Analytical Stress-Strain analysis of the

laminates with orthotropic (isotropic)

layers using Classical Laminate Theory
+ Comparison with FEA

O. Sevecek2, M. Pletz2, R. Bermejo1, P. Supancic1

(1) Institut für Struktur- und Funktionskeramik

(2) Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH

28.06.2011
Motivation

• Fast insight on the laminate behaviour without FEA

• Creation of the interactive Mathematica applet for the
fast laminate design (tailoring)
Laminate theory
• Main idea of the Laminate Theory
• Set up the global laminate stiffeness matrix („Hookes´ law“).
• Solve the global laminate behaviour.
• Return back to single layers and solve the desired quantities.

• Scheme of the laminate and used notation

z

Layer n
Layer (n-1)
hn
Geometric hn-1
midplane tk hn-2
H h0=hn=H/2
zk hk
hk-1
Layer k h2
h1
h0
Layer 2
Layer 1
Laminate theory
• Properties of the single layer
⎡ C11 C12 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 / EL −ν LT / EL 0 ⎤
C = ⎢⎢C21 C22 0 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ −ν TL / ET 0 ⎥⎥
Compliance matrix in
1 / ET
the material CS
⎢⎣ 0 0 S66 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 / GLT ⎥⎦

⎡ cos2 φ sin2 φ − sin φ cosφ ⎤ Transformation matrix –

⎢ ⎥
T = ⎢ sin2 φ cos2 φ sin φ cosφ ⎥ rotation of material
⎢2sin φ cos φ −2sin φ cos φ cos2 φ − sin2 φ ⎥ compliance matrix into xy CS
⎣ ⎦

C = T ⋅ C ⋅ TT Compliance matrix in CS xy
−1
S=C Stiffeness matrix in CS xy
L
y
φ
x
ε el = C ⋅ σ
T
Laminate theory
• Properties of the single layer
Rotation of the CTEs vector

⎡α L ⎤ ⎡αx ⎤
⎢ ⎥
Cα = ⎢⎢α T ⎥⎥ Cα = T ⋅ Cα = ⎢ α y ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢α xy ⎥
⎣ ⎦
Vector of CTEs in material CS Vector of CTEs in CS xy

S α = S ⋅ Cα „Stiffeness“ temperature vector in CS xy

σ = S ⋅ ε − S α ⋅ ΔT Hooke´s law of one layer

L
y
φ ε th = Cα ⋅ ΔT
x
ε tot = C ⋅ σ + Cα ⋅ ΔT
Laminate theory
• Calculation of the whole laminate
⎡ Nx ⎤ ⎡σ x ⎤ ⎡Mx ⎤ ⎡σ x ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
H /2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
H /2
Stress and moment equilibrium
⎢ N y ⎥= ∫ ⎢ σ y ⎥ dz ⎢My ⎥ = ∫ ⎢ σ y ⎥ z dz
over laminate height
⎢ M xy ⎥ −H /2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ N xy ⎥ ⎣σ xy ⎦
− H /2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣σ xy ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡ σ x ⎤ ⎡ S 11 S 12 S 16 ⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ε x0 ⎤ ⎡ κ x0 ⎤ ⎡ α x ⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
σ
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ S 21 S 22 S 26 ⎥ ⋅ ⎢ ⎢ ε x ⎥ + z ⋅ ⎢ κ x0 ⎥ − ⎢ α x ⎥ ⋅ Δ T ⎥ Hooke´s law of one layer
⎢σ xy ⎥ ⎢ S 16 ⎥
S 66 ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎢⎣ ε xy ⎥⎦
0 ⎢κ xy0 ⎥ ⎢α xy ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ S 26 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎦
Extension Bending Temperature

⎡ N ⎤ ⎡A B ⎤ ⎡ ε 0 ⎤ ⎡ N th ⎤ ⎡ ε 0 ⎤ ⎡ N th ⎤
⎢M ⎥ = ⎢ B ⎢ ⎥−
D ⎥⎦ ⎣ κ 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ M th ⎥⎦
= K ⎢ 0⎥ − ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎣ κ ⎦ ⎣ M th ⎦
n
Aij = ∑ ⎡⎣ S ij ⎤⎦ ( hk − hk −1 )
k =1 k

Bij = ∑ ⎡⎣ S ij ⎤⎦ ( hk2 − hk2−1 )

1 n
2 k =1 k

Dij = ∑ ⎡⎣ S ij ⎤⎦ ( hk3 − hk3−1 )

1 n
3 k =1 k
Laminate theory
• Stiffeness matrix of the whole laminate
⎡ N ⎤ ⎡A B ⎤ ⎡ ε 0 ⎤ ⎡ N th ⎤ ⎡ ε 0 ⎤ ⎡ N th ⎤ Thermal Stress and
⎢M ⎥ = ⎢ B ⎢ ⎥−
D ⎥⎦ ⎣ κ 0 ⎦ ⎢⎣ M th ⎥⎦
= K ⎢ 0⎥ − ⎢
M ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ κ
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ th ⎦ Moment resultants

External Stress and Stiffeness matrix of the Midplane

Moment resultants laminate deformations

⎡ N x ⎤ ⎡ A11 A12 A13 B11 B12 B13 ⎤ ⎡ ε x0 ⎤ ⎡ N x ,th ⎤

⎢N ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ y ⎥ ⎢ A21 A22 A23 B21 B22 B23 ⎥⎥ ⎢ ε y0 ⎥ ⎢ N y ,th ⎥
⎢ N xy ⎥ ⎢ A31 A32 A33 B31 B32 B33 ⎥ ⎢γ xy0 ⎥ ⎢ N xy ,th ⎥ „Hooke´s law“ for
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ the whole laminate
M
⎢ x ⎥ ⎢ B11 B12 B13 D11 D12 D13 ⎥ ⎢ κ x0 ⎥ ⎢ M x ,th ⎥
⎢ M y ⎥ ⎢ B21 B22 B23 D21 D22 D23 ⎥ ⎢ κ y0 ⎥ ⎢ M y ,th ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ xy ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ B31
M B32 B33 D31 D32 D33 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣κ xy ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ xy ,th ⎥⎦
M known
unknown
⎡αx ⎤ ⎡αx ⎤
n
⎢ ⎥ n
⎢ ⎥
N th = ∑ S k ⋅ ⎢ α y ⎥ ΔT ⋅ tk M th = ∑ S k ⋅ ⎢ α y ⎥ ΔT ⋅ tk ⋅ z k
k =1
⎢α xy ⎥ k =1
⎢α xy ⎥
⎣ ⎦k ⎣ ⎦k
Laminate theory
• Calculation of strain and stresses
⎡ ε0 ⎤ ⎡
−1 ⎡ N ⎤ ⎡ N th ⎤ ⎤
⎢ 0⎥ = K ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ + ⎥ ⎥ Deformation and curvatures of the midplane
κ
⎣ ⎦ M M
⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ th ⎦ ⎦

Strains over laminate height

⎡ ε x ,th ⎤ ⎡αx ⎤ ⎡ ε x ,tot ⎤ ⎡ ε x0 ⎤ ⎡ κ x0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0⎥ ⎢ 0⎥ ε el = ε tot − ε th
ε ε = ε + ⋅ ⎢κ y ⎥
= ⎢ α y ⎥ ⋅ ΔT ⎢ y ,tot ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ z
⎢ y ,th ⎥
⎢ε xy ,th ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ε xy ,tot ⎥ ⎢ε xy0 ⎥ ⎢κ xy0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ k ⎣α xy ⎦ k ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

Stresses over laminate height

⎡σ x ⎤ ⎡ S 11 S 12 S 16 ⎤ ⎡ ⎡ ε x0 ⎤ ⎡ κ x0 ⎤ ⎡ α x ⎤ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
σ
⎢ y⎥ = ⎢ S 21 S 22 S 26 ⎥ ⋅ ⎢ ⎢ ε x0 ⎥ + z ⋅ ⎢ κ x0 ⎥ − ⎢ α x ⎥ ⋅ Δ T ⎥ = ⎡⎣ S ⎤⎦ [ε el ]z
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ε 0 ⎥
z
⎢σ xy ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ z ⎢⎣ S 16 S 26 S 66 ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎣ xy ⎦
z
⎣κ xy ⎦ ⎣α xy ⎦ z ⎦
Laminate theory
• Apparent properties of the whole laminate

⎡A B⎤ −1 ⎡A B⎤
K=⎢ ⎥ ; K =⎢ ⎥
⎣B D⎦ ⎣B D⎦

• Apparent E-modul, Poissons´ ratios ν, G-modul

1 A12 A
E x , app = ν xy , app = = − 12
H ⋅ A11 A22 A11 1
G xy , app = G yx , app = A66 =
1 A12 A H ⋅ A66
E y , app = ν yx , app = = − 12
H ⋅ A22 A11 A22

H – total height of the laminate

• Apparent CTEs
⎡ α x0 ⎤ ⎡ N x ,th ⎤
⎢ 0⎥ −1 ⎢ ⎥ 1
α
⎢ x⎥ = K ⋅ ⎢ x ,th ⎥ ⋅ Δ T
N
⎢α xy0 ⎥ ⎢ N xy ,th ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Laminate theory
• Deformation of the laminate (plate curvatures)
∂2w x2
w( x ) = ∫ ∫ −κ x dx dx = − κ x ⋅
deformation
− 2 = κx
∂x 2 along x axis

∂2w y2
− 2 = κy w( y ) = ∫ ∫ −κ y dy dy = − κ y ⋅ deformation
∂x 2 along y axis

∂2w x⋅ y
−2 = κ xy w( x, y ) = ∫ ∫ −κ xy dy dx = − κ xy ⋅ twisting
∂x∂y 2 deformation

wtot ( x, y ) = w( x ) + w( y ) + w( x, y )

x2 y2 x⋅ y x
wtot ( x, y ) = ( −κ x ) ⋅ + ( − κ y ) ⋅ + ( −κ xy ) ⋅ y
2 2 2
 Examples
(for pure thermal loading)
Examples
1) Symmetric laminate with isotropic layers:

z
y ΔT=-1230°
M1
x
M2

M1
THM1=1mm
THM2=1mm

Property Units M1 M2
Young´s modulus E MPa 390000 280000
Poissons ratio ν - 0.22 0.22
CTE α (20-1200°C) 10-6K-1 9.8 8.0
Examples
1) Symmetric laminate with isotropic layers:

Stresses:

σx σy

Deformation: y x

x
y
Examples
1) Symmetric laminate with isotropic layers: y x
Strains:

εx,el εx,th εx,tot

εy,el εy,th εy,tot

Examples
2) Non-symmetric laminate with isotropic layers:

z
y ΔT=-1230°
M1
x

M2

THM1=1.5mm
THM2=1.5mm

Property Units M1 M2
Young´s modulus E MPa 390000 280000
Poissons ratio ν - 0.22 0.22
CTE α (20-1200°C) 10-6K-1 9.8 8.0
Examples
2) Non-symmetric laminate with isotropic layers:

Stresses:

σx σy

Deformation: y x

x
y
Cut:
Cut: y=0 x=0
Examples
2) Non-symmetric laminate with isotropic layers:
y
x
Strains

εx,el εx,th εx,tot

εy,el εy,th εy,tot

Examples
3a) Non-symmetric laminate with orthotropic layers:

z ΔT=500°
y
90°
L1 (90°)
x

L2 (0°)
THM1=1.5mm θLX (L1)=90°

THM2=1.5mm θLX (L1)=0°

Property Units Value *

Young´s modulus EL MPa 76000
Young´s modulus ET MPa 5500
Poissons ratio νLT(LZ) - 0.238
Shear modulus GLT(LZ) MPa 2300
CTE αL (20°C) 10-6K-1 -4
CTE αT (20°C) 10-6K-1 80

* Epoxy Matrix Composite reinforced by 50% Kevlar fibers

Examples
3a) Non-symmetric laminate with orthotropic layers:

Stresses:

σx σy

Deformation: y
x

x
y
Cut:
Cut: y=0 x=0
Examples
3a) Non-symmetric laminate with orthotropic layers:
y
x
Strains

εx,el εx,th εx,tot

εy,el εy,th εy,tot

Examples
3b) Non-symmetric laminate with orthotropic layers:

z ΔT=500°
y
45° L1 (45°)
x

L2 (0°)
THM1=1.5mm θLX (L1)=45°
THM2=1.5mm θLX (L1)=0°

Property Units Value *

Young´s modulus EL MPa 76000
Young´s modulus ET MPa 5500
Poissons ratio νZL(TL) - 0.238
Shear modulus GZL(TL) MPa 2300
CTE αL (20°C) 10-6K-1 -4
CTE αT (20°C) 10-6K-1 80

* Epoxy Matrix Composite reinforced by 50% Kevlar fibers

Examples
3b) Non-symmetric laminate with orthotropic layers:

Stresses:

σx σy

Deformation: y x
x
y
Cut:
Cut: y=0 x=0
Examples
3b) Non-symmetric laminate with orthotropic layers:
y x
Strains:

εx,el εx,th εx,tot

εy,el εy,th εy,tot

Summary
Model possibilities
CODE INPUT *):
• Number of layers + layer thicknesses.
• Material properties of each layer (isotropic or orthotropic with general
fiber orientation).
• BC - External force, moment or ΔT applied on the laminate
(also combination of them).
CODE OUTPUT *):
• Stress and strain (total, thermal) distribution over all layers – in XY or
LT coordinate system.
• Deformation of the laminate midplane (bending and also twisting)
• Apparent material properties of the whole laminate (homogenization).
• Position of the neutral plane.
• And another... (e.g. ply failure analysis, ...).

*) Processed in Mathematica 8 or Matlab 2010

Conclusions

• Laminate theory and FE calculations are a in good agreement.

• Laminate theory is thus suitable for the fast laminate design
(tailoring) – without need of FEM!
Application
• Design of the layer number, thicknesses or their material
properties to:
• reach some maximal (residual) stresses in each layer.
• meet the requirements on the global laminate behaviour (total
deformation).
• Determination of the critical laminate loading.
• ...
Literature
• Verbundwerkstoffe – Vorlesungsbehelf zu den Vorlesungen,
Inst. für Konstruieren in Kunst- und Verbundstoffen, MU Leoben.
• A.T.Nettles, Basic Mechanics of Laminated Composite
plates, NASA Reference Publication, MSFC, Alabama, 1994.
• R.M. Jones, Mechanics of Composite Materials – 2. edition,
Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia, 1999.