Ventilation & air

conditioning system
Building Services II
 OUTLINE
TYPES of A/C DEFINITION
SYSTEMS IMPORTANCE &
-Split unit PURPOSE
-Centralize unit

VENTILATION

METHODS OF FIXED TYPES OF

VENTILATION VENTILATION &
A/C SYSTEMS
-Natural inflow & outflow
-Natural inflow & mechanical outflow - Natural vent.
-Mechanical inflow & natural outflow - Mechanical vent.
-Mechanical inflow & outflow
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Definition
❑ the process of "changing" or “replacing” air in any space to
provide high indoor air quality.
❖ (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove
moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and
carbon dioxide).
❑ Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive
moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air
circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air.
❑ Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as
well as circulation of air within the building. It is one of the most
important factors for maintaining acceptable indoor air quality in
buildings. Methods for ventilating a building may be divided into
mechanical and natural types
 PURPOSE OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS

VENTILATION SYSTEMS 1. ENSURE INDOOR AIR 2. CONTROL 3. REMOVE 4. PROPER AIR

ARE DESIGNED TO QUALITY: VENTILATION TEMPERATURE AND CONTAMINANTS: CIRCULATION,
PROVIDE A HELPS TO REMOVE HUMIDITY: BY VENTILATION SYSTEMS CONTROLLING
CONTINUOUS FLOW STALE AIR, DUST, CIRCULATING AIR, HELP ELIMINATE TEMPERATURE, AND
OF AIR IN A BUILDING POLLUTANTS, AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS HARMFUL GASES, REMOVING
OR ENCLOSED SPACE MOISTURE WHILE HELP REGULATE SMOKE, ODORS, AND CONTAMINANTS.
TO MAINTAIN AIR BRINGING IN FRESH INDOOR OTHER AIRBORNE
QUALITY, CONTROL OUTDOOR AIR, TEMPERATURE AND CONTAMINANTS FROM
TEMPERATURE, AND IMPROVING THE HUMIDITY, MAKING SPACES WHERE THESE
REMOVE OR DILUTE OVERALL AIR QUALITY. THE ENVIRONMENT MIGHT ACCUMULATE,
POLLUTANTS. THE MORE COMFORTABLE SUCH AS KITCHENS OR
PURPOSE OF A FOR ITS OCCUPANTS. BATHROOMS.
VENTILATION SYSTEM
IS TO:
TYPES OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS
Ventilation systems can be broadly categorized into two types based on how air is
introduced and removed from a space:

i. Natural Ventilation
• Natural ventilation relies on natural forces such as wind and buoyancy to circulate air
through a building. It requires no mechanical systems, relying instead on openings
such as windows, doors, vents, or skylights.

ii. Mechanical Ventilation

• Mechanical ventilation uses fans or blowers to circulate air and is often more
controlled and reliable than natural ventilation. It can be further divided into
different types based on how air is supplied and exhausted.

iii. Hybrid (Mixed-Mode) Ventilation

• Hybrid ventilation combines both natural and mechanical ventilation methods,
switching between the two based on external conditions, energy needs, or air
quality.
 Natural Ventilation
• Process of supplying and removing air through an indoor space
without using mechanical systems. It refers to the flow of external
air to an indoor space as a result of pressure or temperatures
differences.

• There are three types of natural ventilation occurring in buildings:

– wind driven ventilation,
– pressure-driven flows,
– stack vent/ stack effect

• Natural vent. is generally impractical for larger buildings, as they tend to be

large, sealed and climate controlled specifically by HVAC systems. (heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning)

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Wind driven
ventilation
❑ Wind driven ventilation depends on wind
behavior, on the interactions with the building
envelope and on openings or other air
exchange devices such as inlets or chimneys.
❑ Occurs when the wind blows toward the house
or building and create pressure.
❑ The front surface of the wind is in the high-
pressure or positive. Surface wind hedges is in
low or negative pressure.
❑ Air moves from high pressure zones to low
pressure zones. The higher rate of wind speed
will be even more marked difference in air
pressure.
❑ Ventilation through windows, roofs and walls.
 Wind driven ventilation

• Wind-induced ventilation uses pressures generated on the

building by the wind, to drive air through openings in the
building. It is most commonly realized as cross-ventilation,
where air enters on one side of the building, and leaves on
the opposite side, but can also drive single sided ventilation,
and vertical ventilation flows.

Figure : For a given total area,

ventilation is improved when
openings are well distributed
horizontally and vertically. This
is because the openings are
more likely to be at different
pressure. It also leads to better
distribution within the room.
Pressure Driven
Flows
❑ Wind pressures are generally
high/positive on the windward side
of a building and low/negative on
the sheltered side. The occurrence
and change of wind pressures on
building surfaces depend on:
1. wind speed and wind direction
relative to the building;
2. the location and surrounding
environment of the building;
3. shape of the building.
 Pressure driven flows

• For a building with numerous partitions and openings, it is under various

pressures depending on the relative sizes of the openings and the wind
direction. With large openings on the windward face, the building tends to be
under positive pressure. The reverse is true if the openings are smaller than
those downstream.

Figure : Air flow around a building

Stack Vent / Stack Effect
• Stack effect is temperature induced.

• When there is a temperature difference

between two adjoining volumes of air, the
warmer air will have lower density and be
more buoyant thus will rise above the cold
air creating an upward air stream.

• Forced stack effect in a building takes place

in a traditional fireplace.

• Passive stack ventilators are common in

most bathrooms and other type of spaces
without direct access to the outdoors.
Air Balloon (stack effect)
Comparison of Stack Effect in the Seasonal
Climate.
• During the summer season
(see Figure), the reverse
occurs when indoor
temperature is lower than
outdoor temperature.
• Figure shows stack effect that
may occur in different forms of
buildings, including a building
with no internal partition, a
building with airtight
separation of each story, and
an ideal building with vertical
shafts and horizontal
openings.
Stack vent / stack effect
❑Combination of wind pressure and stack effect ventilation.
❖ Occurs when strong wind flows towards the opening. The internal air
will be pushed out through chimneys or atrium. Therefore the
contaminated internal air will be replaced with fresh air.
Stack vent / stack effect
 Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Energy-efficient, as it doesn't require Depends on outdoor weather
power to operate. conditions (wind speed, temperature
differences).
Simple, low-cost solution. May not provide sufficient air exchange
in all conditions or for buildings with
poor design.
Find more
QUIZ
i. What is definition of ventilation?
ii. What are the purpose of ventilation?
iii. List three types of natural ventilation occurring in
buildings.
iv. Explain and sketch how wind driven ventilation system
works?
v. Explain and sketch how stack ventilation system works?
vi. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of natural
ventilation system.
 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• through an air handling unit or direct injection to a
space by a fan. A local exhaust fan can enhance
infiltration or natural ventilation, thus increasing the
ventilation air flow rate.

Typical AHU components:

1 - Supply duct 4 - Heating and/or cooling coil

2 - Fan compartment 5 - Filter compartment
3 - Flexible connection 6 - Return and fresh air duct 19
 NATURAL INFLOW &
OUTFLOW

NATURAL INFLOW &

Methods of MECHANICAL OUTFLOW
mechanical
ventilation MECHANICAL INFLOW &
NATURAL OUTFLOW

MECHANICAL INFLOW &

OUTFLOW
NATURAL INFLOW &
MECHANICAL
OUTFLOW / Exhaust
ventilation

❑ Winds enter the room naturally without

assistance from appliances.
❑ Internal air is force out with fan which
normally fixed at the building component
such as:
❖ Roof
❖ Wall
❖ Window
❑ Suitable for factory, workshop, assembly
hall, bathroom, kitchen and etc.
❑ The system helps to prevent the
contaminated/foul air from entering the
adjacent space.
NATURAL INFLOW & MECHANICAL
OUTFLOW / sistem sari
NATURAL INFLOW & MECHANICAL OUTFLOW
 ❑ External air brought into the
building by application of
suction fan.
MECHANICAL ❑ Consumed indoor air will exit
INFLOW & naturally through the openings
which positioned at the lower
NATURAL level of the building.
OUTFLOW / ❑ The methods allows the external
Supply air to be filtered before entering
the internal space.
Ventilation ❑ Recommended for small
factory building, offices or boiler
house.
MECHANICAL INFLOW & NATURAL
OUTFLOW / supply ventilation
Mechanical Inflow & Natural Outflow
Mechanical Inflow & Outflow
(balance ventilation/combining
exhaust & supply ventilation)

❑ External air enters and exit the internal

space by applications of mechanical fan.
❑ The building need to be properly concealed
from noise, excessive air pressure and
temperature.
❑ Internal air distribution and temperature can
be control. External air can be filtered
before consumed and the replenishment
process could be done affectively.
❑ Recommended for internal spaces with
problematic air circulations – i.e: operation
theater, cinema or spaces which required a
controlled internal
Figure shows Balance Ventilation

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Safety from surrounding
environment- such as from Natural system is
TOPICair,1:hazardous
contaminated VENTILATION & A/Cineffective
SYTEM in terms of
noise level, light or glare. quantity and quality

WHY WE NEED
MECHANICAL
VENTILATION??

Building/space location
makes natural vent
Types of building usage or space impossible – i.e: basement
requirements skycrapers, needs space or hidden corner
for convenience congested space
(smell, odors) or needs for
temperature control

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Disadvantages of Mechanical Ventilation Systems

INITIAL ONGOING ENERGY COMPLEXITY IN

INSTALLATION MAINTENANCE AND CONSUMPTION DESIGN AND
COSTS OPERATING COSTS: INSTALLATION

NOISE AND DEPENDENCY ON AIR DISTRIBUTION INFILTRATION OF

AESTHETIC IMPACT ELECTRICAL POWER LIMITATIONS OUTDOOR
POLLUTANTS
Air Conditioning System
❑ Air conditioning (often referred to
as A/C, AC) is the process of
altering the properties of air
(primarily temperature & humidity)
to an occupied space to improve
thermal comfort and indoor air
quality.
❑ Air conditioning can refer to any
form of technology that modifies
the condition of air (heating,
cooling, (de-)humidification,
cleaning, ventilation, or air
movement). In construction, such
a complete system of heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning is
referred to as HVAC.
 Types of Air Conditioning
The most common types of air conditioning systems:

i. Split Systems: split systems are ideal for homes or buildings that don’t have
existing ductwork. They consist of an outdoor compressor unit connected to
one or more indoor air handling units.
ii. Central Air Conditioning: is a system that cools and dehumidifies the air in
an entire building using a network of ducts. It typically consists of a central
unit located outside or inside the building, which is connected to ducts that
distribute cooled air to various rooms or zones.
iii. Window Air Conditioners: self-contained units designed to be mounted in a
window or an opening in a wall. These units are commonly used for cooling
single rooms or small spaces.
iv. Portable Air Conditioners: freestanding units that can be moved from room
to room. They are often used for cooling individual rooms, and they are
especially useful in spaces without windows for traditional window units.
 SPLIT UNIT
COMPONENTS

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 SPLIT UNIT
COMPONENTS

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 SPLIT UNIT
APPLICATIONS

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 SPLIT UNIT
APPLICATIONS

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 SPLIT UNIT
APPLICATIONS

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 SPLIT UNIT
APPLICATIONS

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 SPLIT UNIT
INSTALLATION

- Above the door

- Minimum installations set back.

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 SPLIT UNIT
INSTALLATION

- Wall mounted.

- Supported by metal plate

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 SPLIT UNIT
INSTALLATION

- Supportive metal bracket.

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 CENTRALISE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Central air conditioning plants are used for applications
like big hotels, large buildings having multiple floors,
hospitals, etc- where very high cooling loads are
required.

In the central air conditioning systems, there is a plant

room where large compressor, condenser,
thermostatic expansion valve and the evaporator are
kept in the large plant room. They perform all the
functions as usual similar to a typical refrigeration
system. However, all these parts are larger in size and
have higher capacities.

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 CENTRALISE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS

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 CENTRALISE SYSTEM
There are two types of central air conditioning plants or
systems:

1) Direct expansion or DX central air conditioning

plant: In this system the huge compressor, and the
condenser are housed in the plant room, while the
expansion valve and the evaporator or the cooling coil
and the air handling unit are housed in separate room.
The cooling coil is fixed in the air handling unit, which
also has large blower housed in it. The blower sucks the
hot return air from the room via ducts and blows it over
the cooling coil. The cooled air is then supplied through
various ducts and into the spaces which are to be
cooled. This type of system is useful for small buildings.
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CENTRALISE SYSTEM

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 CENTRALISE SYSTEM
2) Chilled water central air conditioning plant: more
useful for large buildings comprising of a number of
floors. It has the plant room where all the important
units like the compressor, condenser, throttling valve
and the evaporator are housed.

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CENTRALISE SYSTEM

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CENTRALISE SYSTEM

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Centralized system
INSTALLATIONS

❑ The installation process will be different for each job,

depending on your HVAC contractor, the type of unit you
purchase and your home's unique needs and features.
❑ However, there are some basic procedures you can count on
when having your system installed.
❑ Here are some general installation steps that you should
expect from your contractor:
Centralized
INSTALLATIONS
system

Dismantle and haul away

Acquire proper permits
existing air conditioner
and schedule required
materials and clear all 1
inspections from the city
related debris before
where you live.
starting the new install.

Install new ductwork (if

indicated in proposal) or Properly position and
prepare existing 3 place outdoor air
ductwork for use with the conditioning unit.
new system.
Centralized system
INSTALLATIONS

Make proper, safe

connections & determine Install a new thermostat or
the correct sizing for the reuse the existing
electrical and refrigeration thermostat.
lines and piping.

Charge and start the new

Conduct a post-installation
system according to
check or inspection before
manufacturer
final inspection.
specifications.
 CENTRALISE SYSTEM
INSTALLATIONS

Consideration of installation started from initial design

stage taking in factors such as:

Contractor - assessment of the home to determine the

appropriate size for the unit(s). This might also be the
individual who installs the actual a/c unit;

Subcontractor - this might be the licensed individual to

perform electrical service (if the HVAC contractor is not
a licensed electrician), or it could be the individual(s)
who run ductwork and handle the many materials;

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 CENTRALISE SYSTEM
INSTALLATIONS
Labour - if the contractor or subcontractor do not
complete all of the installation work on their own, there
will usually be at least one labor hired to assist; and

Material - from the A/C Freon refrigerant, the tanks,

recovering machine, and the nitrogen, the costs
associated with a central air conditioner involve many
materials.

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Activity
1. Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages
of a split system and a window air conditioner.
2. Which type of air conditioning system would be most
suitable for a small apartment and why?
3. For a large commercial building, which air conditioning
system would be more efficient: central AC or packaged
air conditioning? Explain your reasoning.
4. In a region with extreme temperatures (very hot summers
and cold winters), which air conditioning system would be
most cost-effective in the long term?
5. Which air conditioning system would you recommend for
a historic building with no existing ductwork? Justify your
choice.