Reviewer in STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

RANDOM SAMPLING
❖ POPULATION – It refers to the whole group under study or investigation.
In research, the population does NOT always refer to people. It may mean a group
containing elements of anything you want to study, such as objects, events, organizations,
countries, species, organisms, etc.
❖ SAMPLE – It is a subset taken from a population, either by random sampling or by non-
random sampling.
It is a representation of the population where it is hoped that valid conclusions will
be drawn from the population.
❖ RANDOM SAMPLING – It is a selection of n
elements derived from the N population,
which is the subject of an investigation or
experiment, where each point of the sample
has an equal chance of being selected using
the appropriate sampling technique.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING:
• Lottery Sampling – It is a sampling technique in which each member of the
population has an Equal Chance of being selected. (Ex: Raffle, wheel of names, etc.)
• Systematic Sampling – It is a sampling technique in which members of the
population are listed and samples are selected at intervals called sample
intervals. In this technique, every nth item in the list will be selected from a
randomly selected starting point. (Ex: Every 5th person, Every twelfth(12th) day)
• Stratified Random Sampling – It is a sampling procedure in which members of
the population are grouped on the basis of their homogeneity. This technique is
used when there are a number of distinct subgroups in the population within
which full representation is required. (Ex: SHS Strands [STEM, HUMSS, ABM])

Formula:

Population(N) ÷ Total N × n

“yung population(N) ay yung

mismong value ng certain
sample. The Total N naman ay
yung sum ng lahat ng population
ng given samples. And yung n is
the sample size.”

• Cluster Sampling – It is sometimes referred to as area sampling and applied on

a geographical basis. Generally, first sampling is performed at higher levels before
going down to lower levels. (Ex: From Regions to Provinces to Cities to
Municipalities to Barangay)
 • Multi-staged Sampling – It uses a combination of different sampling techniques.
“Combination ng mga types of random sampling” (Ex: Conducting a Lottery
Sampling, then will use Stratified Random Sampling to determine the number
respondents)

PARAMETER AND STATISTIC

❖ PARAMETER – It is a descriptive population measure.

It is a measure of the characteristics of the entire population (a mass of all the units under
consideration that share common characteristics) based on all the elements within that
population.

Ex#1: All people living in one city, all-male teenagers worldwide, all elements in a
shopping cart, and all students in a classroom.

Ex#2: The researcher interviewed all the students of a school for their favorite apparel
brand.

❖ STATISTIC – It is the number that describes the sample. It can be calculated and observed
directly. The statistic is a characteristic of a population or sample group.

You will get the sample statistic when you collect the sample and calculate the standard
deviation and the mean. You can use sample statistic to draw certain conclusions about the
entire population.

Ex#1: Fifty percent of people living in the U.S. agree with the latest health care proposal.
Researchers can’t ask hundreds of millions of people if they agree, so they take samples
or part of the population and calculate the rest.

Ex#2: Researcher interviewed the 70% of covid-19 survivors.

“Base sa observation ko between the two, may clue para madali sila i-differentiate. Kapag
parameter, hindi binibigay ‘yug exact percentage or probability ng subject or population. Kapag
statistic naman, detailed ‘yung statement or may percentage and probability.”

SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN

❖ SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION – A sampling distribution of sample mean is a frequency
distribution using the means computed from all possible random samples of a specific size
taken from a population.

“You can get the possible sample

using a calculator.”

“Click yung number sa left (total

popul.) then click 2nd F sa calcu.
then hanapin mo yung nCr tas
click mo yung number na naka-
indicate para don (dapat may C
na lumabas) then type yung
num. ng nasa right (sample) at
click equal.”
MEAN, VARIANCE, STANDARD DEVIATION OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE MEAN

Problem #1: Solve the mean of the population μ.

Formula:

“Yung E na katabi ni X ay tinatawag na SUMMATION in which kukunin natin yung sum ng X to get
the summation of x (EX). ‘Yung N naman ay kung ilan yung given X.”

Yan yung gagawin kapag kukuhanin yung MEAN OF THE POPULATION (18), ngayon na meron na
tayo neto for the given, proceed tayo next na kukuhanin which is the MEAN OF THE SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN.
Problem#2: Solve for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample means μ ̄ x.

“Para makuha natin ‘yung mean

ng sampling distribution ng
sample mean, follow natin ‘yung
given steps.”

STEP A: I-identify natin lahat

ng possible samples by listing
them according sa sample size
and macomplete lahat ng
combination. Order doesn’t
matter, meaning kahit anong
pwesto ng samples ay counted as one pa rin yon. After that, let’s get the sample mean by adding
the listed possible sample sa isang set then dividing it by the sample size. For example: sa unang
set: 8 + 12 + 16 + 20 = 56 ÷ 4 = 14. List nyo lahat ng sample mean every set the proceed tayo sa
next step.

STEP B: Next is sa sample

mean na nakuha nyo, list nyo
lahat ng value ng nakuha nyo
nang walang nauulit, then for
the frequency, tingnan nyo
kung ilan yung mga naulit then
lista, kahit 1. Dapat pag in-add
yung frequency, mag equal sya
kung ilan yung possible
samples mo, dahil yun yung
magiging denominator sa
probability natin. Sa probability, yung frequency na nakuha ay numerator while yung sum ng
lahat ng frequency is the denominator. Sa last column naman sample mean multiplied by
probability, imumultiply lang natin si sample mean sa numerator ng probability, then copy
denominator. Ex: Row#1: Sample Mean = 14, Probability = 1/15. 14×1 sa 1/15 is equal to 14/15.
Kapag 2 yung numerator, sa two mo sya imumultiply, ganon din sa 3, etc. Lastly, i-add lahat ng
nakuhang value sa numerator and copy the denominator. Don’t forget to simplify.

STEP C:

Gamitin ‘yung formula

na indicated then that's
the mean of the
sampling distribution of
sample mean. Always remember na ANG POPULATION MEAN AT MEAN OF THE SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN AY LAGING EQUAL(=)
Dito sa number 4, kuhanin muna natin yung squared ng bawat x na given kanina. Kunin din yung
total ng dalawa (X and X²) then substitute sa formula na nakabox sa taas.

Yung N naman is yung bilang ng mga x, kung ilan yung given na x: 8(#1) 12(#2), 16(#3), 20(#4),
24(#5), & 28(#6).

So N = 6
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
❖ CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM – It states that the sampling distribution of the mean
approaches a normal distribution, as the sample size increases.
❖ STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN – It measures the degree of accuracy of the sample
mean as an estimate of the population mean It is also known as the
standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean,
❖ denoted by
- KAPAG WALANG
SAMPLE SIZE
- KAPAG GIVEN ANG
SAMPLE SIZE
Example#2
Created by: PAUL QT

“Sorry goys nakaphone lang ako nung ginawa ko to kaya di na namaintain yung mga tagalog
tutorials HAHAHAHHAA KAYA NYO YANNN AT DAPAT LANG KASI LAST QUARTER NA!!! (tsaka
may calcu naman kaz) GOODLUCK BILOGZ!!”