http://arunxeee.blogspot.

in/
EE405
Electrical System
Design

Arun Xavier
AP, EEE
VAST

https://www.youtube.com/c/arunxaviertech
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
2 Module IV
 Short circuit calculations and Design of
earthing for 11 kV substation of capacity up to
630 kVA.
 Pre-commissioning tests of cables and
transformers.

10-12-
ARUN XAVIER, VAST
2020
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre Commission test on
3
Transformers

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre Commission test on
4
Transformers
 For transformers firstly do the physical inspection before pre-
commissioning electrical test
 Check the tightness of external electrical connections to
the bushings.
 Make sure that neutrals are effectively earthed and
transformer tank should be effectively affected at two
points.
 Check alarm and trip contacts of oil and winding
temperature indications, buchholz relay, etc.
 Released trapped air through a releases plug and valves
fitted for the purpose on various fittings like bushing caps,
tank cover, explosion vents, buchholz relay, etc.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre Commission test on
5
Transformers
 The float lever of the magnetic level indicator should be
moved up and down between the endpoints to check
that the mechanism does not stick at any point
 Make sure that all valves like radiator valves, valves on
the buchholz relay pipe line are opened
 Check the condition of Silica Gel in the breather and
ensure that the Transformer oil is filled to the Silica Gel
breather up to the level indicated

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre commissioning Electrical
6
Test on Transformer
 After, installation of power transformer, several pre-
commissioning tests to be done before putting the
transformer in service. Along with different pre-
commissioning tests, different instruments associated to the
transformer also to be checked.

 Pre commissioning Electrical Test that are performed are

 Oil Test
 Insulation Resistance Test
 Turns Ratio Test
 Buchholz Relay Test
 Temperature Indicator Test
 Magnetic Balance Test
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre commissioning Electrical
7
Test on Transformer
 Oil Test
 Sample of oil taken from the Transformer tank, on load
tap Changers and radiator tank, etc. are subjected to
electrical test, i.e., breakdown value at voltage of 50 kV
[The dielectric strength of the transformer oil should be
more than 50 KV]
 Insulation Resistance Test
 Insulation resistance between windings and between
windings and earth are measured using meggers

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre commissioning Electrical
8
Test on Transformer
 Turns Ratio Test
 Transformer turns ratio should be checked phase by phase
at all the tapping's by using a standard ratio metre or by
measuring the voltage on both primary and secondary
sides by voltmeters
 Buchholz Relay Test
 Buchholz relay operation for alarm and trip should also be
checked by injecting air to the test pocket provided in the
relay.
 Temperature Indicator Test
 The contacts of the Oil Temperature Indicator and Winding
Temperature Indicator for alarm trip and control should be
checked and set at required temperature.
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre commissioning Electrical
9
Test on Transformer
 Turns Ratio Test
 Transformer turns ratio should be checked phase by phase
at all the tapping's by using a standard ratio metre or by
measuring the voltage on both primary and secondary
sides by voltmeters
 Buchholz Relay Test
 Buchholz relay operation for alarm and trip should also be
checked by injecting air to the test pocket provided in the
relay.
 Temperature Indicator Test
 The contacts of the Oil Temperature Indicator and Winding
Temperature Indicator for alarm trip and control should be
checked and set at required temperature.
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 Pre commissioning Electrical

http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
10 Test on Transformer
 Magnetic Balance Test
 A single phase supply of approximately 230V is applied to
one of the HV winding and induced voltage on other 2 HV
phases are measured separately. Test voltage should be
applied to HV winding only if applied to LV winding it may
induce abnormal High Voltage in High Voltage winding
which may be dangerous.
 The test should be carried out all three phases, when single
phase supply is given to the middle phases the induced
voltage measured on two extreme phases should be
appropriately equal.
 If supply is given to one extreme phases the induced voltage
on middle phase is expected to be comparatively higher
than the other extreme phase. In each test the sum of the
induced voltages on other two phases would be nearly
equal to the applied voltage. High impedance voltmeter is
used for
ARUNthis
XAVIER,test.
VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Polarity Test of Transformer
11
 Polarity means the direction of the induced voltages in the
primary and the secondary winding of the transformer.
 When we look into the operations of the distribution
transformers, we find that they need to work all the time
and also need to supply at high demand at peak times. So,
to cope up with these situations, we connect the
transformers in parallel.
 Paralleling is done by connecting same polarity terminals of
the primary winding together. A similar procedure is done
for the secondary winding.
 Paralleling will increase the power supplying capacity and
also the reliability of the system. There are two types of
polarity one is Additive, and another is Subtractive.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Polarity Test of Transformer
12

 Additive Polarity
 In additive polarity, the voltage (Vc) between the primary side (Va)
and the secondary side (Vb) will be the sum of both high voltage
and the low voltage, i.e. we will get Vc = Va + Vb
 Subtractive Polarity
 In subtractive polarity, the voltage (Vc) between the primary side
(Va) and the secondary side (Vb) will be the difference of both high
voltage and the low voltage, i.e. we will get Vc = Va – Vb
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Polarity Test of Transformer
13

 In subtractive polarity, if Vc = Va – Vb, it is a step-down

transformer and if Vc = Vb – Va, it is a step-up transformer.
 We use additive polarity for small-scale distribution transformers
and subtractive polarity for large-scale transformers.

 Procedure of Polarity Test of Transformer

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Polarity Test of Transformer
14
 Connect the circuit as shown above with a voltmeter (Va)
across primary winding and another voltmeter (Vb)
across the secondary winding.
 If available, take down the ratings of the transformer and
the turn ratio.
 We connect a voltmeter (Vc) between primary and
secondary windings.
 We apply some voltage to the primary side.
 By checking the value in the voltmeter (Vc), we can find
whether it is additive or subtractive polarity.
 If additive polarity – Vc should be showing the sum of Va
and Vb.If subtractive polarity – Vc should be showing the
difference between Va and Vb.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre commissioning on Cables
15

 Safety Considerations
 When testing cables, personnel safety is most important. All
cable and equipment tests should only be performed by
qualified persons on isolated and de-energized systems,
except where otherwise specifically required and authorized.

 Types of Cable Tests

 Field diagnostic tests can be performed on cable
systems during various stages of their operating life.
 Installation Test
 Acceptance Test
 Maintenance Test

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre commissioning on Cables
16
 Installation Test: Conducted after the cable is installed but
before any accessories (joints/splices and terminations)
are installed. These tests are intended to detect any
manufacturing, transport, and installation damage that
may have occurred to the cable.
 Acceptance Test: Performed after the installation of all
cable and accessories, but before energizing the cable
with system voltage. Its purpose is to detect shipping and
installation damage in both the cable and cable
accessories.
 Maintenance Test: Performed throughout the service life
of the cable system. Its purpose is to assess the condition
and check the serviceability of the cable system so that
suitable maintenance procedures can be initiated.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Pre commissioning on Cables
17

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
18 Methods of Cable Testing
 Which test method to use depends greatly on the age
and type of cable system installed. Many of the
methods described in this article can be performed as
an acceptance or maintenance test, depending on
conditions such as the test voltage applied or duration
of test.
 Different Tests are,
 Dielectric Withstand Test
 Very Low Frequency (VLF)
 Damped Alternating current (DAC) Voltage
 Power Factor / Dissipation Factor (tan delta)
 DC Insulation Resistance
 Partial discharge
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Dielectric Withstand Test
19
 The dielectric withstand test is a basic electrical stress test,
conducted to ensure an insulation system will provide
adequate service life.
 For the withstand test, the insulation under test must withstand
a specified applied voltage that is higher than the service
voltage across the insulation for a specified period without
breakdown of the insulation.
 The magnitude of the withstand voltage is usually far greater
than that of the operating voltage and the amount of time
applied is dependent on service age and other factors.
 If no evidence of distress or insulation failure is observed by the
end of the test, the specimen is considered to have passed. If
the applied voltage results in sudden breakdown of the
insulation material the insulation is determined to be unsuitable
for service.
 Direct current (DC) dielectric withstand voltage & Power
frequency (50/60 Hz) dielectric withstand voltage are there.
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Very low frequency (VLF)
20
dielectric withstand voltage
 VLF testing can be classified as a diagnostic test, meaning it may be
performed as a proof test for acceptance or as a maintenance test
for assessing the condition of cable.
 Unlike with DC voltage testing, very low frequency is not destructive
to good insulation and does not lead to premature failures.
 VLF testing is performed with an AC hi-pot at frequency ranging
from 0.01 to 1 Hz. The procedure for VLF testing is nearly identical to
that of DC hi-pot testing and is also conducted as a go-no-go test.
 If the cable can withstand the applied voltage for the duration of
the test, it is considered a pass. Proper test voltage and time
duration are critical for the success of the VLF test.
 If the applied test voltage used is too low and/or too short in
duration, the risk of failure in service may increase following the test.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Damped Alternating Current
21
(DAC) Voltage
 DAC voltage testing is one of the alternative methods of AC
voltage testing and is applicable for a broad range of
medium-voltage, high-voltage, and extra-high-voltage
cables.
 Damped AC voltages are generated by charging the test
object to a predetermined voltage level and then
discharging its capacitance through a suitable inductance.
 During the discharging stage, a DAC at a frequency
dependent on the test-object capacitance and the
inductance is present.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 Power factor / dissipation factor

http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
22 (tan delta)
 Tan Delta, also called Loss Angle or Dissipation Factor (DF) testing, is
a diagnostic method of testing cables to determine the quality of
the insulation. If the insulation of a cable is free from defects like
trees, moisture and air pockets, etc., the cable approaches the
properties of a perfect capacitor.
 In a perfect capacitor, the voltage and current are phase shifted 90
degrees and the current through the insulation is capacitive. If there
are impurities in the insulation, the cable becomes a less perfect
capacitor and the phase shift will be less than 90 degrees.
 The extent to which the phase shift is less than 90 degrees is called
the "loss angle," which indicates the level of insulation
quality/reliability.
 Cables with poor insulation have higher DF values & Good cables
have low DF values
 When performing tan delta, the cable
to be tested must be de-energized
and each end isolated.
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
23 DC Insulation Resistance
 The insulation resistance of cable is measured using a
Megohmmeter. This is a simple, nondestructive method of
determining the condition of the cable insulation to check for
contamination due to moisture, dirt, or carbonization.
 Insulation resistance measurements should be conducted at
regular intervals and test records kept for comparison purposes.
 The readings must be corrected to a base temperature (such as
20°C) for a valid comparison. Keep in mind that insulation
resistance measurements do not give the measure of total
dielectric strength of cable insulation or weak spots in the
cable.

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Partial Discharge
24
 Partial Discharge is a localized electrical discharge that can
occur at voids, gaps and similar defects in medium and high
voltage cable systems.
 If not properly addressed, partial discharge will erode the
cable insulation, usually forming a tree-shaped pattern of
deterioration (electrical tree) and eventually result in
complete breakdown and failure of the cable or accessory.
 Testing involves applying a voltage conducive to partial
discharge and then directly or indirectly measuring the
discharge current pulses using calibrated PD sensors.
Characteristics of partial discharge depend on the type, size
and location of the defects, insulation type, voltage, and
cable temperature.
 The PD test is known to detect small imperfections in the
insulation

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20

 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
Partial Discharge
25
 Online PD (50/60 Hz)
 Performed without disrupting service, Online Partial Discharge
testing is a non-destructive one.

 Off-Line PD
 Offline Partial Discharge Testing offers a significant advantage
over other technologies because of its ability to measure the
cable system's response to a specific stress level and predict
its future performance without causing a fault.
 Offline testing is also known for its ability to pinpoint the exact
defect location on field-aged equipment, enabling the asset
manager to accurately plan for maintenance and repair.
 The challenge with offline testing is that the equipment must
be taken out of service. Measurements are done at a higher
voltage than cable operating voltage.
ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20
 http://arunxeee.blogspot.in/
26
Regards
Arun Xavier
http://arunxeee.blogspot.in

/c/arunxaviertech

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 10-Dec-20