4)Aim: Draw the Motherboard and explain its parts with form factor.

The motherboard is also known as logic board, baseboard, system board, main board,
main circuit board, planar board, and mobo in a short way. It is a nonconductive plastic sheet
that has the necessary circuit and place holders like sockets/slots to connect components and
provide logistics for all the components to work in a coordinated manner. Thin narrow layers
of Aluminum or Copper printed on the plastic sheet of the board acts like a circuit that
connects various components. It is a chassis in which all the components are fitted in the
designated place and they are all powered and well interfaced with each other.

Typical Motherboard contains the following interfaces and components:

Ports commonly found on a computer include:
1. VGA (VIDEO GRAPHICS ARRAY)
2. DVI (DIGITAL VIDEO INTERFACE)
3. HDMI (HIGHDEFINITION MULTIMEDIA INTERFACE)
4. DISPLAYPORTTHUNDERBOLT
5. RJ45 OR ETHERNET
6. AUDIO PORTS
7. USB (UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS)
8. SERIAL
9. PARALLEL
1. VGA port is also called a DB15 port. This is a type of analog video port used for a
computers display. The display is also called a monitor. This port is quickly being
replaced by digital ports such as the DVI and HDMI ports. Digital offers a better
quality high definition video. While still commonly available, the VGA port is
mostly found on older monitors.

2. The DVI (Digital Video Interface) port has the ability to transmit video to
either a digital or analog display. This is helpful if you have a newer
computer or port available but a display that only supports VGA.
 3. The HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface) port supports both audio
and video. This port is often used by modern flat screen TV’s and stereo
equipment.

4. The Thunderbolt port has the ability to transmit data, audio & video over
the same cable. Thunderbolt transfers data at an impressive 10 Gbps.

5. The RJ45 or Ethernet port is used for wired network connections. This
port is used by network cables. These ports transfer data at 100 megabits
per second (Mbps), and Gigabit Ethernet transfers data at 1 gigabit per
second (Gbps), which is 1,000 Mbps. A gigabit network adapter, switch and
router will keep your network speeds at the top. This keeps all computers on
a LAN (local area network) communicating it the highest levels.

6. The audio ports are round and color coded. There are usually between 3
and 6 of these ports located on a computer. There is usually an audio in for
the microphone and an audio out for your speakers and headphones.
Sometimes there are extra ports for surround speakers and center speakers.

7. USB (Universal Serial Bus) ports are used for multiple devises.
These devises include the keyboard, mouse, printer, scanner,
external hard drives, flash drives, or web cams.

8. The Serial port is a 9pin male port usually only found on older computers.
Today, for obscure applications, when a serial port is needed it usually has
to be added by way of expansion card.

9. The parallel port is also an older technology. This type of port is a 25pin
female port used by legacy printers. This is another port that has been
replaced by the USB port.

Motherboard Form Factors:

The mother board comes in various sizes, shapes and colors and has numerous components
connected to it .A motherboard is classified by its form factor. There are few different form
factors available. Some of the most common form factors are the ATX, micro ATX, and ITX. The
most common though, is the ATX form factor. When choosing a motherboard for a custom
computer build, be sure to select a matching case.

The six different types of Motherboards:

AT Motherboard
ATX Motherboard
LPX Motherboard
BTX Motherboard
Pico BTX motherboard
Mini ITX motherboard
*****
5) Aim: study of ROM BIOS and CMOS setup utility
Apparatus: Computer System.

BIOS: BIOS is (Basic input output system)the built in software that determines what
a computer can do without accessing programs from a disk. The Bios is important
part of any computer system. On personal computer (pcs)for eg, the BIOS contains
all the code required to control to the Keyboard, display screen, disk drives,serial
communications and a number of miscellaneous functions.
The BIOS in a PC stored on a ROM chip. Early PCs used a ROM BIOS, but PCs today
use a flash memory BIOS because it can be updated in place. In order to update a
ROM BIOS, the computer case had to be opened, and the ROM chip had to be
located and replaced. A BIOS stored in ROM is more secure than one in flash
memory, because it cannot be changed from an external source.
Basic Input Output System is the set of instructions used to boot a computer.
These routines provide basic drivers for peripherals such as keyboard, monitor and
mouse. These drivers also provide the user with a way to edit or alter configuration
settings. Prior to loading the operating system and assign resources to all the
devices connected to motherboard.
BIOS instructions are typically stored in flash memory to permit an easy method of
replacing or updating the BIOS routines in newer computers.

CMOS : Starting the setup program.

ROM based setup programs are normally started by pressing one or more keys in
combination within the first few seconds after turning on computer, although these
keystrokes vary from system to system. The escape[ESC] key, the delete key, the F1
/ F10 key and various combinations of ctrl+Alt+another specified key. Check your
system vendor for the appropriate keystrokes or to see if you need to run program
from MS-DOS or windows to configure your system, because the settings you make
in bios setup program are stored in the non-volatiles RAM CMOS chip the settings
are often called CMOS settings.

Step by step CMOS /BIOS configuration.

Step 1) Power on the system

Step 2) While booting press f10 key[system is performing the power on self-test (POST)].
Step 3) By Pressing F10 key will enter in BIOS Setup Utility.
Step 4) On the screen will get various options in BIOS setup utility like File, Storage, Security, Power,
Advanced.
Step 5) In File menu we get System Information, we can set time date and save changes and exit.
Step 6) In storage we get Device configuration and set the Boot order or Boot sequence.
Step 7) In security we can set the password for power on and give the security for
Devices, USB, Slot security, Network Boot.
Step 8) In Power option we get OS power management and Hardware power management and
Thermal option.
*****

6)Aim: Disassembling of pc :steps involved in disassembly necessary precautions.

Apparatus: PC, Screw driver set.
Procedure:
1) Remove the power supply cable.
2)Remove the monitor, mouse, keyboard, speaker, power cable etc. from the Pc.
3)Keep the cabinet on the table
4) Open the side cover [Opposite side of motherboard].
5)Remove SATA cables and other Cables from the motherboard.
6)Remve RAM from motherboard
7)Remove SMPS connections from the motherboard.
8)Take out the motherboard from the cabinet.
9)Remove cooling fan (Heat Sink) from the processor.
10)Remove cd/DVD drive (Optional)
11)Remove SMPS from the cabinet.
*****

7)Aim: Assembling of pc: Detailed steps involved in assembling.

Apparatus: PC, Screw driver set.
Procedure:
1) Fix the Motherboard in cabinet.
2) Install the Processor, heat sink and cooling fan.
3) Fix the SMPS in cabinet.
4) Connect power cables to the motherboard and SATA cables.
5) Install the RAM in Ram Slot.
6) Check all the connection on motherboard.
7) Close the cabinet side panel [Opposite side of motherboard] and fix the screws.
8) Connect keyboard, mouse, monitor, and power cable to system unit.

*****
8) Aim : Installation of Windows 10 Operating System.
Apparatus: Windows OS Bootable Disk, PC.
Step 1) Connect bootable Flash drive or CD/DVD to the system unit.
Step 2) while booting by pressing F10 (in HP) to enter the BIOS set up Utility.
Step3) Select the storage option.
Step4) Select Boot order option and press enter.
Step5) Set the boot priority for bootable disk (flash drive) by using navigation
button (up and down arrow keys).
Step6) Press F10 to save changes (save changes and exit from the Bios setup utility).
Step 7) After restarting the system windows installation wizard appeared on the
screen. In wizard select the language and click next.
Step 8) Click on install
Step 9) Enter the Windows Product key and agree the terms and conditions.
Step 10) Click on custom Installation.
Step 11) New disk and click on partition (create the partition).
Step 12) Select the partition to install windows operating system and click Next.
Step 13) Windows will install all the features and computer will restart.
Step 14) windows 10 Installed successfully after creating the user.
Step 15) Restart the computer and install the required application software.

RELEASED DATE AND VERSION of MICROSOFT WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEMS

MS-DOS - Microsoft Operating System (1981)

Windows 1.0 – 2.0 (1985-1992)
Windows 3.0 – 3.1 (1990–1994)
Windows 95 (August 1995)
Windows 98 (June 1998)
Windows ME - Millennium Edition (September 2000)
Windows NT 31. - 4.0 (1993-1996)
Windows 2000 (February 2000)
Windows XP (October 2001)
Windows Vista (November 2006)
Windows 7 (October, 2009)
Windows 8 (August. 1, 2012)
Windows 10 (July 29, 2015)
Windows 11 5 October 2021
*****
 Computer Networking
What is Networking?
A Computer Network is a group of two or more interconnected computer systems that use
common connection protocols for sharing various resources and files.
Host Devices: Computer networks consist of a variety of devices. Some devices can serve
either as hosts or peripherals. A host is any device that sends and receives information on the
network. A printer connected to your laptop is a peripheral. If the printer is connected
directly to a network, it is acting as a host.

Intermediary Devices: Computer networks contain many devices that exist in between the
host devices. These intermediary devices ensure that data flows from one host device to
another host device.

A switch is used to connect multiple devices to the network

A router is used to forward traffic between networks.
A wireless router connects multiple wireless devices to the network.
An access point (AP) provides wireless connectivity

Network Media
Network Cables

Co axial Cable
Coaxial cable has two wires of copper. The core wire lies in the center and it is made of
solid conductor. The core is enclosed in an insulating sheath. The second wire is
wrapped around over the sheath and that too in turn encased by insulator sheath. This
all is covered by plastic cover.

There are three categories of coax cables namely, RG-59 (Cable TV), RG-58 (Thin Ethernet),
and RG-11 (Thick Ethernet). RG stands for Radio Government.

Optical Fiber Cable

Fiber Optic works on the properties of light. When light ray hits at critical angle it
tends to refracts at 90 degree. This property has been used in fiber optic. The core of
fiber optic cable is made of high quality glass or plastic. From one end of it light is
 emitted, it travels through it and at the other end light detector detects light stream
and converts it to electric data.

Fiber Optic also comes in unidirectional and bidirectional capabilities. To connect and access
fiber optic special type of connectors are used. These can be Subscriber Channel (SC),
Straight Tip (ST), or MT-RJ.

Twisted Pair Cable

A twisted pair cable is made of two plastic insulated copper wires twisted together to
form a single media. Out of these two wires, only one carries actual signal and another
is used for ground reference. The twists between wires are helpful in reducing noise
(electro-magnetic interference) and crosstalk.

There are two types of twisted pair cables:

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
STP cables comes with twisted wire pair covered in metal foil. This makes it more indifferent
to noise and crosstalk.
UTP has seven categories, each suitable for specific use. In computer networks, Cat-5, Cat-5e,
and Cat-6 cables are mostly used. UTP cables are connected by RJ45 connectors.
Data Transmission: 1) Simplex 2) Half Duplex 3) Full Duplex

Types of Networks

• LAN or Local area network

A LAN is a group of computer and peripheral devices which are connected in a limited
area such as school, laboratory, home, and office building. It is a widely useful network
for sharing resources like files, printers, games, and other application.

• PAN or Personal area network,

 PAN is a computer network formed around a person. It generally consists of a
computer, mobile, or personal digital assistant.

• MAN or Metropolitan area network

A MAN is consisting of a computer network across an entire city, college campus, or a

small region.

• WAN or Wide area network

WAN is another important computer network that which is spread across a large
geographical area. WAN network system could be a connection of a LAN which
connects with other LAN’s using telephone lines and radio waves.

9) Aim: Configuration of IP address for the computer

Apparatus: Lan Connected Computer System.

Procedure:

Step 1) Right click on neighborhood or

(Start Button-> Control panel -> Network and Sharing center)

Step 2) Open Network Sharing center and click of left pane

Step 3)Click on Change Adapter settings then click on Local Area

Connection/Network and Right click on properties and select Internet
Protocol version 4(TCP/IPv4).
Step 4) Click on properties and in general tab use the following Ip address and click

Example:

Enter. IP address :192.168.0.70

Subnet :255.255.255

Default Gateway :192.168.0.250

Preferred DNS Server :218.248.112.1

Alternate DNS server :218.248.112.65

Step 5) Click on Ok and Close

Theory:

IP Address: IP is an Internet Protocol address. It is a logical address protocol where

it is for identifying the connection of device is known as IP address.
How To Find Your Local IP Address In Windows 7

Step 1

Click Start, in the search Type in cmd. Next, Click on the program cmd. This click will open the
Command Prompt/Windows.

Step 2

The command prompt should open; now in the open line, you’ll need
to Type in ipconfig and Press Enter.

IPV4 (Internet Protocol Version 4): It is the first version of Internet Protocol address. The
address size of IPV4 is 32 bit number.

IPV6 (Internet Protocol Version 6): The length of IPv6 is 128 bits. Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
is the latest IP revision.

The IP address 127.0. 0.1, also called loopback, is exclusively for localhost use. It is possible for
computers to communicate with each other over an IP address, but this address cannot be used
by computers to communicate with one another.

Historical classful network architecture

 Size Range of IP
of networ Size Number Number of Address
Clas Start
k of rest of addresses End address
s address
number b bit field networks per network
it field

16777216 1 –126
A 8 24 128 (27) 0.0.0.0 127.255.255.255
(224)

16384 128 –191

16
B 16 16 65536 (2 ) 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255
14
(2 )

2097152 192 –223

8
C 24 8 256 (2 ) 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255
(221)

D Reserved for Multicasting purpose 224 –239

used for Experimental purpose 240 –254

E
10) Aim: Configuration of Network Sharing
Apparatus: Lan Connected Computer System.

Step 1: Open Network Sharing Settings.

Step 2: Click on Changed advanced Sharing Settings.

Step 3: Change sharing option for different network profiles.

1. (in Windows 7) Home or Work (in Windows 10 ) Private

Turn on network discover

Turn on file printer sharing

Turn on public flooder.

Turn On Password Protection for Sharing.

ii) Public (current Profile)

Turn on network discovery and all other options.

Step 4: Save changes and close.

Procedure to share the file in network

Step 1) Create folder and Right click on folder

Step 2) click on properties Option

Step 3) Click on Advanced Sharing option Enable the Checkbox Share this folder
Click on permissions option To add the required group or user click in Add
button Click on Advance option Click on Find Now option Select
everyone Click on OK Then OK Permission for everyone give Full
Control Apply Ok

Step 4) Close.