Hospital Management System - Project Report

1. Introduction

This project focuses on managing hospital operations including patient registration, staff and appointments

using a web-based system. It provides an efficient, scalable and secure way to handle hospital workflows.

2. Objective

To digitalize hospital records and streamline clinical activities using a web-based management system that

supports patients, doctors, and administrative staff.

3. System Architecture

The system uses a client-server architecture. Frontend is built in HTML/CSS/JavaScript. Backend APIs are

developed in Python using Flask. The system is hosted on Render and uses SQLite or PostgreSQL as its

database.

4. High-Level Design

Major components include authentication, patient record management, appointment scheduler, and doctor

dashboard.

5. Low-Level Design

Each module (User, Admin, Doctor, Appointment) is designed to have its own routes, views and API logic.

Tables are normalized and secured.

6. Database Schema

The database has tables like Users, Patients, Doctors, Appointments, Reports. Each table is related using

foreign keys to maintain integrity.

7. Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

The DFD shows how user input travels from frontend through Flask routes to database and returns output.
Hospital Management System - Project Report

[ Diagram Placeholder: 7. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) ]

8. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Describes relations among tables in the hospital system. E.g., One doctor can have many appointments, but

each appointment belongs to one doctor.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 8. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) ]

9. Use Case Diagram

Use case scenarios include: Patient logs in -> Books appointment -> Doctor updates record -> Admin views

report.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 9. Use Case Diagram ]

10. Sequence Diagram

Sequence of events: Login -> Fetch data -> Schedule appointment -> Save to database -> Notify user.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 10. Sequence Diagram ]

11. UI/UX Overview

Frontend uses responsive design principles. Pages include login, dashboard, appointment form, patient detail

view.

12. Backend API Design

APIs include /login, /register, /appointments, /patients. Data validation and error handling are integrated.

13. Sample Code Snippet

@app.route("/login", methods=["POST"])
def login():
 Hospital Management System - Project Report
username = request.form['username']
password = request.form['password']
if username in users and users[username] == password:
session['user'] = username
return redirect(url_for('dashboard'))
return "Invalid credentials"
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

14. Security and Authentication

JWT tokens or session management can be used. SQL Injection and XSS mitigated via validation and

sanitization.

15. Hosting and Deployment

The app is hosted using Render with CI/CD enabled from GitHub. Deployments are automated upon push to

main branch.

16. Testing and Validation

Unit testing with pytest, Integration testing with Postman, Load testing with Locust.

17. Performance Optimization

Caching frequent queries, async APIs for frontend calls, lazy loading on frontend for heavy pages.

18. Ethical Considerations

Protect patient privacy, follow data minimization principles, and encrypt sensitive information in storage and

transit.

19. Future Scope

Add ML for disease prediction, Chatbots for appointment reminders, Sync with wearable devices.

20. Conclusion

The HMS digitizes hospital operations effectively, reduces manual errors, enhances data accessibility and

supports health record management.

1. Introduction

This project focuses on managing hospital operations including patient registration, staff and appointments
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

using a web-based system. It provides an efficient, scalable and secure way to handle hospital workflows.
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

2. Objective

To digitalize hospital records and streamline clinical activities using a web-based management system that

supports patients, doctors, and administrative staff.

3. System Architecture

The system uses a client-server architecture. Frontend is built in HTML/CSS/JavaScript. Backend APIs are

developed in Python using Flask. The system is hosted on Render and uses SQLite or PostgreSQL as its

database.

4. High-Level Design

Major components include authentication, patient record management, appointment scheduler, and doctor

dashboard.

5. Low-Level Design

Each module (User, Admin, Doctor, Appointment) is designed to have its own routes, views and API logic.

Tables are normalized and secured.

6. Database Schema

The database has tables like Users, Patients, Doctors, Appointments, Reports. Each table is related using

foreign keys to maintain integrity.

7. Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

The DFD shows how user input travels from frontend through Flask routes to database and returns output.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 7. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) ]

8. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Describes relations among tables in the hospital system. E.g., One doctor can have many appointments, but

each appointment belongs to one doctor.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 8. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) ]

9. Use Case Diagram

Use case scenarios include: Patient logs in -> Books appointment -> Doctor updates record -> Admin views

report.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 9. Use Case Diagram ]

10. Sequence Diagram

Sequence of events: Login -> Fetch data -> Schedule appointment -> Save to database -> Notify user.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 10. Sequence Diagram ]

11. UI/UX Overview

Frontend uses responsive design principles. Pages include login, dashboard, appointment form, patient detail

view.

12. Backend API Design

APIs include /login, /register, /appointments, /patients. Data validation and error handling are integrated.

13. Sample Code Snippet

@app.route("/login", methods=["POST"])
def login():
username = request.form['username']
password = request.form['password']
if username in users and users[username] == password:
session['user'] = username
return redirect(url_for('dashboard'))
return "Invalid credentials"

14. Security and Authentication

JWT tokens or session management can be used. SQL Injection and XSS mitigated via validation and
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

sanitization.
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

15. Hosting and Deployment

The app is hosted using Render with CI/CD enabled from GitHub. Deployments are automated upon push to

main branch.

16. Testing and Validation

Unit testing with pytest, Integration testing with Postman, Load testing with Locust.

17. Performance Optimization

Caching frequent queries, async APIs for frontend calls, lazy loading on frontend for heavy pages.

18. Ethical Considerations

Protect patient privacy, follow data minimization principles, and encrypt sensitive information in storage and

transit.

19. Future Scope

Add ML for disease prediction, Chatbots for appointment reminders, Sync with wearable devices.

20. Conclusion

The HMS digitizes hospital operations effectively, reduces manual errors, enhances data accessibility and

supports health record management.

1. Introduction

This project focuses on managing hospital operations including patient registration, staff and appointments

using a web-based system. It provides an efficient, scalable and secure way to handle hospital workflows.

2. Objective

To digitalize hospital records and streamline clinical activities using a web-based management system that
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

supports patients, doctors, and administrative staff.

3. System Architecture

The system uses a client-server architecture. Frontend is built in HTML/CSS/JavaScript. Backend APIs are

developed in Python using Flask. The system is hosted on Render and uses SQLite or PostgreSQL as its

database.

4. High-Level Design

Major components include authentication, patient record management, appointment scheduler, and doctor

dashboard.

5. Low-Level Design

Each module (User, Admin, Doctor, Appointment) is designed to have its own routes, views and API logic.

Tables are normalized and secured.

6. Database Schema

The database has tables like Users, Patients, Doctors, Appointments, Reports. Each table is related using

foreign keys to maintain integrity.

7. Data Flow Diagram (DFD)

The DFD shows how user input travels from frontend through Flask routes to database and returns output.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 7. Data Flow Diagram (DFD) ]

8. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Describes relations among tables in the hospital system. E.g., One doctor can have many appointments, but

each appointment belongs to one doctor.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 8. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) ]

9. Use Case Diagram

Use case scenarios include: Patient logs in -> Books appointment -> Doctor updates record -> Admin views

report.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 9. Use Case Diagram ]

10. Sequence Diagram

Sequence of events: Login -> Fetch data -> Schedule appointment -> Save to database -> Notify user.

[ Diagram Placeholder: 10. Sequence Diagram ]

11. UI/UX Overview

Frontend uses responsive design principles. Pages include login, dashboard, appointment form, patient detail

view.

12. Backend API Design

APIs include /login, /register, /appointments, /patients. Data validation and error handling are integrated.

13. Sample Code Snippet

@app.route("/login", methods=["POST"])
def login():
username = request.form['username']
password = request.form['password']
if username in users and users[username] == password:
session['user'] = username
return redirect(url_for('dashboard'))
return "Invalid credentials"

14. Security and Authentication

JWT tokens or session management can be used. SQL Injection and XSS mitigated via validation and

sanitization.

15. Hosting and Deployment

The app is hosted using Render with CI/CD enabled from GitHub. Deployments are automated upon push to

main branch.
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

16. Testing and Validation

Unit testing with pytest, Integration testing with Postman, Load testing with Locust.
 Hospital Management System - Project Report

17. Performance Optimization

Caching frequent queries, async APIs for frontend calls, lazy loading on frontend for heavy pages.

18. Ethical Considerations

Protect patient privacy, follow data minimization principles, and encrypt sensitive information in storage and

transit.

19. Future Scope

Add ML for disease prediction, Chatbots for appointment reminders, Sync with wearable devices.

20. Conclusion

The HMS digitizes hospital operations effectively, reduces manual errors, enhances data accessibility and

supports health record management.