~ I + H2O Lucas Test
30 [Cone. HCI + immidiately
cloudiness I. ter.alcohol
20 (2°) Cloudiness appears
anhyd. ZnCl2] II. sec. alcohol
10 within 5 min.
(1 °) Cloudiness appear 111. p ri .alcohol
after 30 min.