1.What do you ugdddnderstand by forward function supported in network layer?

The forward function in the network layer is responsible for transmitting data packets
from a source to a destination across multiple networks. It involves looking up routing
tables, selecting the best path, and forwarding packets accordingly. This function
ensures efficient delivery using protocols like IP (Internet Protocol), OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First), RIP (Routing Information Protocol), and BGP (Border Gateway
Protocol). It also handles fragmentation, addressing, and error handling during
transmission. Routers play a crucial role in forwarding packets by analyzing
destination IP addresses and making routing decisions. Proper implementation of
the forwarding function improves network efficiency and reduces congestion.

2. Define Black hole attack.

A Black Hole Attack is a severe security threat in wireless networks, particularly in

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where
routing is dynamic. In this attack, a malicious node impersonates a legitimate router by
falsely advertising the shortest or most efficient route to a destination. When data packets
are forwarded to this attacker node, it absorbs (drops) all the packets without
forwarding them, causing significant data loss. This attack disrupts network
communication, depletes network resources, and can even lead to Denial-of-Service
(DoS) attacks. Black hole attacks can operate in both single-hop and cooperative
(multiple colluding nodes) forms, making them harder to detect and mitigate. Effective
countermeasures include intrusion detection systems (IDS), trust-based routing,
cryptographic authentication, and anomaly-based traffic monitoring.

3. Summarize the steps required for host based security.

Steps for Host-Based Security:

1. Install Security Software – Use antivirus, anti-malware, and firewalls, and keep
them updated.
2. Apply Updates and Patches – Regularly update the OS, software, and drivers to
fix vulnerabilities.
3. Enforce Access Control – Implement strong authentication and restrict user
permissions.
4. Enable Firewalls – Configure host-based firewalls to filter network traffic.
5. Use Encryption – Protect sensitive data and communications with encryption.
6. Monitor Logs – Use intrusion detection systems (IDS) to detect suspicious
activity.
7. Perform Backups – Regularly back up critical data to prevent loss.
8. Disable Unused Services – Reduce attack surfaces by turning off unnecessary
features.
9. Implement Security Policies – Enforce password rules, access controls, and
session limits.
 10. Train Users – Educate employees on cyber threats and safe practices.

4. Apply the various level of security control in prevention system:

1. Physical Security – CCTV, biometrics, locked server rooms.

2. Technical Security – Firewalls, IPS, encryption, MFA.
3. Administrative Security – Policies, access control, training.
4. Network Security – Firewalls, VPNs, IDS/IPS.
5. Application Security – Secure coding, WAFs, patching.
6. Data Security – Encryption, backups, access control.
7. User Awareness – Training on cyber threats and phishing.

5. Analyze how to anti malware software works.

1. Scans files for threats.

2. Uses signatures to detect known malware.
3. Analyzes behavior to find new threats.
4. Monitors in real-time to block attacks.
5. Isolates suspicious files in a sandbox.
6. Updates automatically to stay current.
7. Quarantines or removes infected files.

6.Describe in detail about internet security.

Internet Security
Internet security is a broad term that refers to a wide range of tactics that aim to
protect activities conducted over the internet. Implementing internet security measures
helps protect users from different online threats like types of malware, phishing attacks,
scams, and even unauthorized access by hackers. .
Why is internet security so important today?
As the internet expands and becomes an even bigger part of our lives, cyberthreats
continue to grow both in scope and sophistication. According to Forbes, data breaches and
cyberattacks saw an increase of 15.1% in 2021 compared to the previous year. These
security threats come in different forms and vary in terms of complexity and detectability.
Some common online threats people face today include:
Malware: Malicious software is an umbrella term that refers to any program that
exploits system vulnerabilities to damage a computer system or network and steal
sensitive information from users. Examples of malware include viruses, Trojans,
ransomware, spyware, and worms.
Phishing: Phishing is cyberattacks that involve stealing a user’s sensitive data by duping
them into opening an email or an instant message and clicking a malicious link . The data
that cybercriminals target can range from login credentials to credit card numbers.
Phishing attacks are often used for identity theft purposes.
Spam: Spam is a term that describes unwanted email messages sent in bulk to your
email inbox. This tactic is generally used to promote goods and services users aren’t
interested in. Spam mail can also contain links to malicious websites that automatically
install harmful programs that help hackers gain access to your data.
Botnets: This contraction of “robot network ” refers to a network of
computers that have been infected with malware. The computers are then
prompted to perform several automated tasks without permission.
Examples of these tasks include sending spam and carrying out denial-ofservice
(DDoS) attacks.
Wi-Fi threats: Wi-Fi networks can be subject to a wide range of attacks that involve
hackers exploiting unprotected connections and breaching data security to obtain sensitive
information. .
Antivirus protection
The first step in making sure you have internet security is installing antivirus software.
These programs are designed to prevent, search for, detect, and get rid of viruses and other
types of malicious software.
Antivirus software can run automatic scans to make sure no network or data breach has
occurred and scan specific fies or directories for any malicious activity or patterns.
There are plenty of options to choose from when it comes to antivirus
software, however, few programs offer the comprehensive level of protection
the antivirus software included in McAfee® Total Protection provides to its
users.
McAfee’s antivirus software comes with a wide selection of features,
including malware detection, quarantine, and removal, different options for
scanning files and applications, and an advanced firewall for home network
security.
Create strong passwords
While this may sound obvious, it’s important to create strong and unique passwords for all
your online accounts and devices. A significant percentage of data breaches occur as a
result of simple password guessing.
Some tips to follow when creating a password include:
Never use personal information, such as date of birth.
Don’t reuse passwords.
Avoid sequential numbers or letters.
Combine letters, numbers, and symbols.
Don’t use common words.
It can also be a good idea to use a password manager , as this will help reduce the riskof
your passwords getting leaked or lost. McAfee’s password manager, is
particularlyconvenient thanks to its advanced encryption and multi-factor authentication.
Check that your computer fierewall is enabled
A firewal l is a network security system built into your operating system. It
monitorsincoming and outgoing network traffic to prevent unauthorized access to
yournetwork. For it to be able to identify and block these threats, you’ll want to make
sureyour firewall is enabled on your device. If you’re unsure if your device comes witha
firewall, you can benefit from one included in McAfee Total Protection.
Use multi-factor authentication when possible
Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is an authentication method that requires at least two
pieces of evidence before granting access to an app or website. Using this method as much
as possible can add another layer of security to your applications and reduce the likelihood
of a data breach.
Choose a safe web browser
Your choice of browser is an important part of implementing internet security
measures. In fact, web browsers vary widely in terms of the security features that they
offer, with some offering just the basics and others providing a more complete range of
features. Ideally, you should opt for a web browser that offers the following security
features
Private session browsing
Pop-up blocking
Privacy features
Anti-phishing filter
Automatic blocking of reported malicious sites
Cross-site script filtering
How can you keep children safe online?
As children grow older, their internet use becomes more extensive. This can also increase
their exposure to various security threats. To keep them safe online, educate them about
the risks associated with web browsing and introduce them to some of the best practices
for avoiding online threats like not sharing passwords .Explain which information should
be shared and which information should be kept private and instruct them to never click on
links from unknown sources.You should also take a more active approach to protect your
children by setting parental controls on certain websites. For instance, you can use
YouTube’s parental controls to fiter any inappropriate content and keep a child-friendly
interface.
Internet security tips to know
The following tips can help you stay on the safe side in regard to internet security
Install antivirus software on all your devices. This is the first step you
should take when securing your mobile and computer systems. Internet
security software identifies vulnerabilities and can neutralize threats before
they become a bigger problem.
Keep your operating system and programs up to date. Neglecting to
update your applications and operating systems can leave you exposed to
threats as hackers seek to exploit unpatched vulnerabilities.
Use strong passwords. Using strong passwords reduces the risk of
a hacker cracking it and gaining access to your system.
Use an ad blocker. Adware pop-ups often trick users into clicking on links
that lead to malicious websites. Using an ad-blocker to help prevent this
from happening.
Use parental controls. Setting parental controls makes web browsing
safer for children and reduces the chances of virus infection.
Only shop on secure websites with “ https://” URLs. The “S” at the
end of the HTTP extension stands for “secure” and indicates that the
website has a security certificate and is safe for transactions.
Never submit financial information when using public Wi-
Fi. Public Wi-Fi hot spots lack security measures and encryption, making
them vulnerable to prying eyes. Sharing sensitive information like bank card
numbers when connected to one isn’t recommended.
Use multifactor authentication. As we mentioned, MFA adds a layer of
protection to the sign-in process and makes unauthorized access to your
data extremely diffiicult.
Check your bank statements regularly to catch any suspicious
activity. Keep an eye for any transaction that you don’t recall initiating, as
this could be a sign of a malware infection.

7.Discuss in detail about Mobile security.

Mobile Security:
Mobile device security refers to being free from danger or risk of an asset loss or data
loss using mobile computers and communication hardware
The future of computers and communication lies with mobile devices, such as laptops,
tablets and smartphones with desktop-computer capabilities. Their size, operating systems,
applications and processing power make them ideal to use from any place with an internet
connection. And with the expansion of ruggedized devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) and
operating systems, such as Chrome OS, macOS and Windows 10, every piece of hardware
that's enhanced with this software and capabilities becomes a mobile computing device.
Because mobile devices have become more affordable and portable, organizations and
users have preferred to buy and use them over desktop computers. And with ubiquitous
wireless internet access, all varieties of mobile devices are becoming more vulnerable to
attacks and data breaches.
Authentication and authorization across mobile devices o 昀 昀 er convenience, but
increase risk by removing a secured enterprise perimeter’s constraints. For example, a
smartphone’s capabilities are enhanced by multi-touch screens, gyroscopes,
accelerometers, GPS, microphones, multi-megapixel cameras and ports, allowing the
attachment of more devices. These new capabilities change the way users are
authenticated and how authorization is provided locally to the device and the applications
and services on a network. As a result, the new capabilities are also increasing the number
of endpoints that need protection from cybersecurity threats.
Today cyber criminals can hack into cars, security cameras, baby monitors and
implanted healthcare devices. And by 2025, there could be more than 75 billion“things”
connected to the internet — including cameras, thermostats, door locks, smart TVs, health
monitors, lighting fixtures and many other devices.
Mobile security threats
 While it's certainly critical to establish and enforce an enterprise-wide security policy, a
policy alone isn't sufficient to counter the volume and variety of today's mobile threats. In
2019, Verizon conducted a study (PDF, 77 KB, link resides outside of ibm.com) with
leading mobile security companies, including IBM, Lookout and Wandera, surveying 670
security professionals. The study found that 1 out of 3 of those surveyed reported a
compromise involving a mobile device. 47% say remediation was "difficult and expensive,"
and 64% say they suffered downtime.
And companies embracing bring-your-own-device (BYOD) policies also open themselves
to higher security risks. They give possibly unsecured devices access to corporate servers
and sensitive databases, opening them to attack. Cybercriminals and fraudsters can exploit
these vulnerabilities and cause harm or damage to the user and the organization. They seek
trade secrets, insider information and unauthorized access to a secure network to find
anything that could be profitable.
Phishing
Phishing — the number-one mobile security threat — is a scamming attempt to steal users’
credentials or sensitive data, such as credit card numbers. Fraudsters send users emails or
short message service (SMS) messages (commonly known as text messages) designed to
look as though they’re coming from a legitimate source, using fake hyperlinks.
Malware and ransomware
Mobile malware is undetected software, such as a malicious app or spyware, created to
damage, disrupt or gain illegitimate access to a client, computer, server or computer
network. Ransomware, a form of malware, threatens to destroy or withhold a victim’s data
or files unless a ransom is paid to decrypt files and restore access.
What is ransomware?
Cryptojacking
Cryptojacking, a form of malware, uses an organization’s computing power or individual’s
computer power without their knowledge to mine cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or
Ethereum, decreasing a device’s processing abilities and effectiveness.
Unsecured wifi
Unsecured wifi hotspots without a virtual private network (VPN) make mobile devices
more vulnerable to cyberattack. Cybercriminals can intercept traffic and steal private
information using methods such as man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Cybercriminals can
also deceive users into connecting to rogue hotspots, making it easier to extract corporate
or personal data.
Outdated operating systems
Older operating systems (OS) usually contain vulnerabilities that have been exploited by
cybercriminals, and devices with outdated Oss remain vulnerable to attack. Manufacturer
updates often include critical security patches to address vulnerabilities that may be
actively exploited.
Excessive app permissions
Mobile apps have the power to compromise data privacy through excessive app
permissions. App permissions determine an app’s functionality and access to a user’s
device and features, such as its microphone and camera. Some apps are riskier than others.
Some can be compromised, and sensitive data can be funneled through to untrustworthy
third parties.
How to secure mobile devices
The core security requirements remain the same for mobile devices as they do for
nonmobile computers. In general, the requirements are to maintain and protect
confidentiality, integrity, identity and non-repudiation.
However, today's mobile security trends create new challenges and opportunities, which
require a redefinition of security for personal computing devices. For example, capabilities
and expectations vary by device form factor (its shape and size), advances in security
technologies, rapidly evolving threat tactics, and device interaction, such as touch, audio
and video.
IT organizations and Security teams need to reconsider how to achieve security
requirements in light of device capabilities, the mobile threat landscape and changing user
expectations. In other words, these professionals need to secure multiplevulnerabilities
within the dynamic and massively growing mobile device environment. A secure mobile
environment will offer protection in six primary areas: enterprise mobility management,
email security, endpoint protection, VPN, secure gateways and cloud access broker.
Enterprise mobility management
EMM is a collective set of tools and technologies that maintain and manage how mobile and
handheld devices are used within an organization for routine business operations.
Email security
To protect data from email-based cyber threats such as malware, identity theft and
phishing scams, organizations need to monitor email tra 昀 케 c proactively. Adequate
email protection includes antivirus, antispam, image control and content control services.
Endpoint protection
With technologies such as mobile, IoT and cloud, organizations connect new and different
endpoints to their response environment. Endpoint security includes antivirus protection,
data loss prevention, endpoint encryption and endpoint security management.
VPN
A virtual private network (VPN) allows a company to securely extend its private intranet
over a public network's existing framework, such as the Internet. With a VPN, a company
can control network traffic while providing essential security features such as
authentication and data privacy.
Secure gateways
A secure gateway is a protected network connection, connecting anything to anything. It
enforces consistent internet security and compliance policies for all users regardless of
location or device type used, and it keeps unauthorized traffic out of an organization's
network.
Cloud access broker
A CASB is a policy enforcement point between users and cloud service providers (CSPs). It
monitors cloud-related activity and applies security, compliance and governance rules
around cloud-based resources use
8.Analyze the various types of Malware Infection in detail

Malware (malicious software) infections are a significant threat in cybersecurity, affecting

individuals and organizations worldwide. These infections can take various forms, each
with unique characteristics, attack vectors, and impacts. Below is a detailed analysis of the
different types of malware infections:

1. Viruses

Definition:

A virus is a type of malware that attaches itself to a legitimate program or file and spreads
when the infected program is executed.

Infection Mechanism:

Requires user interaction (e.g., opening an infected file).

Replicates by attaching itself to other executable files or documents

Can corrupt, modify, or delete files.

Examples:

ILOVEYOU Virus (2000) – Spread via email attachments

Melissa Virus (1999) – Used Word document macros to infect systems.

2. Worms

Definition:

A worm is a self-replicating malware that spreads without user intervention, exploiting

network vulnerabilities.

Infection Mechanism:

Uses network connections (e.g., email, file-sharing, remote access).

Does not need a host file to spread.

Consumes system resources, causing network congestion.

Examples:

Blaster Worm (2003) – Exploited Windows vulnerabilities to spread

Conficker Worm (2008) – Created a botnet by infecting millions of machines.

3. Trojans (Trojan Horses)

Definition:

A Trojan is malware disguised as legitimate software but contains a hidden payload that
executes malicious actions.

Infection Mechanism:

Downloaded by users believing it to be a legitimate program.

Can install backdoors, keyloggers, and remote access tools.

Does not replicate itself but facilitates further infections.

Examples

Zeus Trojan – Stole banking credentials via keylogging.

Emotet – Initially a banking Trojan, later evolved into a malware delivery tool.

4. Ransomware

Definition:
Ransomware is malware that encrypts files or locks systems and demands a ransom for
decryption.

Infection Mechanism:

Delivered via phishing emails, exploit kits, or malicious ads.

Encrypts data using strong cryptographic algorithms.

Demands payment in cryptocurrency to unlock files.

Examples:

WannaCry (2017) – Used EternalBlue exploit to spread globally.

Ryuk – Targeted enterprises with high ransom demands.

5. Spyware

Definition:

Spyware is malware designed to secretly monitor and collect user information.

Infection Mechanism:

Often bundled with free software or delivered via phishing attacks.

Records keystrokes, takes screenshots, and steals credentials.

Used for corporate espionage or identity theft.

Examples:

Pegasus – Advanced spyware used for surveillance.

DarkHotel – Targeted business executives via hotel Wi-Fi.

6. Adware

Definition:

Adware is software that automatically delivers unwanted advertisements, often bundled

with free software.

Infection Mechanism:
 Installed unknowingly alongside other programs.

Displays intrusive ads, slows down devices, and tracks browsing habits.

Examples:

Fireball Adware – Hijacked browsers to generate revenue.

Gator – Early adware that displayed pop-up ads.

7. Rootkits

Definition:

A rootkit is malware that hides its presence and grants attackers privileged access to a
system.

Infection Mechanism:

Installed via trojans, phishing attacks, or exploiting vulnerabilities.

Modifies system files and hides malicious activities.

Difficult to detect and remove.

Examples:

Sony BMG Rootkit (2005) – Hidden DRM software acted as a rootkit.

ZeroAccess Rootkit – Created a botnet for ad fraud.

8. Botnets

Definition:

A botnet is a network of compromised computers (bots) controlled remotely by attackers.

Infection Mechanism:

Devices are infected via malware, making them part of the botnet.

Used for DDoS attacks, spamming, and credential theft.

Examples:
 Mirai Botnet (2016) – Used IoT devices to launch massive DDoS attacks.

Rustock Botnet – Sent billions of spam emails daily.

9. Fileless Malware

Definition:

Fileless malware operates in memory without writing files to disk, making detection
difficult.

Infection Mechanism:

Uses legitimate system tools like PowerShell or WMI.

Resides in RAM and disappears after rebooting.

Difficult to detect with traditional antivirus.

Examples:

PowerGhost – Fileless cryptojacking malware.

Astaroth – Used Windows utilities for execution.

10. Logic Bombs

Definition:

A logic bomb is malware triggered by specific conditions (e.g., date, time, user action).

Infection Mechanism:

Often planted by insiders or hidden in software.

Activates when predefined conditions are met.

Examples:

CIH (Chernobyl Virus) – Triggered on April 26, 1999, and wiped hard drives.

IBM Logic Bomb (1982) – Employee sabotage to destroy data.

11. Cryptojacking

Definition:
Cryptojacking is malware that secretly mines cryptocurrency using a victim’s resources.

Infection Mechanism:

Delivered via malicious scripts in websites, phishing, or trojans.

Utilizes CPU/GPU power, slowing down infected systems.

Examples:

CoinHive – Web-based cryptojacking script.

Graboid – First known worm-based cryptojacking malware.

Security Best Practices to Prevent Malware Infections

Keep Software Updated – Patch OS and applications regularly.

Use Strong Security Software – Install antivirus and endpoint detection solutions.

Enable Firewalls – Block unauthorized access to networks.

Avoid Phishing Attacks – Be cautious with email attachments and links.

Limit User Privileges – Use least privilege access principles.

Backup Data Regularly – Store backups offline to recover from ransomware.

Monitor Network Traffic – Detect unusual activity indicating an infection.

Disable Macros & Untrusted Scripts – Prevent automatic execution of malware.

Educate Users – Train employees on cybersecurity awareness.

Use Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) – Prevent credential theft.

Conclusion

Malware infections continue to evolve, leveraging new techniques to evade detection and
cause damage. Understanding the various types of malware and implementing robust
cybersecurity practices is crucial for minimizing risks and protecting digital assets.
9.Evaluate and contrast the merits and demerit of online identity and user
management system

Evaluation and Contrast of Online Identity and User Management Systems

Online identity and user management systems are essential for securing digital interactions,
managing user access, and enabling authentication and authorization. These systems
streamline security, improve user convenience, and support compliance but also pose risks
and challenges. Below is a detailed evaluation of their merits and demerits, along with a
comparison.

1. Merits of Online Identity and User Management Systems

A. Enhanced Security and Access Control

✅ Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): Adds extra layers of security (e.g., OTPs,

biometrics, security tokens).
✅ Single Sign-On (SSO): Reduces the need for multiple passwords, improving security
and convenience.
✅ Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Ensures users have access only to necessary
resources, minimizing security risks.
✅ Identity Federation: Users can access multiple applications across organizations using
a single identity (e.g., Google, Microsoft Azure).

Example: A corporate employee uses Microsoft Azure Active Directory to securely access
email, cloud storage, and HR tools with a single login.

B. Improved User Experience

✅ Seamless Authentication: Users can log in once and access multiple platforms without
repeated authentication.
✅ Self-Service Features: Password recovery, profile updates, and account settings can be
managed by users without IT support.
✅ Personalization: User preferences and settings are stored securely, allowing
personalized services.

Example: Google and Facebook login options allow users to access third-party
applications without creating new credentials

C. Efficient User and Identity Lifecycle Management

✅ Automated User Provisioning & Deprovisioning: Ensures employees gain

appropriate access when they join and lose access when they leave.
✅ Access Audits & Compliance Support: Logs user activities for security audits and
regulatory compliance (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
✅ Centralized Management: IT teams can control user access, permissions, and security
policies from a single dashboard.

Example: A company using AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) can automate
user roles and track changes for compliance.

D. Scalability and Integration Capabilities

✅ Supports Cloud, On-Premise, and Hybrid Environments: Ensures compatibility with

different infrastructures.
✅ API and Third-Party Integration: Connects with HR systems, enterprise applications,
and security tools.
✅ Decentralized Identity Management (Blockchain-based): Offers a user-controlled
and tamper-proof identity solution.

Example: OAuth 2.0 and OpenID Connect allow users to authenticate across multiple
services, such as logging into LinkedIn via a Google account.

2. Demerits of Online Identity and User Management Systems

A. Security Risks and Privacy Concerns

❌ Single Point of Failure (SPoF): If an SSO system is compromised, all linked accounts
could be accessed by attackers.
❌ Phishing and Credential Theft: Users can be tricked into providing login details on
fake authentication pages.
❌ Data Breaches & Identity Theft: Centralized identity databases are prime targets for
cyberattacks.

Example: The 2019 Facebook breach exposed personal data of 530 million users due to
weak identity protection measures.

B. Dependency on Third-Party Providers

❌ Loss of Control: Companies relying on external identity providers (e.g., Okta, Google)
are at risk if the service goes down or policy changes.
❌ Vendor Lock-in: Switching from one identity provider to another can be costly and
complex.
❌ Privacy Violations: Some providers may track user data for targeted advertising or
surveillance.

Example: If a user loses access to their Google account, they might also be locked out of
third-party applications that use Google authentication.

C. Implementation Complexity and Costs

❌ High Initial Investment: Deploying IAM (Identity and Access Management) solutions
requires infrastructure, licensing fees, and skilled personnel.
❌ Ongoing Maintenance & Compliance Challenges: Organizations must continuously
update policies to meet regulations (e.g., GDPR, CCPA).
❌ Integration Issues with Legacy Systems: Older applications may not support modern
authentication protocols like OAuth or SAML.

Example: A large corporation implementing Azure Active Directory must train

employees, integrate existing apps, and ensure compliance with industry regulations.

D. Performance and Usability Challenges

❌ User Friction: MFA and additional security layers can frustrate users if not
implemented smoothly.
❌ Downtime Issues: If the identity provider experiences downtime, users cannot access
critical applications.
❌ Cross-Platform Compatibility: Some identity solutions may not work seamlessly
across different devices and platforms.

Example: If Microsoft Azure Active Directory goes down, employees cannot log into
Office 365, leading to lost productivity.

3. Comparison of Merits and Demerits

Aspect Merits Demerits

MFA, SSO, RBAC reduce Breaches in centralized systems can

Security
unauthorized access expose all user identities

Seamless authentication and Increased friction with MFA, and

User Experience
self-service options reliance on third-party providers

Identity Automated provisioning, role Compliance with data protection

Management management, and audit trails laws can be complex

Legacy applications may not

Scalability & Works with cloud, on-premise,
support modern authentication
Integration and hybrid systems
methods

Implementation & Reduces IT workload by High initial setup costs, and requires
Cost centralizing access management continuous maintenance
Aspect Merits Demerits

Reduces password fatigue and Downtime in identity providers

System Reliability
enhances efficiency affects all linked applications

4. Conclusion: Balancing Security and Usability

Online identity and user management systems play a vital role in modern security
architecture, offering a balance between security, user experience, and scalability.
However, organizations must carefully address security risks, compliance, and usability
challenges.

Best Practices to Minimize Drawbacks

✔ Adopt a Zero Trust Model – Continuously verify user identities and device security.
✔ Use Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) – Balance security and convenience.
✔ Implement Decentralized Identity Solutions – Reduce reliance on centralized
providers.
✔ Regular Security Audits & Compliance Checks – Prevent unauthorized access and
ensure adherence to regulations.
✔ Educate Users on Phishing & Identity Theft – Reduce the risk of credential-based
attacks.

By combining strong authentication, robust access management, and secure

infrastructure, businesses can enhance identity security while delivering a seamless
user experience.