Section – A

Q.1. What are the Computer Networks? Explain their importance and various types.

Answer:
A computer network is an interconnection of multiple computers and devices that
communicate with one another to share resources (such as files, printers, and internet
connections) and data.

• Importance:
o Resource Sharing: Allows multiple users to share hardware, software, and
data, leading to cost efficiency.
o Communication: Facilitates quick communication through emails, instant
messaging, or collaborative tools.
o Data Management: Enables centralized data storage and backup, making data
management easier and more secure.
o Scalability & Flexibility: Networks can be scaled to add more devices and
users, meeting growing business needs.
o Enhanced Productivity: Real-time data sharing and communication
contribute to faster decision-making processes.
• Types of Networks:
o Local Area Network (LAN): Covers a small geographical area (e.g., an
office or building).
o Wide Area Network (WAN): Spans a large geographical area and connects
multiple LANs (e.g., multinational companies).
o Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): Covers a city or a large campus.
o Personal Area Network (PAN): Typically used for a single person’s devices,
like smartphones and laptops.
o Wireless Networks: Includes Wi-Fi and cellular networks, which provide
mobility and flexibility.

Q.2. What are active and passive attacks? Explain with a suitable example.

Answer:

• Active Attacks:
In an active attack, an attacker attempts to alter system resources or affect their
normal operation. This includes modifying data, inserting malicious data, or
interrupting communications.
o Example: A man-in-the-middle attack where the attacker intercepts and alters
messages between two parties.
• Passive Attacks:
In a passive attack, the attacker merely eavesdrops on the communication without
altering the data or disrupting the communication. The goal is to gather information
such as passwords or sensitive data.
o Example: An eavesdropping attack on a wireless network where an
unauthorized person listens to network traffic to capture sensitive information.
Q.3. Explain the meaning of E-wallet. Discuss briefly the factors which have contributed
towards the adoption of E-wallet in India.

Answer:
An E-wallet (electronic wallet) is a digital tool that stores users’ payment information and
funds, allowing them to make electronic transactions quickly and securely.

• Factors Contributing to E-wallet Adoption in India:

o Smartphone Penetration: Wide availability of smartphones has increased
accessibility to digital payment methods.
o Government Initiatives: Programs such as the Unified Payments Interface
(UPI) have streamlined the process of digital transactions.
o Convenience and Speed: E-wallets offer immediate transactions without the
need for physical cash or cards.
o Enhanced Security: Improved encryption and authentication methods have
increased user trust.
o Increasing Internet Access: Widespread internet connectivity facilitates the
use of digital payment systems in urban and rural areas.

Q.4. What do you understand by Mail Merge? Differentiate between Merge and Query
option of ‘Mail Merge Helper’ window.

Answer:

• Mail Merge:
Mail Merge is a process used in word processing applications (such as MS Word) to
automatically create multiple documents from a single template by inserting data from
a spreadsheet or database. This process is particularly useful for generating
personalized letters, labels, or emails in bulk.
• Difference between Merge and Query Options:
o Merge Option:
This option combines the template document with the data source. It produces
the final output where each record from the data source populates a separate
document or section of the document.
o Query Option:
This option allows you to filter or select specific records from the data source
before merging. It helps in narrowing down the data set that will be used for
the mail merge process, ensuring that only relevant records are included in the
final output.

Q.5. What do you understand by a business presentation? Explain various types of

business presentations.
Answer:
A business presentation is a formal or informal communication method used in a professional
environment to convey information, proposals, or ideas to an audience using visual aids such
as slides.

• Types of Business Presentations:

o Sales Presentations: Focus on promoting products or services to potential
clients.
o Investor Presentations: Provide financial and strategic insights to current or
potential investors.
o Training Presentations: Used to educate employees about new policies,
procedures, or skill development.
o Informational Presentations: Share updates, research findings, or market
trends within or outside the organization.
o Pitch Presentations: Aim to secure funding or partnerships by presenting
business ideas or startup concepts.

Section – B
Q.6. Explain operating system and their types.

Answer:
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software
resources and provides common services for computer programs.

• Types of Operating Systems:

o Batch Operating Systems: Execute batches of jobs without manual
intervention.
o Time-Sharing Operating Systems: Allow multiple users to share computer
resources simultaneously by allocating time slices.
o Distributed Operating Systems: Manage a group of distinct computers and
make them appear as a single computer.
o Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS): Process data as it comes in,
typically without any buffering delay (used in embedded systems).
o Network Operating Systems: Provide features such as file sharing and
printer access among multiple computers on a network.

Q.7. Discuss the benefits and limitations of centralized and decentralized information in
business organizations.

Answer:

• Centralized Information:
o Benefits:
▪ Easier management and control of data.
 ▪Consistent data standards and procedures.
▪Simplified backup and security protocols.
o Limitations:
▪ A single point of failure if the central system goes down.
▪ Potential bottlenecks in processing and data retrieval.
▪ Reduced flexibility in addressing localized business needs.
• Decentralized Information:
o Benefits:
▪ Increased flexibility and faster local decision-making.
▪ Reduced risk of complete system failure (fault tolerance).
▪ Empowerment of individual departments or regions to manage their
own data.
o Limitations:
▪ Inconsistency in data standards and quality.
▪ Difficulties in consolidating information for company-wide analysis.
▪ Potential security risks due to less uniform control.

Q.8. Describe the various options available in the main menu bar of MS-Word.

Answer:
The main menu bar in MS-Word typically includes several tabs, each offering a set of tools
and options:

• File:
o Manage documents (new, open, save, print) and access document properties.
• Home:
o Common formatting tools (font styles, sizes, bold, italics, underline),
paragraph alignment, and styles.
• Insert:
o Add various elements such as tables, pictures, shapes, links, headers/footers,
and page numbers.
• Design:
o Choose document themes, styles, and formatting options to enhance visual
appeal.
• Layout (or Page Layout):
o Adjust page settings such as margins, orientation, size, and columns.
• References:
o Tools for citations, bibliography, table of contents, footnotes, and indexes.
• Mailings:
o Features for mail merge, envelopes, labels, and related options.
• Review:
o Spell check, grammar check, comments, track changes, and compare
documents.
• View:
o Options to change the document view (print layout, web layout, outline) and
manage window arrangement.
Q.9. Explain the process of creating a chart in PowerPoint with the help of an example.

Answer:
Creating a chart in PowerPoint involves several steps:

1. Insert Chart:
o Go to the Insert tab and click on the Chart icon.
2. Choose Chart Type:
o A dialog box appears where you can select the type of chart (e.g., bar, line,
pie) that best represents your data.
3. Input Data:
o After selecting a chart type, an embedded Excel worksheet opens. Enter or
paste your data into the worksheet.
o Example: If you are creating a sales report, enter the months in one column
and the sales figures in the adjacent column.
4. Customize Chart:
o Once the data is entered, the chart updates automatically. You can customize
the design and layout using chart tools.
5. Finalize:
o Adjust chart elements like titles, legends, and axis labels as needed. Close the
embedded worksheet, and the final chart remains on your slide.

This process allows you to visually present data trends and comparisons within your
PowerPoint presentation.

Q.10. How do Pivot charts help in understanding the outcome of cross tabulation of
data set?

Answer:
Pivot charts are a dynamic tool that summarizes large data sets and reveal trends by cross-
tabulating data. They allow you to:

• Aggregate Data:
o Quickly summarize information (such as totals, averages, or counts) from a
large data set by dragging and dropping fields.
• Visual Comparison:
o Transform complex data into interactive charts that make it easier to compare
different categories or variables.
• Interactive Analysis:
o Allow users to drill down into details by filtering and rearranging data, which
helps in uncovering relationships and trends that might not be immediately
apparent from raw data.
• Simplify Reporting:
o Provide a visual and summarized representation of cross-tabulated data, which
can be critical for making strategic business decisions.
 Section – C
Q.11. What do you understand by Google sheets? Explain their usability.

Answer:
Google Sheets is a free, web-based spreadsheet application that is part of Google’s suite of
productivity tools.

• Usability:
o Collaboration: Multiple users can work simultaneously on the same sheet in
real time.
o Cloud-Based Storage: Data is stored online, allowing access from anywhere
with an internet connection.
o Integration: Easily integrates with other Google apps (like Google Forms and
Google Docs) and third-party tools.
o Functionality: Offers a wide range of functions and formulas for data
analysis, similar to traditional spreadsheet applications like MS Excel.

Q.12. Explain the options we have to protect our document while sharing with others.

Answer:
When sharing documents, especially online, there are several options available to protect the
content:

• Password Protection:
o Encrypt the document with a password so that only authorized users can open
it.
• Read-Only Sharing:
o Share the document with permissions set to “view only” to prevent any edits.
• Restrict Editing:
o Use built-in options to allow only specific parts of a document to be edited or
restrict formatting changes.
• Digital Signatures:
o Apply a digital signature to verify the authenticity and integrity of the
document.
• Access Control:
o Manage sharing settings by specifying which users or email addresses can
access the document and what level of permission they have.

Q.13. What is the difference between SLN and DB method of Depreciation? How are
they implemented in MS Excel?

Answer:

• SLN (Straight Line Method):

 o Concept: Depreciates the asset by an equal amount every year over its useful
life.
o Implementation in Excel:
▪ Excel provides the SLN function where you input the initial cost,
salvage value, and useful life to calculate the annual depreciation.
• DB (Declining Balance Method):
o Concept: Depreciates the asset by a fixed percentage each year, resulting in a
higher depreciation expense in the early years which gradually decreases over
time.
o Implementation in Excel:
▪ Excel’s DB function allows you to calculate depreciation by entering
the cost, salvage value, useful life, and the period for which
depreciation is to be calculated.

The key difference is that SLN spreads the cost evenly over time, while DB accelerates the
depreciation, reflecting the asset’s loss in value more quickly during its initial years.

Q.14. Explain LOOKUP, VLOOKUP and HLOOKUP with examples.

Answer:
These functions are used in spreadsheets to search for data within a range:

• LOOKUP:
o Usage: Searches for a value in a one-row or one-column range and returns a
value from the same position in a second one-row or one-column range.
o Example: Finding a student’s grade by searching a list of names and returning
the corresponding grade.
• VLOOKUP (Vertical Lookup):
o Usage: Searches for a value in the first column of a table array and returns a
value in the same row from a specified column.
o Example: Searching for an employee ID in the first column of a table and
returning the employee’s name from the second column.
• HLOOKUP (Horizontal Lookup):
o Usage: Searches for a value in the first row of a table array and returns a value
in the same column from a specified row.
o Example: Searching for a product code in the first row and retrieving the
product price from the row below.