NPTEL Online Certification Course

Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 1: ASSIGNMENT 1

1. Which of the following defines leadership as 'the art of influencing others to their
maximum performance'?
a) Northouse (2004)
b) Cohen (1990)
c) Jacobs & Jaques (1990)
d) Joanne Ciulla (1998)

2. Which team type consists of members from the same department but lacks the
authority to implement decisions independently?
a) Cross-functional teams
b) Self-managed teams
c) Problem-solving teams
d) Virtual teams

3. What is the critical task for leaders during their first day on the job?
a) Meet external stakeholders
b) Lay down long-term goals
c) Meet their boss and team
d) Redesign organizational strategy

4. Which leadership style described by Goleman focuses on emotional bonding?

a) Commanding
b) Visionary
c) Affiliative
d) Coaching

5. Why is leadership considered both a science and an art?

a) It combines formal education with practical skills
b) It relies exclusively on scientific methods
c) It avoids artistic principles entirely
d) It depends solely on personal traits

6. What is the purpose of benchmarking during the first 90 days as a leader?

a) To replace team meetings
b) To evaluate past leadership failures
c) To gather external perspectives

1|Page
 d) To finalize internal hiring decisions

7. Which type of team operates across organizational boundaries?

a) Self-managed teams
b) Cross-functional teams
c) Problem-solving teams
d) Virtual teams

8. According to the myths about leadership, A charismatic personality is must to become

a leader.
a) True
b) False

9. What is a common challenge new leaders face in their first 90 days?

a) Understanding organizational finances
b) Over-delegating responsibilities
c) Balancing relational and task-oriented goals
d) Avoiding long-term planning

10. Which element is central to the 'interactional framework' for analyzing leadership?
a) Organizational culture
b) Leader, followers, and situation
c) Individual capabilities
d) Leadership charisma

ANSWER KEYS
1. B
2. C
3. C
4. C
5. A
6. C
7. B
8. B
9. C
10. B

********** End of the Page ************

2|Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 2: ASSIGNMENT 2

1. What are the three components of the Action-Observation-Reflection (AOR) model?

a) Action, Analysis, and Reflection
b) Observation, Decision, and Feedback
c) Action, Observation, and Reflection
d) Planning, Observation, and Evaluation

2. Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory distinguishes between which two groups?

a) In-group and out-group
b) Core-group and peripheral group
c) Leader-focused and team-focused
d) Experienced and novice groups

3. Which decision-making process involves the leader solving the problem

independently?
a) Autocratic (A1)
b) Consultative (C1)
c) Group (G2)
d) Collaborative (C2)

4. __________ leadership style is recommended for followers with low ability and low
willingness in the Situational Leadership model?
a) Delegating
b) Participating
c) Selling
d) Telling

5. What does Fiedler's Contingency Model use to determine leadership effectiveness?

a) Leadership style and task complexity
b) Leadership style and situational favorability
c) Personality traits and maturity levels
d) Emotional intelligence and readiness

6. Which leadership behavior in the Path-Goal Theory involves providing emotional

support and showing concern for followers?
a) Directive
b) Supportive
c) Participative

1|Page
 d) Achievement-oriented

7. What is the primary focus of high-quality LMX relationships?

a) Hierarchical superiority
b) Equal treatment for all team members
c) Mutual trust and respect
d) Increased contractual obligations

8. What is the least-used leadership style according to SLII research findings?

a) High support, low direction
b) High direction, high support
c) Low direction, high support
d) High direction, low support

9. Which style of leadership in the Vroom-Yetton model involves the leader accepting
group consensus?
a) A1
b) C2
c) G2
d) C1

10. According to the AOR model, what is the most neglected phase in leadership
development?
a) Action
b) Observation
c) Reflection
d) Decision-making

ANSWER KEYS:
1. C
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. B
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. C
10. C

********** End of the Page ************

2|Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 3: ASSIGNMENT 3

1. What is the primary characteristic of charismatic leaders according to Weber?

a) Superhuman qualities or powers
b) Rational decision-making
c) Systematic organization of leadership styles
d) Democratic leadership behavior

2. Which leadership type focuses on exchanges to meet individual needs?

a) Transformational leadership
b) Transactional leadership
c) Charismatic leadership
d) Situational leadership

3. What is one key focus of transformational leadership?

a) Encouraging high dependency on leaders
b) Articulating a compelling vision linked to followers' values
c) Maintaining the status quo
d) Exchanging rewards for loyalty

4. Belief in their ability to influence outcomes defines a leader with "internal locus of
control".
a) True
b) False

5. What does the term "crucible" refer to in leadership development?

a) Training for technical leadership skills
b) Transformational life experiences
c) Mandatory management workshops
d) Peer-reviewed evaluations

6. Which component is NOT a part of the Infosys 9-Pillar Leadership Model?

a) Community Empathy
b) Feedback-intensive programs
c) Systematic resource allocation
d) Action learning

1|Page
7. According to the Great Man Theory, what primarily drives leadership success?
a) Leadership traits are developed through experience
b) Certain individuals are born with leadership traits
c) Collaborative team building enhances leadership
d) Situational factors influence leadership emergence

8. _____________ interpersonal skill is vital for understanding others.

a) Awareness
b) Problem-solving ability
c) Resilience
d) Emotional intelligence

9. What is a central trait in Allport’s Trait Theory?

a) Traits influencing behavior in specific situations
b) Dominant traits shaping an individual’s entire personality
c) General characteristics that form the foundation of personality
d) Observable traits displayed in daily interactions

10. Which Big Five personality trait measures an individual’s emotional stability?
a) Agreeableness
b) Openness
c) Neuroticism
d) Conscientiousness

ANSWER KEYS:
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. C
10. C

********** End of the Page ************

2|Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 4: ASSIGNMENT 4

1. What is intelligence primarily defined as?

a) The ability to manipulate objects

b) All-around effectiveness in activities directed by thought
c) The capacity to work collaboratively
d) A measure of one's education level

2. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory includes which of the following types of intelligence?

a) Analytical, creative, and practical

b) Musical and linguistic
c) Fluid and crystallized
d) Emotional and logical

3. What does divergent thinking primarily involve?

a) Identifying one correct answer

b) Memorizing data
c) Simplifying complex problems
d) Generating multiple creative ideas

4. According to Cognitive Resource Theory, does Emotional intelligence affect decision-

making under stress?

a) True
b) False

5. Which model of emotional intelligence focuses on broader leadership qualities?

a) Mixed Model
b) Ability Model
c) Behavioral Model
d) Trait Model

1 | Page
6. What can emotional intelligence best be described as?

a) Intelligence about logic

b) Recognition and management of emotions
c) Ability to solve analytical problems
d) Understanding cultural nuances

7. What is a core characteristic of emotionally intelligent leaders?

a) High analytical skills

b) Focus on coercion
c) Avoidance of conflicts
d) Mood management

8. _________ type of power is most associated with personal relationships?

a) Coercive
b) Legitimate
c) Referent
d) Reward

9. Legitimate power stems from Organizational authority.

a) True
b) False

10. Dependency is the key to power because?

a) It simplifies organizational hierarchies

b) It increases the scarcity of resources
c) The greater the dependency, the greater the power
d) It aligns with financial resources

2 | Page
Answer Keys:
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. d
8. c
9. a
10. c

********** End of the Page ************

3 | Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 5: ASSIGNMENT 5

Q1. What are the four key components of authentic leadership?

a) Transparency, Self-awareness, Balanced processing, Internalized moral
perspective
b) Honesty, Integrity, Innovation, Compassion
c) Empathy, Vision, Flexibility, Resilience
d) Leadership, Strategy, Communication, Delegation

Q2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of servant leadership?

a) Empathy
b) Persuasion
c) Self-interest
d) Commitment

Q3. What is the primary purpose of the Leadership Pipeline model?

a) To focus only on CEO development
b) To map leader development at all organizational levels
c) To reduce training costs
d) To identify leadership errors

Q4. What are the two core components of ethical leadership, as defined by Avolio and his
associates?
a) Moral person and moral manager
b) Transparency and accountability
c) Honesty and empathy
d) Vision and influence

Q5. Initiating structure leadership style, identified in the Ohio State studies, is task-oriented.
a) True
b) False

1 | Page
Q6. In the Leadership Grid, which management style balances concern for people and
production?
a) Impoverished Management
b) Team Management
c) Middle-of-the-Road Management
d) Authority-Compliance Management

Q7. Is unrestricted freedom of decision-making a characteristic of ethical leadership?

a) True
b) False

Q8. What does the 'balanced processing' component of authentic leadership entail?
a) Focusing equally on personal and organizational goals
b) Objectively analyzing all relevant data before making a decision
c) Balancing work-life priorities effectively
d) Processing feedback in a balanced manner

Q9. __________ is a major mistake in developing a leadership pipeline?

a) Focusing on functional expertise
b) Encouraging feedback
c) Promoting people too quickly
d) Creating a vision for leaders

Q10. The Leadership Pipeline passage from managing managers to managing functions
requires:
a) Broad, long-term strategic thinking
b) Focus on task-oriented goals
c) Narrow functional expertise
d) Avoidance of delegation

2 | Page
Answer Keys:
1. a
2. c
3. b
4. a
5. a
6. c
7. b
8. b
9. c
10. a

3 | Page
********** End of the Page ************

4 | Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 6: ASSIGNMENT 6

Q1. Which element is NOT part of the Toxic Triangle model in destructive leadership?
a) Destructive Leadership
b) Susceptible Followers
c) Conducive Environment
d) Collaborative Teams

Q2. What is a primary characteristic of chronic managerial incompetence?

a) Inability to build teams temporarily due to tough situations
b) Short-term issues with follower engagement
c) Consistent failure to adapt to situational challenges
d) Lack of technical knowledge

Q3. ____________ negotiation style reflects a 'Win-Win' approach?

a) Competition
b) Collaboration
c) Compromise
d) Avoidance

Q4. Is Risk Assessment the first stage in the Three-Stage Crisis Management Plan
a) True
b) False

Q5. Which of the following is a trait of adaptive leadership?

a) Encouraging shared responsibility
b) Rigid decision-making
c) Focusing on short-term gains
d) Avoiding accountability

Q6. What does the term 'task autonomy' refer to?

a) The degree of collaboration needed in tasks
b) Feedback given after task completion
c) The complexity of the task structure
d) The freedom to decide how to complete a task
1 | Page
Q7. Is the Narcissism personality trait most associated with destructive leaders ignoring inputs
from others?
a) True
b) False

Q8. What is the primary focus of episodic managerial incompetence?

a) Chronic inability to perform tasks
b) Temporary disruption due to tough events
c) Lack of organizational fit
d) Failure to build teams permanently

Q9. What is the primary aim of the Toxic to Transformative Triangle model?
a) To enhance destructive leadership skills
b) To provide tools for passive leadership
c) To reduce organizational complexity
d) To transform toxic leadership into constructive leadership

Q10. Which of the following describes the 'Avoidance' negotiation style?

a) Win-Lose
b) Lose-Lose
c) Win-Win
d) Compromise

2 | Page
Answer Keys:

1. d
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. d
7. a
8. b
9. d
10. b

********** End of the Page ************

3 | Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 7: ASSIGNMENT 7

1. What are the seven primary characteristics that define organizational culture?
a) Leadership styles, trust, collaboration, team orientation, creativity, adaptability,
ethics
b) Innovation, risk-taking, attention to detail, outcome orientation, people
orientation, team orientation, stability
c) Diversity, hierarchy, market orientation, team spirit, creativity, empathy, ethics
d) Problem-solving, innovation, motivation, leadership agility, communication,
collaboration, trust

2. What is the primary aim of a leadership culture, as defined by Robin Sharma?

a) Promoting hierarchy in decision-making
b) Encouraging everyone to think like owners or CEOs
c) Minimizing risk in decision-making
d) Fostering strict adherence to established procedures

3. ____________ is NOT one of Schein’s four key organizational culture factors.

a) Myths and stories
b) Symbols and artifacts
c) Behavioral modeling
d) Language

4. Which leadership approach is essential for creating a positive organizational culture?

a) Delegation of tasks to subordinates
b) Rewarding employees more than punishing them
c) Adopting a laissez-faire leadership style
d) Focusing solely on profitability

5. What is a key characteristic of market-oriented cultures?

a) Emphasis on teamwork and loyalty
b) Stability and internal efficiency
c) Focus on external competitiveness and results
d) Adaptability and risk-taking

6. According to the GLOBE study, which leadership style focuses on building trust and
compassion?
a) Charismatic leadership
b) Participative leadership
c) Autonomous leadership
d) Humane-oriented leadership

1|Page
 7. Which of the following is considered a universal leadership attribute in the GLOBE
study?
a) Ruthlessness
b) Egocentrism
c) Trustworthiness
d) Dictatorial behavior

8. What is the essence of a "glocal" mindset in global leadership?

a) Focusing solely on global strategies
b) Ignoring local cultural nuances
c) Balancing global integration with local responsiveness
d) Avoiding risk-taking in complex environments

9. What does the Pygmalion effect emphasize in goal setting?

a) High expectations can lead to higher performance
b) Low expectations prevent goal achievement
c) High goals demotivate employees
d) Leadership should remain neutral to follower expectations

10. Empowerment motivational theory emphasizes autonomy and self-determination.

a) True
b) False

ANSWER KEYS:
1. B
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. D
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. A

********** End of the Page ************

2|Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 8: ASSIGNMENT 8

1. Which of the following is NOT a principle of group dynamics as discussed by Dorwin

Carl Wright?
a) The more attractive a group is to its members, the greater its influence.
b) Information relating to change must be shared by all relevant people in the
group.
c) Group members with diverse opinions should be excluded to avoid
conflict.
d) Strong pressure for change can be created by fostering a shared perception of
the need for change.

2. Forming stage of Tuckman's stages of group development is characterized by a strong

sense of group identity and camaraderie.
a) True
b) False

3. According to Social Identity Theory, why do people have emotional reactions to the
failure or success of their group?
a) They fear punishment for group failure.
b) They are naturally competitive.
c) Their self-esteem is tied to the group's performance.
d) They are empathetic to other group members.

4. Which group dynamics theory suggests that individuals are drawn to groups based on
shared attitudes towards common objects and goals?
a) Propinquity Theory
b) Balance Theory
c) Exchange Theory
d) Homan's Theory

1|Page
5. Which of the following is NOT a class of group norms typically found in
organizations?
a) Performance norms
b) Appearance norms
c) Leadership norms
d) Allocation of resources norms

6. What is the term for the tendency of individuals to put in less effort when working in
a group compared to working alone?
a) Social loafing
b) Groupthink
c) Group-shift
d) Deviant workplace behavior

7. Which of the following strategies is recommended for effective group decision-

making?
a) Strive for homogeneity in group composition.
b) Appoint a strategic dissenter.
c) Discourage independent opinion collection.
d) Rely heavily on experts.

8. The case study about the housing bubble and collapse illustrates which group
dynamic?
a) Groupthink
b) Role behavior
c) Status hierarchy
d) Herd behavior

9. What is the definition of teamwork?

a) The sum of individual efforts by team members.
b) The combined efforts of team members working cohesively towards a
common goal.
c) The individual performances of team members working independently.
2|Page
 d) The competition among team members to achieve personal goals.

10. Which of the following is NOT a primary benefit of implementing work teams?
a) Improved employee motivation
b) Positive synergy
c) Increased individual recognition
d) Improved turnover

ANSWER KEYS:
1. C
2. B
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. A
7. B
8. D
9. B
10. C

********** End of the Page ************

3|Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 9: ASSIGNMENT 9

1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Team Effectiveness as suggested

by Larson & LaFasto (1989)?
(a) Collaborative Climate
(b) Competent Team Members
(c) Shared Leadership
(d) Standards of Excellence

2. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of ineffective teams?

(a) High level of innovation
(b) Confusion about assignments
(c) Loss of production
(d) Ineffective meetings

3. Which of the following is NOT a leadership action that can improve environmental
interface with the team?
(a) Buffering team members from environmental distractions
(b) Sharing relevant environmental information with the team
(c) Collaborating (including, involving)
(d) Negotiating upward to secure necessary resources for the team

4. What is the primary focus of the "Team-Centered Decision-Making Model"?

(a) The leader makes all final decisions.
(b) Team members are empowered to make decisions.
(c) Decisions are made based on a strict hierarchy.
(d) The model emphasizes individual contributions over team consensus.

5. Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of virtual teams?

(a) Reliance on electronic communication
(b) Geographical dispersion of team members
(c) Always focused on short-term projects
(d) Can have members working at different times

6. What is the main difference between "Process Gain" and "Process Loss" in team
dynamics?
(a) Process Gain focuses on individual performance, while Process Loss focuses on
team performance.
(b) Process Gain refers to exceeding expected team output, while Process Loss
refers to underperforming compared to individual capabilities.
(c) Process Gain is a measure of efficiency, while Process Loss is a measure of
1|Page
 effectiveness.
(d) Process Gain highlights the positive aspects of team conflict, while Process Loss
focuses on the negative aspects.

7. According to Hackman and Wageman, when is "Motivational Coaching" most

effective in a team's life cycle?
(a) At the beginning of a performance period
(b) At the midpoint of a performance period
(c) When performance activities have been completed
(d) Throughout the entire performance period

8. What is "Deterrence-Based Trust" primarily based on in the context of virtual teams?

(a) Shared values and understanding
(b) Consistent behavior and the threat of punishment
(c) Long-term relationships and shared experiences
(d) Open communication and mutual respect

9. Which team decision-making technique involves gathering expert opinions from

geographically dispersed individuals without face-to-face interaction?
(a) Brainstorming
(b) Nominal Group Technique
(c) Delphi Technique
(d) Round Robin Technique

10. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of offsite training for team development?
(a) Improved communication
(b) Enhanced self-confidence
(c) Increased cooperation
(d) Guaranteed long-term behavioral change

2|Page
ANSWER KEYS:
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. B
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. D

********** End of the Page ************

3|Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 10: ASSIGNMENT 10

1. Which stage of the Multicultural Organization Development Model focuses on

actively recruiting and promoting historically excluded groups?
a) The Exclusionary Organization
b) The Club
c) The Affirming Organization
d) The Redefining Organization

2. What is the primary focus of the "Problem-Solving" component in team

building?
a) Strengthening interpersonal relations
b) Identifying major team problems
c) Establishing team norms
d) Facilitating creative thinking

3. According to Kolb’s Experiential Learning Cycle, what comes after Reflective

Observation?
a) Abstract Conceptualization
b) Active Experimentation
c) Concrete Experience
d) Direct Application

4. _____________ learning style in Kolb's theory emphasizes reasoning and

systematic assessment.
a) Diverging
b) Converging
c) Accommodating
d) Assimilating

5. What is a key principle of Action Learning?

a) It is an involuntary process.
b) It focuses exclusively on technical problems.
c) It centers on solving real-world problems.
d) It avoids team collaboration.

1 | Page
6. Setting goals is the first step in conducting a GAPS analysis.

a) True
b) False

7. Which behavior is foundational in building a cohesive team?

a) Conflict avoidance
b) Seeking consensus
c) Establishing strict rules
d) Trust building

8. What is the advantage of using experiential learning in corporate training?

a) It minimizes engagement levels.
b) It bridges theory and practice.
c) It focuses on rote learning.
d) It reduces the need for real-world application.

9. What does the "Law of the Chain" in team building imply?

a) The strength of the team depends on its weakest link.
b) Every team is independent of individual performance.
c) Teams function best without hierarchies.
d) Leadership is the sole determinant of success.

10. Schedule meetings identifying the strengths of team members in the team-building
process.

a) True
b) False

2 | Page
Answer Keys:

1. c
2. b
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. a
7. d
8. b
9. a
10. b

********** End of the Page ************

3 | Page
 NPTEL Online Certification Course
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Course Name: Leadership and Team Effectiveness
Instructor: Prof. Santosh Rangnekar

WEEK 11: ASSIGNMENT 11

1. What is the primary focus of the GROW coaching model?

a) Establishing relationships
b) Setting clear, inspiring goals
c) Reviewing team performance
d) Enhancing team autonomy

2. Which characteristic is commonly associated with women leaders?

a) Command-and-control leadership style
b) Task-oriented but independent decision-making
c) Avoidance of collaboration
d) Transformational leadership style

3. According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, Recognition is a motivator.

a) True
b) False

4. What is the core principle of supportive communication?

a) Prioritizing global over specific messages
b) Focusing on problems, not personal traits
c) Avoiding congruence in verbal and non-verbal cues
d) Ignoring emotional responses during feedback

5. _______________ is an essential trait followers desire in their leaders?

a) Authoritarian behavior
b) Avoidance of collaboration
c) Dependability
d) Hesitation in decision-making

1 | Page
6. Which type of mentoring involves senior professionals being mentored by
younger employees?
a) Speed mentoring
b) Reverse mentoring
c) Peer mentoring
d) Group mentoring

7. Which factor contributes significantly to women's leadership challenges?

a) Lack of educational opportunities
b) Abundance of flexible work environments
c) Declining opportunities for mentorship
d) Persistent societal stereotypes

8. What does Graicuna’s Theory on the Span of Management primarily analyze?

a) Employee productivity
b) Hierarchical leadership
c) Relationships between supervisors and subordinates
d) Team morale during management transitions

9. What is a core component of effective communication?

a) High probability of intended message understanding
b) Lack of clarity in delivery
c) Ignoring feedback
d) Avoiding symbols and signs

10. Rigid work structures enhance followers' job satisfaction.

a) True
b) False

2 | Page
Answer Keys:

1. b
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. c
6. b
7. d
8. c
9. a
10. b

********** End of the Page ************

3 | Page
 Quiz Results

1. What is a key component of setting effective goals in a team?

Answer: Making goals inclusive

2. Which element is vital for constructive feedback?

Answer: Specificity and helpfulness

3. What does divergent thinking emphasize in problem-solving?

Answer: Exploring multiple potential solutions

4. In the Rocket Model, 'Buy-In' refers to __________?

Answer: Commitment to team goals

5. What is one characteristic of high-performing teams?

Answer: Mutual trust among members

6. What is the purpose of the Trust Triangle?

Answer: Exploring authenticity, logic, and empathy

7. Is Adherence to ethical values a leadership trait critical for building credibility?

Answer: True

8. What is one principle of developing others?

Answer: Respecting individual differences

9. Setting realistic goals is a common barrier to goal achievement?

Answer: False

10. What is a key step in the Creative Problem-Solving process?

Answer: Formulating challenges to explore solutions