B 0200MET202122302 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
B.Tech Degree S4 (R,S) / S4 (WP) (R) / S2 (PT) (S, FE) Examination May 2024 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: MET202

Course Name: ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
(Use of steam tables is permitted)
PART A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks) Marks

1 What is quasistatic process? Describe using a p-v diagram. 3

2 What is a thermocouple? What advantages does a thermocouple offer for 3
measuring temperature?
3 Check whether the work is a path function, a point function, or a property. 3
4 State the first law of thermodynamics in the context of a closed system going 3
through a cycle.
5 What is Third law of thermodynamics. 3
6 Write the terminological expressions for the universal and characteristic gas 3
constants. Also prove explanation of their difference.
7 Show that for an ideal gas, cp - cv = R. 3
8 What is dryness fraction? Indicate dryness fraction and saturation points in T-s 3
and h-s diagrams .
9 What is Helmholtz function and Gibbs function? 3
10 Using a T - p diagram, explain Joule-Kelvin effect. 3

PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)

Module -1
11 a) What is open system, closed system and isolated system? Illustrate the systems 6
with schematic representations of an examples.
b) How does the gas thermometer measure temperature? Explain with suitable 8
diagrams and mathematical expressions.
12 a) Explain mechanical, chemical and thermal equilibrium with suitable real-life 6
examples

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b) What is zeroth law of thermodynamics? Define thermometric property and list 8

out thermometric properties of common thermometers.
Module -2
13 a) What is a steady flow process? Derive S.F.E.E. 6
b) A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through a 8
complete cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is -
170 kJ. The system completes 100 cycles per min. Complete the following table
showing the method for each item, and compute the net rate of work output in
kW.
Process Q (kJ/min) W(kJ/min) ΔE(kJ/min)
a-b 0 2170 ------------------
b-c 21000 0 ------------------
c-d -2100 --------------------- -36600
d-a --------------------- --------------------- -------------------

14 a) Define internal energy. With neat sketches, express the energy stored in 6
molecules and atoms?
b) In a steady flow apparatus, 135 kJ of work is done by each kg of fluid. The 8
specific volume of the fluid, pressure, and velocity at the inlet are 0.37 m3/kg,
600 kPa, and 16 m/s respectively. The inlet is 32 m above the floor, and the
discharge pipe is at floor level. The discharge conditions are 0.62 m3/kg, 100
kPa, and 270 m/s. The total heat loss between the inlet and discharge is 9 kJ /kg
of fluid. In flowing through this apparatus, does the specific internal energy
increase or decrease, and by how much?
Module -3
15 a) What is PMM2? Establish the equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius 7
statements.
b) Water flows through a turbine in which friction causes the water temperature to 7
rise from 35°C to 37°C. If there is no heat transfer, how much does the entropy
of the water change in passing through the turbine? (Water is incompressible and
the process can be taken to be a constant volume.)
16 a) Explain about available energy, unavailable energy, high grade energy and low 5
grade energy.

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b) A reversible heat engine operates between two reservoirs at temperatures of 9

600°C and 40°C. The engine drives a reversible refrigerator which operates
between reservoirs at temperatures of 40°C and - 20°C. The heat transfer to the
heat engine is 2000 kJ and the net work output of the combined engine
refrigerator plant is 360 kJ.
(a) Evaluate the heat transfer to the refrigerant and the net heat transfer to the
reservoir at 40°C.
(b) Reconsider (a) given that the efficiency of the heat engine and the COP of the
refrigerator are each 40% of their maximum possible values.
Module -4
17 a) Show that for an ideal gas enthalpy is a function of temperature only 4
b) Steam initially at 1.5 MPa. 300C expands reversibly and adiabatically in a steam 10
turbine to 40°C. Determine the ideal work output of the turbine per kg of steam.
18 a) What is polytropic process? What are the relations among p, v and T of an ideal 7
gas undergoing a polytropic process?
b) Find the enthalpy and entropy of steam when the pressure is 2MP and specific 7
volume is 0.09 m3/kg.
Module -5
19 a) State and explain Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Amagat’s laws of 6
additive volumes.
b) Derive Maxwell’s equations. 8
20 a) Show that the slope of isentrope is greater than that of an isotherm on p-v plot 7
b) Derive the TdS equations for a pure substance undergoing an infinitesimal 7
reversible process.
***

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B 0200MET202122301 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
B.Tech Degree S4 (S, FE) / S2 (PT) (S) Examination January 2024 (2019 Scheme)

Course Code: MET202

Course Name: ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
(Use of steam tables & Mollier chart are permitted)
PART A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks) Marks

1 What is the concept of continuum? How would you use this idea to define 3
density? Describe with neat diagrams.
2 Provide the terminological expressions for the universal and characteristic gas 3
constants. Also explain the difference between them.
3 What is displacement work? Under what circumstances does the work done equal 3
2
to ∫1 𝑝𝑑𝑉 ?
4 Define enthalpy. Why is temperature the only factor to determine enthalpy of an 3
ideal gas?
5 What is available energy and unavailable energy? 3
6 Define entropy, and prove that entropy is a property of a system. 3
7 What is meant by vapour dome? Provide an illustration on T-s and h-s diagrams. 3
8 What is the degree of super heat and the degree of sub cooling? Use diagrams to 3
illustrate them.
9 Define Joule-Thomson coefficient. Show that Joule-Thomson coefficient is zero 3
for an ideal gas.
10 Show that the internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature. 3
PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)

Module -1
11 a) What is ideal gas temperature scale? 6
b) Explain the terms classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. 8
12 a) Explain the terms state, change of state, path, process, cycle and quasistatic 10
process. Represent them in a p-v diagram.

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b) The e.m.f. measured by a thermocouple on a gas thermometer scale, is 4

represented by the equation,
e.m.f. =0.2x-5×10-4 x2 mV , where ‘x‘is the temperature of the test junction in
°C. Steam point and ice point are used as reference points to calibrate the
millivolt meter. In a location where the gas thermometer reads 50°C, what will
be the reading of gas thermometer?
Module -2
13 a) Gas from a bottle of compressed helium is used to inflate an inelastic flexible 5
balloon, originally folded completely flat to a volume of 0.5 m3. If the barometer
reads 760 mm Hg, what is the amount of work done upon the atmosphere by the
balloon? Sketch the system before and after the process.
b) Derive the Steady Flow Energy Equation.? Prove that a fluid enthalpy before and 9
after throttling are the same.
14 a) Define the specific heats at constant volume and constant pressure. Show (Q)v = 7
(Δu)v and (Q)p = (Δh)p .
b) Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through an air compressor, entering with 7
a velocity 7m/s, pressure 100 kPa, and specific volume 0.95 m3/kg. The
corresponding values at the exit are 5 m/s, 700 kPa, and 0.19 m3/kg respectively.
The internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the air
entering. Cooling water in the compressor jackets absorbs heat from the air at the
rate of 58 kW. (a) Compute the rate of shaft work input to the air in kW. (b) Find
the ratio of the inlet pipe diameter to outlet pipe diameter.
Module -3
15 a) What is Clausius’ statement of the second law of Thermodynamics? With neat 7
sketches, show that the COP of a heat pump is greater than the COP of a
refrigerator by unity.
b) State and prove Clausius' Theorem. 7
16 a) Establish the inequality of Clausius. 5
b) A system has a capacity at constant volume 9
Cv=AT2
where A= 0.042J/K3. The system is originally at 200 K, and a thermal reservoir
at 100 K is available. What is the maximum amount of work that can be
recovered as the system is cooled down to the temperature of the reservoir?

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Module -4
17 a) What is Mollier Chart? Why do the isobars on Mollier diagram diverge from one 4
another?
b) Steam initially at 1.5 MPa and 300C expands reversibly and adiabatically in a 10
steam turbine to 40°C. Determine the ideal work output of the turbine per kg of
steam.
18 a) What are saturation states? Express the saturation states on h-s ,T-h and T-s 5
diagrams .
b) A vessel of volume 0.04 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated 9
steam at a temperature of 250°C. The mass of the liquid present is 9 kg. Find the
pressure, mass, specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, and internal energy of the
mixture.
Module -5
19 a) Explain Joule-Kelvin effect with respect to significance of inversion curve. 5
Show that for an ideal gas, Joule-Kelvin coefficient is zero
b) Define chemical potential of a component in terms of U,H,F,G. and derive its 9
relations
20 a) State and explain Dalton’s law of partial pressures and Amagat’s laws of 6
additive volumes.
b) Derive Maxwell’s equations 8
***

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B 02000MET202062202 Pages: 3

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
B.Tech Degree S4 (R, S) / S2 (PT) (R, S) Examination June 2023 (2019 scheme)

Course Code: MET202

Course Name: ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
Use of steam tables, Mollier chart and compressibility chart are permitted
PART A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks) Marks

1 State the three conditions to be satisfied for a system to be in thermodynamic 3

equilibrium.
2 Give the definition and a brief description of the term thermodynamic property of 3
a system. Give the classification of property with exactly one example for each.
3 What is a steady flow process? 3
4 Describe the limitations of first law of thermodynamics, with the help of an 3
example case.
5 A cyclic heat engine operates between a source temperature of 7000C and a sink 3
temperature of 280C. What is the least rate of heat rejection per KW net output of
the engine?
6 Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? 3
7 What is the difference between critical point and triple point? 3
8 Give a description on the law of corresponding states. 3
9 Write the ideal gas equation for n moles of a gas. Explain each term used in the 3
equation with proper units in SI. How the characteristic gas equation can be
obtained from this equation?
10 Define Joule-Thomson coefficient. Prove that Joule-Thomson coefficient is zero 3
for an ideal gas.
PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)

Module -1
11 a) What are meant by a thermometric property and a thermometric substance? Enlist 6
any four types of thermometers with the thermometric substance and thermometric
property used in them.

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b) Explain the working of constant volume gas thermometer. Explain how a constant 8
volume gas thermometer can be used to measure the correct value of steam point.
12 a) Explain the concept of continuum in thermodynamics. How will you define 6
density as a macroscopic property using this concept.
b) A temperature scale of certain thermometer is given by the relation 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑙𝑛 𝑝 + 8
𝑏 where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants and 𝑝 is the thermometric property of the fluid in
the thermometer. If at the ice point and steam point, the thermometric properties
are found to be 1.5 and 7.5 respectively, what will be the temperature
corresponding to the thermometric property of 3.5 on Celsius scale?
Module -2
13 a) A three-process cycle operating with nitrogen as the working fluid has constant 10
temperature compression at 300 𝐶 with initial pressure 100 kPa. Then the gas
undergoes a constant volume heating and then polytropic expansion with 1.35 as
index of expansion. The isothermal compression requires −67 kJ/kg of work.
Determine
1. Pressure, volume, and temperature around the cycle
2. Heat in and out
3. Net work
For Nitrogen gas 𝑐𝑣 = 0.7431 kJ/kgK
b) Explain the first law of thermodynamics as referred to closed systems undergoing 4
a cyclic change.
14 a) A compressor receives carbon dioxide gas at 140 kPa with a specific volume of 10
0.37 m3 /kg and compresses it to a temperature of 325 K. The work per unit mass
for compression is 80 kJ/kg. The gas enters through a 15 cm diameter line with a
velocity of 10 m/s and leaves with a velocity of 25 m/s. Determine the heat
transfer in kW. Take 𝑐𝑝 of CO2 as 0.846 kJ/kgK.
b) Derive an expression for work done in an adiabatic process. 4
Module -3
15 a) Two reversible heat engines operating in series are giving equal amount of work. 10
The total work is 50 kJ. If the reservoirs are 1000 K and 250 K, find the
intermediate temperature and the efficiency of each engine. Also, find the heat
extracted from the source.

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b) Determine the temperature ratio ( 𝑇2 ) (where 𝑇 = source temperature and 𝑇 = 4

𝑇 2 1
1

sink temperature) for a Carnot refrigerator whose COP is 5. If the cycle is used as
heat pump, find the COP for heating cycle.
16 a) Define the term ‘Entropy’. Derive an expression for change of entropy for an 7
isothermal process.
b) 5 kg of air at 550 K and 4 bar is enclosed in a closed vessel. Determine the 7
availability of the system if the surrounding pressure and temperature are 1 bar and
290 K respectively.
Module -4
17 a) A rigid closed tank of volume 3 m3 Contains 5 kg of wet steam at a pressure of 9
200 kPa. The tank is heated until the steam becomes dry saturated. Determine
final pressure and heat transfer to the tank.
b) Consider the cases of vaporisation of saturated liquid to a saturated vapour at 5
pressure of 100 kPa and 500 kPa. Which case requires more energy? Explain with
enthalpy – temperature plots.
18 a) Explain the significance of Vander walls equation and its limitations 6
b) A 5 m3 tank contains 1.0 kmol of an ideal gas at 400 kPa with a molar weight of 8
31 kg/kmol.
i. Determine the gas temperature.
ii. Gas is removed from the tank, temperature remaining constant, until the
pressure decreases to 100 kPa. What mass of gas was removed?
Module -5
19 a) Give the statement of Amagat’s Law of partial volume for analysis of gas mixtures. 5
Clearly define the terms used in the statements. Write the mathematical equation.
b) The products of combustion from a diesel engine have the following molal 9
analysis: CO2 = 10.2%, CO = 0.4%, H2O = 14.3%, O2 = 1.9% and N2 = 73.2%.
Determine the mass fraction of each component. What is the molar mass of the
mixture?
20 a) Derive energy equation in the form 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + { 𝑇 (𝜕𝑝) − 𝑝} 𝑑𝑣 8
𝜕𝑇 𝑣

b) A gas obeys p(v-b) = RT, where b is a positive constant. Find the expression for 6
its Joule-Thomson coefficient. Can this gas be cooled effectively by throttling?
***

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B 02000MET202062201 Pages: 4

Reg No.:_______________ Name:__________________________

APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
Fourth Semester B.Tech Degree Supplementary Examination June 2023 (2019 scheme)

Course Code: MET202

Course Name: ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Max. Marks: 100 Duration: 3 Hours
Use of steam tables, Mollier diagram and compressibility charts are permitted
PART A
(Answer all questions; each question carries 3 marks) Marks

1 Differentiate between macroscopic and microscopic analyses in thermodynamics. 3

How does the concept of continuum relate to the above?
2 What is a thermocouple? How does it work? State the thermometric property used 3
in thermocouples.
3 How does flow work differ from displacement work? 3
4 A gas enclosed in a cylinder piston assembly expands from 2 m3 to 4 m3. The 3
6
pressure volume correlation is given by 𝑝 = 𝑉 2 + 𝑉 , where p is in bar. Determine

the work done by the system, considering the process as non-flow and reversible.
5 Describe the limitations of first law of thermodynamics, with the help of suitable 3
example.
6 An inventor claims that he invented a cyclic heat engine that can produce work 3
continuously by receiving heat from a higher temperature reservoir, and without
leaving any heat to the lower temperature reservoir. Is his claim correct or not?
Justify your answer.
7 What are compressed liquid, superheated vapour, and quality of vapour? 3
8 Write a short note on Mollier diagram. 3
9 State Dalton’s law of partial pressure. How is the partial pressure of a component 3
in a gaseous mixture related to the mole fraction of that component?
10 Show, with the help of appropriate property relation, that the saturation pressure 3
of a liquid increases with temperature, in a phase change process from liquid to
vapour.

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PART B
(Answer one full question from each module, each question carries 14 marks)

Module -1
11 a) Differentiate between thermodynamic system and control volume with the help of 8
at least one example for each. What is meant by thermodynamic equilibrium of a
system? Give a brief description on the conditions to be satisfied for a system to
be in thermodynamic equilibrium.
b) With the help of an example, describe the concept of a quasi-static process. 6
Illustrate - isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes on p-v plot within the same
diagram.
12 a) State Zeroth law of thermodynamics. What is its significance? Describe Celsius 8
scale and its corresponding absolute scale. Which is the fixed point used in the
measurement of temperature in Celsius scale? Show the mathematical relation
connecting the absolute temperature and the thermometric property, in terms of
the fixed point.
b) The temperature ‘t’ on a thermometric scale is defined in terms of property K by 6
the relation 𝑡 = 𝑎𝑙𝑛𝐾 + 𝑏 , where a and b are constants. The values of K are found
to be 1.52 and 8.79 at the ice point and steam point, the temperatures of which are
assigned the numbers 00C and 1000C respectively. Determine the value of K at
250C and 500C?
Module -2
13 a) State first law of thermodynamics for a cycle, and for a closed system undergoing 7
a change of state. Explain the terms in the above relationships.
What is a PMM1? Is a PMM1 possible?
b) A stationary mass of gas is compressed without friction from an initial state of 0.3 7
m3 and 0.105 MPa to a final state of 0.15 m3 and 0.105 MPa, the pressure
remaining constant during the process. There is a transfer of heat 37.6 kJ from the
gas during the process. How much does the internal energy of the gas change?
14 a) Derive Steady flow energy equation (for one inlet and one outlet stream each), and 7
from it deduce an expression for the work done by a steam turbine, with proper
simplifications.

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b) Air at 110 K and 101.32 kPa is passing through a converging nozzle and leaves at 7
300 K. Determine the velocity of air at nozzle outlet. The nozzle is laid horizontal.
The inlet velocity of air is 10 m/s. Write the assumptions made.
Module -3
15 a) With the help of schematic diagrams describe cyclic heat engine, cyclic heat pump 7
and cyclic refrigerator. How they differ purpose wise? Define the performance
parameters of the above three machines.
b) Two reversible heat engines operate in series between two end temperatures 600K 7
and 300K via an intermediate thermal reservoir. Both the engines develop the same
power. Determine the temperature of the intermediate thermal reservoir.
16 a) Give the statement of third law of thermodynamics and explain it. 7
Will a reversible and adiabatic process surely be isentropic? Justify your answer.
Comment on the reverse statement; that is, Will an isentropic process surely be
reversible and adiabatic? Justify your answer.
b) A heat engine is embedded between two temperature reservoirs 500 K and 300 K. 7
In three different cycles which it rejects 210 kW, 180 kW and 150 kW, while
receiving heat at the rate of 300 kW in each case.
Justify in which case the engine runs reversibility and irreversibility. Also look for
the impossible.
Module -4
17 a) Explain the terms - critical state, critical pressure, critical temperature, and critical 7
volume. Show the critical state point on any suitable phase change diagram.
Differentiate between sensible heat and latent heat.
b) A steam at 2 MPa has a specific volume of 0.09 m3/kg. Determine the dryness 7
fraction of the steam. Also calculate the specific enthalpy and specific entropy.
Use steam table for the above calculations.
18 a) Give descriptions on the following. 7
Virial expansions, Law of corresponding states and generalised compressibility
chart.
b) Determine the specific volume of nitrogen at 100 atm and 300 K. For nitrogen 7
Pc=3390 kPa
Tc= 126.2 K

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Module -5
19 a) State and prove Dalton’s law of partial pressures. Obtain the relationships for the 7
characteristic gas constant and molecular weight of a gas mixture from their
component characteristics.
b) A vessel divided into two chambers by a partition wall contains oxygen gas in 7
either chamber
Chamber -1 Chamber –II
P= 1500 kPa P= 600kPa
T= 323 K T= 292K
Mass of oxygen = 0.5 mol Mass of oxygen =2.5 kg

Determine the final equilibrium pressure?

Take γ=1.4
Assume oxygen behaves ideally throughout the process?
20 a) What is a throttling process? Give a description on Joule Thomson coefficient with 6
its significance. What would be the value of Joule Thompson coefficient for ideal
gas and how would it adversely influence the refrigeration effect in a throttling
process?
b) Derive Maxwell relations, beginning from the appropriate combined first and 8
second laws.
***

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